Earticle

중세국어 ‘거긔’는 ‘그긔’가 축약된 형태로서 다양한 구성을 이루며 아울러 다양한 의미 기능을 갖는다. ‘거긔’는 단독으로 사용될 때는 대명사의 기능을 하지만, 그 예가 많지 않다. ‘거긔’가 체언 뒤에 바로 붙을 때에는 ‘-에게’의 의미와 ‘〜 중에서’의 의미를 가지며 ‘-거긔’의 형태를 띨 때에는 ‘-에게’ 또는 ‘-에게서’의 의미를 갖는다. 이와는 달리 ‘거긔’가 용언의 관형사형의 수식을 받는 경우가 있는데, 이때에는 ‘-에, 에게, 〜중에서, 〜중에, 〜곳에’라는 매우 다양한 의미를 갖는다. 이를 통해 우리는 ‘거긔’의 문법화가 체언의 수식을 받는 경우와 용언의수식을 받는 경우로 나뉘어 진행되었음을 알 수 있다. 매우 복잡하게 분화되어 있던 ‘거긔’의 문법화 구성들이 현대국어에 와서는 모두 사라져 버렸지만, ‘거긔’는 문법화 현상의 복잡한 양상을 잘 보여주는 대표적인 예라 할 수있다.

Middle Korean word ‘kəkɨj’ orignated from ‘kɨŋ əkɨj’ and had many constructions and meanings. ‘Kəkɨj’ served as a pronoun but its examples are phenomenal. ‘N+kəkɨj’ fulfilled its function as ‘to N’ and ‘among Ns’. And ‘N+ʌjkəkɨj’ fulfilled its function as ‘to N’ and ‘from N’. It was possible differently to connect the adnominal ending ‘-n’ and ‘kəkɨj’. And this constriction fulfilled its function as ‘to’, ‘among’ and ‘in a certain place’. The grammaticalization of ‘kəkɨj’ shows two patterns; one is the ‘N+adnominal marker+kəkɨj’ and the other is the connection of the adnominal ending ‘-n’ and ‘kəkɨj’. In Present Korean the constructions connected with the grammaticalization of ‘kəkɨj’ had been disappeared. But the grammaticalization of ‘kəkɨj’ shows the complicated aspect of the grammaticalization.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the meaning difference of argument alternation structures such as dative, conative, and locative alternations in English and Korean in terms of Haiman's (1980, 1983, and 1985) distance principle. Discourse-functional account including distance principle can explicitly analyze the semantic and pragmatic differences between two types of complements in these structures. In order to examine the validity of the proposed analysis, this study performs the survey of 10 native speakers' intuition on functional, semantic or pragmatic differences between the minimal pair sentences under discussion in each language. As a result, it is possible to say that the closer the object NP is to the verb that denotes the subject's action, the more direct the effect of the latter on the former is in both languages. Based on the result, iconic aspect can be dealt as a universal tendency and this generality may be extended to other languages.

The postposed thematic subject in the Locative Inversion Construction (LIC) is considered to receive focus interpretation. Regarding the discourse-related properties like focus and topic, Rizzi(1997) argues that an element should move into spec-FocP in C-space in order to receive focus interpretation. This analysis may capture coherent explanation that syntactic configuration is directly related to interpretation. However, this analysis cannot explain how the inverted subject in the LIC receives focus interpretation. Revising Rizzi’s analysis, Jayaseelan (2008) argues that there is a FocP above VP. This analysis may account for some syntactic characteristic of LIC well, but it also has some problems on explaining some properties of LIC. In this respect, I try to explore some syntactic configuration of this construction and argue that FocP is between vP and VP. This analysis enables us to explain some puzzling properties of Locative Inversion and Heavy NP Shift.

This paper is mainly concerned with the nature of the locative alternation. Under the derivational account, even though alternating verbs have two different syntactic structures, they may have a single lexical semantic representation. The two distinct syntactic structures are related by transformations on the assumption that transformations do not change meanings. However, it seems that there is an obvious difference in meaning between the variants. Thus, the two variants cannot be used in a given context at the same time. In contrast, under the lexical account, an alternating verb is assumed to have distinct lexical semantic representations. These distinct lexical semantic representations may easily give rise to two different syntactic realizations, whereas a verb with distinct lexical entries would pose a pressing problem in capturing the near-paraphrase relation between the two variants even though they vary in meaning. Accordingly, not only syntactic and semantic properties but also pragmatic properties of the locative alternation should be taken into account to provide a satisfying account.

