Earticle

The Passer montanus or the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (ETS) is a species of birds that is abundant in the Philippines. The ETS are being sold in some places in the urban areas, and some are taken care as pets. This study aims to determine whether the target bird caged with others contain more parasites than those caged individually. Twelve birds were bought from a local dealer and the feces were collected and sent to the Bureau of Animal Industry, and examinated for parasites. The results show that birds in groups relatively host more parasites than those caged individually.

In this paper, Bong’s 2020 Oscar-winning film Parasite is examined in terms of how Korean subjectivity is shaped transnationally through an affective engagement with neoliberalism to evoke a late capitalist desire for hyperreal consumption of “all things American.” In the film, as Koreans internalize knowledge of and consumption of America as a hyperreal commodity, transnational American entities serve as the key currency of valorizing their class-based ontology against the non-diegetic backdrop of the US empire. Like other Korean filmmakers of his generation, Bong found Hollywood through the transnational flow of American culture, which was originally mediated by the US military presence in Korea. Bong’s positive identity as a neoliberal elite leading K-movies in terms of Hallyu is the obverse of his neocolonial affectivity, a transnational creole whose Korean subjectivity has been transversally Americanized in the empire. The co-presence of America in Korea as a transnational flow of neoliberal potentials surfaces in duality: that America is both the object of neoliberal desire for Koreans to simulate and emulate and a rendered equivalent to the structural faults of neoliberalism they perceive necessary to overthrow. In the film, this results in the gruesome event of a serial killing against the backdrop of a fancy birthday party.

Recently, a putative new hyperparasitic haplosporidian in the genus Urosporidium was identified from metacercariae of the trematode Parvatrema duboisi infecting Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum on the west coast of Korea. In this study, we applied small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences as a marker to substantiate the phylogenetic relationship of the unidentified Urosporidium within the Order Haplosporida. In our phylogenetic analysis, the 1890 bp of SSU rDNA sequences obtained were closely related to a haplosporidian parasite forming a sister clade to Urosporidium group, although the gene sequences were only 89.22–89.70% similar to Urosporidium spp. Such molecular phylogenetic distance within the genus suggested that the unidentified Urosporidium is a new member of the genus. Accordingly, we report the unidentified haplosporidian hyperparasite as Urosporidium tapetis sp. nov.

배경: 본 연구는 1970년 때부터 현재까지 우리나라의 기생충 감염률의 변화와 관리에 대한 고찰은 자연치유적 관 점에서도 필요하다고 본다. 목적: 연구 목적은 감염률이 어떠한 방법에 따라서 감소율의 변화가 현재까지 진행되었는지 를 고찰해보는 것이었다. 방법: 문헌 조사를 하였다. 결과: 우리나라는 1970년대까지는 기생충 감염률이 가장 높은 국가 중 하나였다. 감염률을 관리하기 위하여 1966년에는 기생충병 예방법을 제정하였고, 1969년부터 전국적인 기생충 관리 국가사업을 전체 학생을 대상으로 1년에 2회 전체 기생충 충란 양성자에 대한 치료를 1995년까지 수행하였다. 정부는 한 국기생충박멸협회에 위탁하여 구충 박멸사업을 2년 간격으로 1971년~2012년까지 8차례를 전국 기생충감염 실태조사를 하였다. 그 결과로 1971년에는 전체 기생충 충란 양성률이 84.3%이었으나 2012년에는 2.6%로 감소하였다. 회충, 폐흡충, 조충 및 장내 원충류는 전국적으로 매우 감소하였다. 결론: 우리나라에서의 성공적인 기생충 관리는 국가적 경제성장력 의 증진과 동시에 기생충박멸에 대한 사회적 합의와 개선된 전문적인 기생충 예방지침과 유효한 구충제 공급 등이 체계 적으로 관리하여 성공적인 효과를 이루었다고 판단한다. 그리고 자연치유적 관점에서도 중요하다고 생각한다.