In this paper, we will show that multiple subject positions can also be found in the locative inversion construction(LIC) in English and Korean, associated with specificity feature of the subject. For this purpose, we will show that LIC and the inverted presentational there construction are basically the same construction, the only difference being that the subject position is occupied by a null expletive pro in the former, but by the overt expletive there in the latter. After that, we will show that the null pro and the expletive there occupy SpecTP and the fronted PP raises to SpecTopP via SpecFinP, and that the mixed subject and non-subject properties that the fronted PP displays can be reconciled under our analysis. We also argue that Korean has a limited number of LICs and the locative subject construction, which forms a multiple nominative construction, is one of the examples. We will show that LIC in Korean is derived exactly like LIC in English except that the former lacks a null expletive pro or an overt expletive there in SpecSubjP.

The experiencers in the psych-verb constructions must be an animate entity. The dative goal or the dative experiencer is semantically locative since dative case can undergo case alternation to the locative case or vice versa. However, unlike the experiencer, the dative case on the goal can undergo case alternation to the locative case or vice versa. The group-denoting goals consisting of animate members can be marked with ey or eykey. The scope-freezing effect in the IO-DO order holds also when the locative argument is used instead of the IO in the VP-adjoined position. With respect to anaphor binding and scope interpretation, the dative goal and the dative experiencer trigger freezing-effect and thawing effect, respectively, which is what the locative goal and the locative subject show. The case-stacked form where the nominative marker is attached to the kkey-marked experiencer shows that the latter occupies the syntactic subject position (i.e., Spec-IP). The reflexive anaphor in the DO position is construed to be bound not by the dative or locative goal in the VP-adjoined position, but by the dative experiencer or the locative subject. Si-honorification also shows that the dative experiencer or the locative subject exhausts the syntactic subject position.

Arano (2014) presents different syntactic analyses to Locaive Inversion (LI) and Quotative Inversion (QI) constructions on the basis of three empirical facts. They are about how pronouns are realized in tag questions, whether post-nominal alone can modify post-verbal DPs, and how sensitive LI and QI are to experiencer arguments selected by raising verbs. Although this paper agrees to Arao’s position that the syntactic disparities between LI and QI can be accounted for by focusing on the syntactic status of post-verbal DPs in these constructions, it is argued that Arano’s (2014) proposal of covert DP-movement in QI should be abandoned. Instead, on the basis of a few empirical facts, this paper argues that post-verbal DPs in QI have subject properties and move overtly to [Spec, TP]. With this revision, the three empirical facts in question, which reveal the syntactic disparities between LI and QI, are successfully accounted for under the modified feature inheritance mechanism. The empirical data showing that QI is unacceptable with quantifier floating do not counterexemplify this paper’s proposal of overt subject-raising in QI because they are independently accounted for under Takami’s (1998) analysis, in which floated quantifiers are considered as secondary subjects.

Pyun, Danielle O., Chung, Miri K. & Choi, Ho Jung. 2013. KFL learners’ acquisition of Korean locative particles: A corpus-based contrastive interlanguage analysis. Language Information. Volume 17. 23-46. Adopting the contrastive interlanguage analysis methodology, this study investigates KFL (Korean as a Foreign Language) learners’ acquisition of Korean locative case particles. A learner corpus compiled from eighty-seven intermediate learners of Korean was compared with a native speaker corpus on the frequency distribution of the five semantic categories of the Korean locative case (i.e, static location, dynamic location, time, goal, and source). In addition, learner errors on the use of locative case particles were quantified and examined according to the five semantic categories. The results of this study showed that KFL learners’ use of locative case particles substantially deviated from native speakers’ usage in frequency. Learners’ inaccurate and limited use of locative case particles were attributed to such factors as L1 transfer, overgeneralization, prior input, and interlanguage development.