Background: We are necessarily considering changes in the parasite infection rate and methods in Korea from 1970 to the present from the perspective of natural healing. Purposes: This study was to investigate how the difference in the rate of reduction in infection rate has changed and progressed to the present. Methods: A literature review was conducted. Results: Until the 1970s, Korea had one of the highest parasite infection rates. The Parasitic Disease Prevention Act was enacted to control the infection rate in 1966. From 1969, the nationwide national parasite management project was conducted for all students twice a year to treat all parasitic eggs until 1995. In addition, the government commissioned the Korean Association for Parasite Eradication (KAPE) to conduct a national parasite infection survey eight times, from 1971 to 2012, every two years. As a result, the overall egg positive rate of parasite was 84.3% in 1971 but decreased to 2.6% in 2012. In addition, Ascaris lumbricoides, Paragonimus westermani, Taenia spp., and intestinal protozoa were significantly reduced nationwide. Conclusions: Successful control in Korea is judged to have achieved a successful effect by systematically managing national economic growth, social consensus on parasite eradication, improved professional parasite prevention guidelines, and supply of effective anthelminthics.

스파르가눔증은 Spirometra속 촌충에 의해 발생하는 기 생 질환으로, 한국을 포함한 동아시아와 동남아시아 지역에 널리 분포한다. 2022년 6월 21일 전라남도 신안군 장도에서 쇠살모사(Gloydius ussuriensis) 한 개체의 우측 반음경 내부 에 기생충 1개체가 확인되었다. 기생충은 길이가 1.93cm로 흰색 몸통에 주름과 머리의 빨판과 같은 형태적 특징을 통해 Spirometra속에 속한 종으로 동정되었다. 해당 개체의 신 체 상태 지수(1.52)는 전국 평균(1.60 ± 0.01)보다 낮았다. Spirometra속 촌충은 일반적으로 뱀의 피하조직이나 체강에 서 발견되지만 이번 보고에서는 뱀의 반음경 표피에서 기생 충이 발견된 최초의 보고이다.

Sparganosis is a parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Spirometra and is widely distributed in East and Southeast Asia, including the Republic of Korea. During a field survey conducted on 21 June 2022 at Jangdo Island, Sinan-gun, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea, a Gloydius ussuriensis was collected, and a single parasite was found inside the right hemipenis. The worm measured 1.93 cm in total length and was identified as belonging to the genus Spirometra based on morphological features such as a white, wrinkled body and the presence of a head with a sucker. A single parasitized viper had a body condition index (BCI) of 1.52, which was lower than the national average (1.60 ± 0.01). Although Spirometra tapeworms are typically found in the subcutaneous tissues or coelomic cavities of snakes, this study represents the first case of a Spirometra parasite inhabiting the epidermis of the hemipenis.

In Korea, ecological research on the goral is underway to restore and increase population size of these ungulates, but clinical research on gorals species is still in its infancy. Owing to the nature of the gorals’ habitat, several animals live together within limited areas; so, the risk of parasitic infection is very high. In this study, we performed physical examination of 17 gorals undergoing breeding and restoration at the Korean Goral Restoration Center. Weight, ear height, horn length, withers height of the anthropometric data of this study were no differences from other researchers. Blood samples from each species were analyzed. There was no significant difference among individuals in terms each value examined, although some hematological and biochemical values, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, glucose and amylase showed differences among individuals. The average values of blood tests in gorals ware lower in lymphocytes, blood urea nitrogen, and calcium than in livestock goats, and hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and glucose were higher in livestock. Helminth eggs were detected in 15 out of 17 gorals by microscopic examination of their fecal samples, and Eimeria spp. and Strongyloides spp. were detected in all the gorals. However, there may be cases of death due to diarrhea, which may lead to a decrease in growth and production. Therefore, proper prevention and treatment are needed. These results may serve as an important reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of gorals. This information helps further understand the current health status of these species and may contribute to a more systematic restoration of the gorals.