This study investigates the reclassification of English locative verbs with the following question: What factors caused the change? Firstly, the patten of the class change is observed in terms of both synchronic and diachronic perspectives, and then possible factors that cause the change are investigated sequentially by examining whether the factors may be operable. In addition, this study observed what factor can work at the base and what factor can be applied extensively. Reclassified verbs have changed their class from Ground-only to alternating verb class, and there is a preference to use most alternating locative verbs in Figure precedent constructions. This study reveals that there are two processes or two levels of processing that affect the syntactic change involved in the use of locative verbs, but they are independent. In one case, semantic change directly affects the structure of locative verbs. In the second case, the cognitive process directly causes the class change. However, this change is not affected by semantic change. Figure Precedence Principle can be an important factor in explaining the change in the use of locative verbs by reflecting on the cognitive process of human brain.

This study investigated offline and online comprehension of Korean locative alternation by Chinese-speaking second language (L2) learners of Korean. An acceptability judgment task and an online self-paced reading task were conducted with Chinese learners of Korean at higher- and lower-proficiency levels along with a control group of native Korean speakers. The outcomes of the acceptability judgment task showed that both L2 groups acquired the knowledge of Korean locative alternation. The results from the self-paced reading task demonstrated that native speakers and highly proficient L2 learners, but not learners with lower proficiency, showed sensitivity to the mismatch between case marking and verb semantics in their processing of locative constructions. These findings suggest that proficient Chinese speakers can process Korean locative constructions in a native-like manner, inconsistent with the claim that L2 processing is substantially different from native speaker processing.

English LIC has its unique syntactic, pragmatic, and discourse-related features, not to mention phonological and prosodic features. This paper mainly deals with syntactic, informational, and discourse-related features in English LIC. English LIC delivers discourse-related information in legitimate syntactic structures. Most of English LIC has either unaccusative or unergative verbs with locational or directional locative PPs. Depending on the kinds of verbs, LIC entails some distinctive syntactic properties, such as long distance agreement and extraposion in PF, but it has null expletive Pro in [Spec, TP] in common. In discourse situations, it is natural for communicators to deploy discoursal information in legitimate syntactic structure. LIC has categorical information structure, so the PP receives hearer-old interpretation and the grammatical subject at the end of the sentences receives hearer-new, focus, interpretation. We have proposed that in LIC, there is null expletive Pro equivalent to there in [Spec, TP] to satisfy EPP. And we have also showed that null expletive Pro in [Spec, TP] is well applied to finite verb agreement, tag questions, PRO-binding, Raising and ECM constructions. In conclusion, we posit that there must be null expletive Pro to satisfy EPP in English locative construction.

본 연구는 한국어를 모국어로 사용하는 성인들과 아동들이 처소격 조사가 수반되는 새로운 명사의 의미를 어떻게 이해하는지 알아보고자 하였다. 우선 친숙화 단계에서 성인들과 아동들은 여러 사물들이 특정 공간 관계를 이루면서 놓여 있는 장면(예: 곰 인형이 바구니 안에 있는 장면)을 보면서, 무의미 단어가 포함된 문장(예: 워비에 있다)을 들었다. 검사 단계에서는 두 개의 장면을 보았는데, 한 장면에서는 친숙화 단계에서 제시된 사물들이 포함되었으나 사물들 간의 공간 관계가 친숙화 단계에서 본 것과 다른 것(예: 곰 인형이 바구니 앞에 있는 장면)이었고, 다른 장면에서는 새로운 전경 사물이 새로운 배경 사물과 친숙화 단계에서 본 것과 같은 공간 관계를 형성하고 있는 장면(예: 강아지 인형이 가방 안에 있는 장면)이 나타났다. 이 두 장면을 보면서 성인들(실험 1)과 아동들(실험 2)이 무의미 단어가 지시할 수 있는 장면을 선택하도록 하였다(예: 워비에 있는 게 어떤 거야?). 실험 1에서 성인들은 검사 단계의 질문에 대한 답변으로 새로운 전경 사물과 배경 사물이 친숙화 단계에서 본 것과 같은 공간 관계를 이루고 있는 장면을 선택했다. 실험 2에서 만 5세 아동들은 실험 1의 성인들과 유사한 응답을 보였으나, 만 3세 아동들은 검사 질문에 대한 응답으로 다른 장면을 선택하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 성인들과 만 5세 이상의 아동들이 처소격 조사 ‘에’가 수반된 무의미 단어를 사물들 간의 추상적인 공간 관계를 지시하는 위치어로 해석하지만, 3세는 그렇지 않음을 보여준다. 본 연구는 한국어 획득 과정에서 처소격 조사와 같은 형태소 정보를 활용한 새로운 명사의 의미 이해 능력의 발달 과정에 대한 자료를 제공한다.