This study examines the translation strategy of culturemes in the English subtitle of Parasite, a Korean movie by director Bong Joon-ho. The multi-award winning black comedy deals with the conflict between the rich and the poor, a topic which people in every culture can relate to. Together with the timely theme, the film’s English subtitle is considered to have contributed to its global success. This study shows that Darcy Paquet, the subtitle translator of Parasite, carefully chose the translation strategy working in close cooperation with the director. The interviews and press clips on the translator and the director revealed that they actively communicated on how to translate the local elements in the movie into English subtitle so that audiences in other cultures can easily understand the movie, which is the macro translation strategy. This paper categorized 22 culturemes in the movie into 5 groups and found out that 6 different tactics under 2 broad categories of conservation and substitution were used for translation. The analysis shows that although various tactics were used at the micro level, the subtitle as a whole worked in a way to enhance the understanding of foreign audiences, with the aim of domestication at the macro level.

This study was conducted to find out the special makeup techniques shown in the movie parasites. Parasite is a black comedy suspense film that shows social polarization in the form of decalcomanie. The special makeup in the movie enhanced communication between the audience and each other, winning four major awards including the Best Picture award at the Academy Awards. Special makeup such as bruises, wounds, rashes, abrasions, and cuts appear in the movie's stabbing scene. Currently, the study of digital makeup and Annie Metronics makeup is mainly focused on prior research, which is meaningful in that it melts the chronic structural contradictions of Korean society into special makeup and researches the special makeup shown in the black comedy film parasites that visually express poverty and crime, thereby simultaneously developing the Korean film industry in the future and seeking a more developmental direction for those who are engaged in and studying special makeup.

본 논문은 봉준호 감독의 영화 <기생충> 속 ‘냄새 혐오’ 문제를 윤 리학에 기반한 다학제적 접근을 통해 비판적으로 검토한다. 먼저 혐오 감정에 대한 생물학적·문화적 접근을 통해서 생존에 기여하는 ‘원초적 혐오’와 소수자를 배제해온 ‘투사적 혐오’를 구분하고, 영화 속 ‘반지하 냄새’가 이 두 층위를 모두 포괄함을 논의한다. 이후 대한민국 법체계 와 역사적 맥락에서 반지하 주거 환경이 주거권의 보장을 위협한다는 점을 지적하고, 롤즈의 정의론을 토대로 이러한 구조적 불안정이 자존 감 훼손을 비롯한 윤리적 문제로 이어짐을 밝힌다. 마지막으로 일본 애니메이션 <귀멸의 칼날>에 등장하는 ‘슬픔의 냄새’ 사례와 후각 관 련 경험 연구를 결합하여, 냄새 혐오가 연민으로 전환될 수 있는 가능성을 모색한다. 본 논문은 이처럼 <기생충> 속 냄새 혐오를 인권과 정의의 문제로 재해석함으로써, 구조적 불평등을 해결하기 위한 제도 적·문화적 노력의 필요성을 강조한다.

This paper critically examines the problem of ‘odor disgust’ in Joon-ho Bong’s film Parasite through a multidisciplinary approach based on ethics. First, using biological and cultural approaches to disgust, it distinguishes between “primitive disgust” and “projective disgust” and discusses how the film’s “semi-basement odor” encompasses both levels. Next, within the context of South Korea’s legal system and historical background, it points out that semi-basement housing environments lead to precarious housing rights and, drawing on Rawls’ theory of justice, reveals that this structural instability results in ethical problems such as the undermining of self-respect. Finally, by combining the example of the “smell of sorrow” from the Japanese animation Demon Slayer with empirical olfactory research, it explores the possibility that odor disgust can be transformed into compassion. In so doing, this paper highlights the need for institutional and cultural efforts to address structural inequality by reinterpreting the odor disgust in Parasite as a human rights and justice concern.

As the digital world has been rapidly expanded by human interaction, digital discourses, which are language patterns occurring in digitally mediated interactions, can be useful for language learning and teaching. By learning the patterns of digital discourses, L2 learners engage with extended communities beyond traditional academic domains, explore critical cultural and political practices, and examine cultural and interpersonal phenomena(Skyes, 2019). Using data gathered from online movie review sites to identify the digital discourse patterns of movie comments, this paper explores the characteristics of English and Korean comments on the movie Parasite, comparing the two in terms of each characteristic. The results show significant disparities between English and Korean comments due to linguistic and cultural differences. This suggests that L2 learners engage with the target culture when building L2 competence and that exploring the digital discourse patterns of movie comments can be considered valuable in the language classroom.

본 연구는 생성형 인공지능 ChatGPT를 활용한 영화 감상·분석 활동이 영화 예술 교육에 어떠한 교육적 가능성을 지니는지 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 영화는 시각 이미지, 음향, 음악, 편집 리듬, 공간 구성 등 다양한 형식 요소가 결합된 다중양식 텍스트로, 그 의미는 서사와 형식 요소의 상호작용을 통해 형성된다. 그러나 기존 영화 감상 교육은 줄거리 이해와 감상문 작성 중심으로 이루어지는 경우가 많아 형식 요소 분석과 비평적 해석 활동이 충분히 이루어지지 못하였다. 이에 본 연구는 ChatGPT를 활용하여 영화 감상 교육을 감상 중심에서 형식 분석 및 비평 중심 학습으로 확장하는 교육적 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 연구 대상은 봉준호 감독의 영화 <기생충>으로 선정하였으며, 반지하 도입부, 박 사장 저택진입, 폭우 침수, 지하 공간 발견 장면을 중심으로 분석하였다. 연구 방법은 예비 감상 및 장면 선정, 형식 요소 구조화, 해석 가설 생성, 연구자의 해석 검증 및 확장, 예술 교육적 의미 도출의 5단계로 진행하였다. 연구 결과, ChatGPT는 영화 형식 요소를 구조화하고 해석 가설을 생성하는 과정에서 학습자의 분석 활동을 지원하는 인지적 도구로 기능하는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 학습자는 형식 요소와 서사 간의 관계를 체계적으로 이해하고, 감상 활동을 근거 기반의 비평으로 확장할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 ChatGPT를 활용한 분석 과정은 다양한 해석 가능성을 탐색하게 함으로써 학습자의 메타인지적 사고를 촉진하는 경향을 보였다. 한편, 본 연구는 단일 작품과 제한된 장면을 중심으로 이루어진 사례 연구로서 연구 결과를 일반화하는 데에는 한계가 있으며, ChatGPT의 분석 과정 또한 연구자의 ㅍ해석에 일정 부분 의존한다는 점에서 객관성 확보에 제약이 있다. 또한 실제 수업 현장에서의 학습 효과를 실증적으로 검증하지 못하였다는 점 역시 한계로 지적될 수 있다. 결론적으로 ChatGPT는 영화 해석을 대체하는 수단이 아니라 학습자의 관찰, 분석, 해석 과정을 촉진하는 교육적 매개로 기능하며, 영화 예술 교육을 감상–분석–비평의 통합적 학습 구조로 재구성할 수 있다.

This study explores the educational potential of using the generative artificial intelligence ChatGPT in film appreciation and analysis within film art education. Film is a multimodal text composed of visual images, sound, music, editing rhythm, and spatial composition, whose meaning is constructed through the interaction between narrative and formal elements. However, conventional film appreciation education has often focused on plot comprehension and impressionistic responses, limiting opportunities for formal analysis and critical interpretation. This study proposes an approach that expands film appreciation toward form-based analysis and critical inquiry using ChatGPT. The study examines Parasite, directed by Bong Joon-ho, focusing on four key scenes: the semi-basement introduction, the entrance into Mr. Park’s house, the flood sequence, and the discovery of the hidden basement. The research was conducted in five stages: preliminary viewing and scene selection, structuring of formal elements, generation of interpretive hypotheses, verification and expansion of interpretations, and derivation of educational implications. The findings suggest that ChatGPT functions as a cognitive tool that supports learners’ analytical processes by structuring formal elements and generating interpretive hypotheses. This enables learners to understand the relationship between form and narrative more systematically and to extend appreciation toward evidence-based criticism. It also promotes metacognitive thinking by encouraging the exploration of multiple interpretations. However, as a case study based on a single film and selected scenes, the findings have limited generalizability. In addition, the analysis partially depends on the researcher’s interpretive intervention, raising concerns about objectivity, and lacks empirical validation in classroom settings. In conclusion, ChatGPT serves as an educational mediator that facilitates learners’ observation, analysis, and interpretation, suggesting the potential to reconstruct film art education into an integrated framework of appreciation, analysis, and criticism.