The current research examined whether Korean adults and children use a locative case marker to learn the meaning of novel nouns. During familiarization, participants watched the videos of spatial relations between 2 objects(ex: a teddy bear in a basket) and heard sentences including a novel noun following a locative case marker ‘ey’(ex: wubby-ey issta). During test, participants saw either a scene about a novel spatial relation between the same objects(object match: the teddy bear in front of the basket) or a scene about the same spatial relation between new objects(location match: a puppy in a bag). They were asked to choose an event including the referent of the novel noun. In Experiment 1, adults chose the location match, suggesting that they interpreted the novel nouns followed by ‘ey’ as locative terms. In Experiment 2, 5-year-olds but not 3-year-olds, showed the same pattern as the adults in Experiment 1. These results add to the evidence on the development of ability to use morphological cues when learning the meaning of spatial terms.

This paper explores the dual property of the inverted locative PP in English locative inversion constructions. In general, the inverted PPs are assumed to be topicalized to the Spec of CP from the Spec of TP, or base-generated in the Spec of CP. However, previous approaches have some conceptual problems in some respects, such as Chain Uniformity Condition, vacuous topic movement, etc. In this paper, we propose the inverted locative PPs do not undergo topicalization to the Spec of CP, via the Spec of TP. Instead, we assume that both C and T attract locative PP in VP simultaneously. We also show that the dual property of the inverted locative PPs is captured through the parallel movement of PP to the Spec of TP and to the Spec of CP, respectively.

The aim of this paper is to reanalyze the structure of Locative Inversion Construction(LI) and to suggest that the LI has the same derivation in the narrow syntax (Chomsky 1998, 1999) as the canonical construction and then has a further derivation to propose the locative PP to the left periphery. In LI the inverted constituents were assumed subjects. On the contrary, this paper will argue that the postverbal DP is a subject and that the preverbal elements are placed at the Spec of CP. To analyze the structure of LI, this paper will adopt the Split CP, which comprises include CP, TopP, and FocP. Since in terms of the checking theory of movement no free optional proposing can be allowed, this paper suggests that the preverbal element of LI has [Foc] feature and that to check the feature, the focused element that is, the locative PP should move to the Spec of FocP.

本稿では、(1)(2)のような構文を対象とし、これらの構文を「場所名詞句の主題化構文」として位置づけるとともに、これらの構文の特徴をめぐって考察を加えた。考察の結果、以下の点について明らかにした。　(1)館はいたるところに彫刻がほどこされ、思いきった内装がされていた。(2)実はあの写真額には、一分の隙もなく、油絵の具で彩色がされている。 　●これらの構文は、場所名詞句が主題化された(＝動作主が背景化された)構文である。　●文全体的には、「場所名詞句(に)は→VNが→されている」といった項構造をもっており、アスペクト的に「結果継続」の意味を表す。　●場所名詞句の主題化構文におけるVNに関しては、動作主の意圖的な行爲の結果、對象に変化(動作主の行爲の結果、具体的な生産物が生じるという変化)が起きる動作の意味を表す「VN」でなければならない、という意味的な選択制限が働いている。　●対応する能動文からの派生過程において、＜「VNを」→「VNが」＞といった格表示の変化は、「VNを」のままでは動作主を完全に背景化できないから伴われる変化である。　●これらの構文における「サレル」は、一種の「代動詞」的な働きをする。

The aim of this paper is to analyze the structure of locative inversion constructions in unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs in English. Generally, unergative verbs are not allowed to invert locative PP construction. But in some cases they are allowed to invert locative PP construction. The inverted locative PP constructions with unergative verbs go through the change of the meaning of unaccusative verbs. Especially, if unergative verbs have a close relationship with their complement PP, they allow to invert locative PP construction. In the pragmatic approach, locative inversion constructions are analyzed through informational lightness and the relative familiarity of information. Unergative verbs are allowed to invert locative PP if they have informational lightness. On the other hand, Unaccusative verbs are not allowed to invert locative PP, because they have informational heaviness. Finally, when we try to analyze the structure of locative inversion constructions in unaccusative verbs and unergative verbs in English, we have to consider not only syntactic structure but semantic situation.