이 연구는 영화<기생충>를 통해 PTED(울분)에 대한 이해를 돕고자 하며, 사회복지실천방법을 익히고 한국사회 중장년층 의 PTED(울분)예방 및 극복 방안을 마련하는데 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 영화 속 김기택(송강호)가족과 근세(박명훈)가족은 사회적 배제와 차별, 억울함이 분노감을 축적시켰고 아무리 노력을 해도 보호받지 못하고 불공정한 세상을 살아가야 한다는 생각 과 사회로부터 거절당했다는 경험은 만성적 분노를 만들었으며 PTED(울분)를 폭발하게 하였다. 만성적 PTED(울분)는 파괴력을 가지며 타인에 대한 공격성으로 나타났다. PTED(울분)의 만성화가 정신건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구를 통해 우리사회에 자리 잡고 있는 중장년층의 PTED(울분)를 알아차리고 예방과 정책 및 조기 개입 시스템 구축에 기초자료를 제시할수 있을것이다. 영화 <기생충>에서 보여주는 사회적 불공정과 억울함의 경험은 현실 속 중장년층이 겪는 PTED(울분)의 위험을 경고한다. 따라서 개인적 차원에서 전문의의 치료 및 상담지원도 필요하지만, 사회 구조적 해결책을 포함하는 사회복지실천정책적용 방안이 절실해 보이며, 이것이 곧 중장년의 PTED(울분) 예방 및 극복을 위한 심리사회적지원 프로그램 마련을 위한 종합적 접근의 첫걸음이라 생각된다.

This study aims to enhance the understanding of resentment (PTED) through the film Parasite, while also serving as a foundational resource for learning social work practice methods and developing strategies for the prevention and overcoming of resentment (PTED) among middle-aged individuals in Korean society. In the film, the families of Kim Ki-taek (played by Song Kang-ho) and Geun-sae (played by Park Myung-hoon) experience social exclusion, discrimination, and injustice, which accumulate feelings of anger. Their perception that no matter how much effort they put in, they remain unprotected and must navigate an unfair world, coupled with their experiences of being rejected by society, leads to chronic anger and ultimately the explosion of resentment (PTED). Chronic resentment (PTED) proves to be destructive, manifesting as aggression toward others. By examining the chronic impact of resentment (PTED) on mental health, this study can help recognize the resentment (PTED) prevalent among the middle-aged population in our society and provide foundational data for the establishment of preventive measures, policies, and early intervention systems. The experiences of social injustice and unfairness portrayed in Parasite serve as a warning about the risks of resentment (PTED) faced by middle-aged individuals in reality. Therefore, while professional medical treatment and counseling support are necessary on an individual level, it is crucial to implement social welfare policies that include structural solutions. This, in turn, represents the first step toward a comprehensive approach to developing psychosocial support programs for the prevention and resolution of resentment (PTED) in middle-aged individuals.

본고는 미쉘 푸코(Michel Foucault)의 헤테로토피아(Heterotopia) 관점을 바탕으로 하여 사진작가 만 레이(Man Ray), 랄프 깁슨(Ralhp Gibson)의 작품, 그리고 영화 기생충을 읽어내는 데에 목적이 있다. 사진은 공간적 형상으로 우리 눈앞에 재현되며, 영화는 그보다 더욱 완벽한 생동감을 펼쳐낸다. 비슷한 듯, 다르게 작동하는 두 매체에 나타난 푸코의 헤테로토피아 이론 속 특징들을 재정립하여, 다각도의 시선으로 해당 작품을 분석해보고자 한다. 만 레이는 관습적 전통 매체의 사용을 뛰어넘어, 추상이 아닌 실제 사물과의 접촉으로 생겨난 기록을 표현해낸다. 그는 헤테로토피아의 특징과 연결되는 데페이즈망 기법을 사용, 모순적 상황을 표출해낸다. 랄프 깁슨의 경우 사진적 재현을 넘어, 일상 속 장소를 재탄생 시켜 무의식의 세계로 관객을 인도한다. 영화 <기생충> 속 공간들은 현실과 이질적인 공간으로 묘사되며, 따라서 다층적 양상으로 이해되고 는 한다. 서사 전개상 극적 사건이 발생하는 거실 공간은 캐릭터의 주체적 의지가 정립되는 욕망의 공간으로 설명할 수 있다. 또한, 끝없이 펼쳐지는 계단 공간은 환상을 넘어서는 환상성을 구현해낸다. 헤테로토피아적 특징을 드러내는 영화 속 계단 모습은 실제 촬영장소와는 전혀 다른 공간이다. 감독의 의도가 반영된, 철저히 구성, 편집된 공간인 것이다.

This paper aims to explore photographic works of Man Ray and Ralph Gibson together with South Korean film Parasite from the perspective of heterotopia, a concept introduced by Michel Foucault. Photography that creates a spatial form is reproduced right in front of our eyes while film conveys a higher level of—even near-perfect—vividness compared to photography. This paper reestablishes Foucault’s heterotopian characteristics in those two media—both of which work in a similar but different manner—and ultimately investigates the above-mentioned works from various angles. Man Ray goes beyond the use of conventional traditional media, expressing the record of contact with real objects, not abstractions. He expresses contradictory situations by using a ‘Depaysement’ technique that links to the characteristics of heterotopia. In the case of Ralph Gibson, beyond photographic reproduction, the place in his daily life is welcomed and recreated as a fantastic space, leading the audience to the world of unconsciousness. Places in the film Parasite are depicted in a way that they are distinguished from the real world. For such reason, the film is interpreted in diverse ways. Given its narrative development, the living room in the film where a dramatic event occurs can be explained as a subversive place that contains contradictory characteristics. Furthermore, the staircase that is differently organized and edited from the actual shooting place, also exhibits heterotopian characteristics. The staircase that seems there is no end visually constructs fantasy, going beyond just a fantastical element.

본 논문에서는 편혜영·김중혁·김사과의 소설을 통해, 2000년대 소설에 나타나는 주체의 형상화 방식을 세 가지로 구분하여 논의하고자 한다. IMF 이후 한국사회에서 자본-권력의 위세가 무한히 확장되는 가운데, 2000년대 소설들은 왜소하고 빈곤한 주체들, 이를테면 백수나 실업자, 아르바이트생, 고시생 등을 재현하는 데 주력해왔다. 이렇듯 상징체계의 바깥으로 내몰린 존재들에 주목함으로써, ‘지금-우리’가 이 세계 내에서 어떠한 자리를 배당받고 있고 또 배당 받아야 하는지를 확인하고자 했던 것이다. 이러한 불안한 주체들을 형상화하는 데 있어서 편혜영, 김중혁, 김사과는 각각 서로 다른 방식으로 주체의 형상을 재현한다. 먼저, 편혜영은 자본과 권력의 중력 속으로 빨려 들어가 오로지 동물적인 삶을 유지하는 데 급급할 수밖에 없는 ‘기식자’를 그려낸다. 그에 반해 김중혁은 보편주의의 폭력으로부터 벗어나 사적인 비트를 향유하고 즐기는 자를 그려냄으로써 ‘차이’와 ‘유희’의 윤리를 창안해낸다. 마지막으로 김사과는 자본-권력 이 설정한 경계를 와해시키면서 동시에 모든 것을 폐허로 만들어 버리겠다는 전복적 욕망을 마음껏 분출하면서 ‘분노’의 윤리를 체현하기도 한다. 세 소설에서 나타난 바와 같이, ‘지금-현재’의 우리 소설들은 인간 주체들이 자본-권력으로 운용되는 이 세계를 어떠한 방식으로 대응하는지를 다양한 방식으로 재현해내고 있다.