본 연구는 최근 중국 내에서 이루어진 중국어 방위사 연구 동향을 분석해 보고자 한 다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 CNKI에서 2000년 이후(2000년~2024년)의 논문 중 다운로 드 횟수가 많은 총 50편의 논문을 수집하여 분석하였다. 중국어 방위사 연구 동향에 대한 분석은 다음과 같은 순서로 진행하였다. Ⅱ장에서는 방위사의 최근 연구 동향, 방위사의 최근 연구 방법, 그리고 방위사의 최근 연구 내용으 로 나누어 살펴보았다. 구체적인 내용은 다음과 같다. 방위사의 최근 연구 동향에서 키워 드의 빈도를 분석하였고, 그 결과 ‘은유>인지>의미>문화>교학> 영상도식>형태, 언어 대비>어법화, 대칭과 비대칭, 통사, 함의’ 등의 순서를 보였다. 연도별로는 2022년 이후 눈에 띄는 상승세를 보였다. 방위사의 유형과 음절수로는 ‘上, 下, 前, 后, 中, 左, 右, 东, 西, 南, 北’중 일음절인 上, 下, 前, 后의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 최근 연구 방법은 데이터 친화적으로 실험을 진행하거나 코퍼스, 실험데이터, 문장의 실시간 온라인 처리 조사 같은 실증적인 방향으로 발전하고 있다. 최근 연구 내용은 인지 관점에서의 논문이 다수이고 ‘은유, 영상 도식, 신체 경험, 구 문’과 관련한 연구로 발전해가고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그밖에 ‘방위사와 문화, 언어대비, 교 학 책략, 번역, 밈(模因)’ 등에 관한 연구들도 많이 있다. 중국어 방위사에 대한 향후 연구과제와 관련하여서는, 방위 의미 이해와 사용에 영향 을 미치는 요인에 대한 연구는 거의 없다는 사실이 지적되고 있다, 따라서 공간 원형 및 영상 도식과 같은 인지이론을 기반으로 기존 실험 연구와 결합하여 후속 연구가 진행되어야 하고, 교학 연구, 번역과 밈 등의 방위사에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 한다는 주장이 많이 제기되고 있는 실정이다.

This study aims to analyze the recent research trend of Chinese locative particle in China. To conduct this study, I collected a total of 50 papers with a high number of downloads from CNKI after 2000(2000-2024). The analysis of the recent research trend of Chinese locative particle in China was was conducted in the following order. In Chapter II, it was divided into the latest research trends of the locative particle, the latest research method of the locative particle, and the latest research contents of the locative particle. In the latest research trends, the frequency of keywords in the recent research trends of locative particle was analyzed, and as a result, the order of 'metaphor>cognition>meaning>culture> teaching>image schema>linguistic form and language contrast>grammaticalization, symmetry(or asymmetry), syntax and implications' was shown. On a yearly basis, there has been a noticeable increase since 2022. In the type and syllable number of the locative particle, the frequency of 上, 下, 前, 后 among the one syllable of was the highest. Recent research methods are developing in empirical directions such as conducting experiments in a data-friendly way or investigating real-time online processing of Corpus, experimental data, and sentences. In recent research, there are many papers from a cognitive point of view, and it can be seen that research related to 'metaphor, image schema, physical experience, and syntax' is developing. There are also many studies on 'locative particle and culture, language contrast, teaching strategies, translation, and memes. As for future tasks, it is pointed out that there are few studies on the factors affecting the understanding and use of locative meanings in China. Therefore, it is argued that follow-up studies should be conducted in combination with existing experimental studies based on cognitive theories such as spatial prototypes and image schema, and that research on locative particle such as teaching research, translation, and memes should be conducted.