In this thesis, I would like to roughly discuss the ways how Korean authors crystallize subjects of nobles in 2000s by examining the nobles of Hyeyoung Pyeon, Joonghyeuk Kim and Sagwa Kim. As the capital power have made display of their influence on Korean society and expanded boundlessly since the IMF, the novels in 2000s have concentrated on reproducing small and needy people. In describing these vulnerable people, those three authors figure the subjects of their nobles differently with each other. First, Hyeyoung Pyeon builds her characters who fall into the gravity of capital power and have no choice but to constantly strive only after keeping animallike life. In contrast, portraying people who get away from that gravity and enjoy private bits, Joonghyeok Kim creates a kind of ethics of ‘difference’ and ‘play’. Lastly, Sagwa Kim embodies an ethics of ‘anger’ by making his characters explode their angry and subversive desire as much as they like to destroy the boundaries build by capital power and make everything ruined. Likewise, the people described in the nobles of those authors during ‘this time’ lie on another. In this thesis, I would like to take a view of the coordinates where subjects of the nobles of these three authors are located.

본 논문은 아메리칸 드림의 시각에서 영화 <기생충>을 고찰하고자 한다. 이 영화는 칸국제영화제에서 황 금종려상뿐만 아니라 아카데미 시상식에서 4부문에서 수상했다. 봉준호는 오스카에서 감독상을 받은 첫 한국 감독이 되었다. 이 영화는 세 가족들을 통해 계급 갈등, 사회의 불평등, 그리고 빈부격차를 다룬다. 신자유시대인 지금 이 문제는 전 세계가 해결책을 모색해야 할 사회 문제다. 이 주제는 세계의 이목이 <기생충>에 집중함에 있어 중요한 역할을 했음에 틀림없다. 아울러 이 영화에 특히 미국 영화 제작자들 이 주목한 또 다른 이유가 있다. 그것은 할리우드 영화가 전통적으로 생산해 온 아메리칸 드림의 실체를 <기생충>이 고발하고 있기 때문이다. 이에 이 연구는 영화에 나타나는 아메리칸 드림의 시각적 언어를 고찰하고 어떻게 세 가족의 갈등을 통해 아메리칸 드림의 실체가 그 민낯을 드러내고 있는지에 대해 고 찰한다.

This article explores the film Parasite from the perspective of the American dream. The film won four prizes at the Academy Awards as well as the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Bong Joon-ho became the first South Korean director to win Best Director at the Oscars. This film deals with class conflict, social inequality and wealth disparity through conflict between three families. In the neoliberal era, the issue is a social problem for which the whole world must find a solution. This theme captured the world’s attention. Another reason why this film was attractive to American film-makers was that it levels accusations about the reality of the American dream as seen in traditionally produced Hollywood films. This paper attempts to examine the film from the perspective of the visual language of the American dream and how the reality of the American dream is revealed through the conflicts between the three families in the movie.

Self-hygiene is considered one of the most essential self-management skills necessary for children with disabilities to acquire and perform independently. With this in mind, we developed an Android-based mobile application intended to teach children how to eliminate parasites. To assess its effectiveness, three children with developmental disabilities were tested prior to and after playing the game. The results indicated that the children’s knowledge of health behaviors and health-related self-efficacy improved after playing the game. Implications for health education and management are discussed.

Although there are many methods known for detection of the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum in water, such as immunofluorescence or PCR techniques, they are labor-intensive and time-consuming sensor systems. To overcome these problems, label-free biosensors for this pathogen is highly desirable. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor systems offer one alternative as label-free systems. A major advantage of SPR detection is that it does not require any labeling or staining of the analytes, and that the binding can be monitored in real-time.1,2) In this study, the SPR biosensor based on mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) was developed for real-time detection of Cryptosporidium oocyst. To enhance the sensitivity of real-time detection, the modified flow type SPR biosensor was developed, which consisted of the immunoreaction step between the biotin-antibody and oocysts followed by the binding step of antibody bound oocysts onto the sensor surface. And also, a new real-time inhibition assay method was developed for detection of low concentration of C. parvum oocyst on the basis of flow type SPR biosensor.

Entamoeba histolytica is anenteric tissue-invasion protozoan parasite that causes amoebic colitis and occasionally liver abscess in humans. E. histolytica can induce host cell apoptosis by the induction of various intracellular signal mechanisms. These modulations triggered by E. histolytica are closely associated with tissue pathogenesis and parasitic immune evasion mechanism. O-GlcNAcyation, similar to phosphorylation, has been thought to contribute the various cellular signal processes including apoptosis and proliferation. However, it is unknown whether E. histolytica can affect the O-GlcNAc level in host cells during Entamoeba-induced cell death. In this study, we investigated whether modulation of O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in host cells is involved in HepG2 cell death induced by E. histolytica using virulent strain HM-1 and non-virulent Rahman. Co-incubation of HepG2 cells with HM-1 strain remarkably increased DNA fragmentation and LDH release compared to cells incubated with Rahman strain or medium alone. In addition, Entamoeba HM-1induced tyrosine dephosphorylation, and activation of caspases-3 and calpain in HepG2 cells. Gal-lectin-mediated amoebic adherence of live HM-1 trophozoites to the HepG2 cells decreased of O-GlcNAcylated protein levels in HepG2 cells within 2 min, while non-virulent Rahman strain did not. Indeed, E. histolytica-induced deGlcNAcylation in HepG2 cells was prevented by O-GlcNAcase inhibitors, PUGNAc or Thi-Met G. In addition, DNA fragmentation and LDH release triggered by E. histolytica HM-1 were strongly inhibited by pretreatment of host cells with OGA inhibitor PUGNAc. Our results suggest that decreased O-glycosylation is required for cell death in hepatocytes induced by adherence of E. histolytica.

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite causing vaginal trichomoniasis in women, and can secrete chemotactic lipid mediator LTB4 in their secretory products. However, signaling mechanisms of tissue inflammatory responses by infection with T. vaginalis are not fully understood. Recently, we have recently demonstrated that human mast cells and neutrophils are activated to produce chemokine IL-8 via LTB4 receptor BLT1 in response to T. vaginalis-derived secretory products (TvSP). Here, we report that O-glycosylation is important in BLT1-mediated IL-8 secretion in human mast cells (HMC-1 cell line) induced by TvSP. Incubation of HMC-1 cells with TvSP resulted in marked increase of O-GlcNacylated proteins and up-regulated IL-8 protein secretion. TvSP-induced IL-8 production and O-glycosylation in HMC-1 cells was inhibited by pretreatment with OGT inhibitor or OGT siRNA. Pretreatment of HMC-1 cells with BLT1 antagonist or BLT1 siRNA strongly abolished the stimulatory effects of TvSP on O-GlcNacylation and IL-8 production. Moreover, TvSP-induced phosphorylation of transcription factors NF-B and CREB for IL-8 production was reduced by pretreatment of HMC-1 cells with OGT inhibitor or OGT siRNA. These results suggest that BLT1-mediated O-glycosylation may play an important role in activation of transcription factors CREB and NF-B for IL-8 production in mast cells stimulated with TvSP, which can contribute to mast cell-mediated tissue inflammatory responses in T. vaginalis-infected lesion during human trichomoniasis.