Earticle

표준제정 기구는 특정 기술을 표준으로 채택하는 단계에서 그 기술 을 제안한 회사에게 관련 특허권의 공개하는 의무와 함께 그 기술에 부여된 특허권을 표준 실시자들이 공정하고 비차별적인 조건으로 사용 하는 것을 허락하는 의무를 내용으로 하는 FRAND 확약을 요구한다. 이러한 요청을 받아 들이는 경우에만 표준으로 채택되는 것이 일반적 이다. 이와 같은 FRAND 확약은 재3자를 위한 계약의 전형적인 유형인데, 이의 해석에 계약법의 법리를 적용하는 것이 세계적인 추세이다. 표준 특허가 실시되는 것이 종전의 무선통신 산업 분야를 넘어 긴 공급사슬 의 바탕위에 존립하는 대표적 조립산업인 자동차 산업 분야로 번지면 서 표준특허의 실시허락이 특허법 학자와 실무가들에게 관심의 대상이 되고 있다. 부품에서 시작하여, 1차 조립품, 2차 조립품, 반제품, 완성 품으로 이어지는 다단계의 긴 공급사슬을 구성하는 여러 부품업체와 완성차 업체 모두에게 표준특허권의 실시권을 허락해야 한다는 자동차 업계의 주장이 있는가 하면, 이와 반대로 특허권자의 선택에 따라 완 성차 업체와 최종 공급자 (Tier 1) 에게만 실시권 허여 약정을 하고 상 류 시장의 부품 업체에게는 위탁생산권을 통하여 특허침해 우려없이 표준특허에 접근을 보장해 주는 것으로 충분하다는 표준특허권자들의 주장이 있다. 2020년 독일에서, 2023년에 미국에서 법원이 표준특허권 자에게 유리한 결정을 내렸으나 법리는 불명확한 점이 많이 남아있다. 공급사슬의 상류시장에 위치하는 부품에 대해 표준특허의 실시권이 허락되는 경우 현실적으로 특허 실시료는 소액이 되고, 하류 시장의 반제품과 완제품 생산자는 특허소진의 범위 내에서 실시 행위가 자유 로워 진다. 반대로 하류 시장에서 모듈이나 완제품에 대해서만 실시권 이 허락되는 경우 실시료 금액은 상대적으로 고액이 된다. 이 경우 상 류시장의 부품 공급업체는 위탁생산권을 통하여 표준특허에 접근하는 것이 허용되어야 한다. 위탁생산권은 특허권자로부터 허락받은 실시권자의 권리이지 위탁받 은 생산자의 권리가 아니므로, 위탁생산한 제품은 주문자에게만 판매 할 수 있다. 생산자에게 가해지는 제약이 공급사슬에서 일어나는 기술 개발을 억압하지 않는 방안을 찾아야 한다. 실시권자가 특허권자로부 터 위탁생산권을 허락받음에 있어 1단계 위탁생산만 가능한 것인지 또 는 2단계 이상 위임하는 것이 가능하도록 하는 방안을 마련하여야 할 것이다. 또한 실시권을 부여받지 못한 부품공급자에게 부제소 특약을 통하여 표준특허에의 접근권을 보장하는 것이 시장참여자에게 예측 가 능성을 높여주는 방안이 될 것이다. 적극적으로 부제소 계약을 하는 방안, 특허권자의 부품 생산자에 대한 권리 불행사를 통한 사실상의 부제소 특약 효과를 거두는 방안, 그리고 특허권자의 부제소 의사표시 의 공표도 가능한 방법이 될 수 있을 것이다. 부제소 특약이 활성화되 기 위해서는 채무는 발생하였으나 채권의 일부인 집행력을 포기하는 것을 인정하여야 한다. 특허권 소진의 법리는 비교적 많은 종전의 판결을 통해 상당히 안정 적 예측이 가능하나, 위탁생산권에 대해서는 아직 전모를 밝히기에는 판례가 충분하지 못한 것이 현실이다. 표준특허의 실시권 허여 단계 의 논쟁이 충실하게 진행되려면 법리의 발전을 기다려야 하지만, 이는 합리적 법리의 문제일 뿐만 아니라, 새로운 산업에서의 기술 활용을 어떠한 정도로 보호할 것인가 하는 특허정책, 산업정책의 문제이기도 하다.

Many standard development organizations (SDOs) require patent disclosure and FRAND commitment before making decisions on adopting technical standards. FRAND commitments by the owners of standard essential patents are considered as a contract for a third party beneficiary. As more and more standard essential patents (SEPs) are implemented in automotive industry, which depends on a various and long supply chains of parts and modules, the issue of selecting the beneficiary implementer of FRAND commitment has arisen between end-product manufacturer and component manufacturer. In relation to level selection of beneficiary implementer of FRAND committed standard essential patent, two positions have been presented, i.e. license to all (LTA) and access to all (ATA). At the bottom of the arguments on LTA v. ATA locates the issue of royaly base and the patent exhaustion doctrine. Generally speaking, the end-product manufacturer under the LTA has the benefit in two ways. First, the royalty burden can be transferred to the component suppliers, and the final product manufacturer enjoys being free from patent infringement based on the patent exhaustion doctrine flowed from the agreement between component manufacturer. Second, even eventually the burden of royalty paid by the component suppliers to be shared by the end-product manufacturer, the royalty calculated based on components are less in amount compared the amount calculated based on the price of final products. To find a solution for the dispute, developments of patent law on exhaustion doctrine and have-made rights, as well as law IPR policies of SDOs and antitrust law are required. This article reviews pros and cons of patent exhaustion and have-made rights in relation to level selection in SEP licensing and FRAND commitment. Automotive industry has developed quite different licensing practice from that in wireless telecommunication industry, where many SEP licensing agreements had been executed between the SEP holders and the final product manufacturers. What makes it worse, compared to the exhaustion doctrine under the patent law, many issues remain to be solved in have-mad rights clause, Though legal disputes in Germany and the US have been settled, the issues remain unsettled in detail.

The purpose of this study is to find out the difference of level of importance and level of satisfaction of attributes for the hosting venue and urban selection of MICE through the in-depth interview with professional groups on the basis of the advanced studies through the IPA analysis for each interested party (participant and participating companies). And, it intends to find out the relationship of influence on the level of satisfaction and re-selection of attributes for the hosting venue and urban selection of MICE. As a result of analysis, following outcome has been formulated. First, as a result of comparing the level of importance and level of satisfaction of attributes for the hosting venue and urban selection of MICE for each interested party, transportation convenience (relativity) is shown to be high for level of importance and low for level of satisfaction in general. And, second, as a result of analyzing the level of satisfaction and relationship of influence of re-selection of the attributes to select MICE for each interested party, the tourism attraction is commonly shown to be important factor for re-selection. On the basis of such study result, as the hosting venue for MICE of Gwangju Metropolitan City, there is a need of improvement on following contents in order to have the competitiveness with other local governments as the hosting venue of MICE. First, with respect to the MICE infra, there is a need to expanding the transportation convenience (relativity), expanding the accommodation facilities and expanding the exhibition facilities, second, there is a need to support the service development on ICT-based integrated information in relation to MICE operation, third, there is a need to develop the tourism resource to represent Gwangju, such as, developing the tourism program, shopping, eatery, recreation and so forth in connection with MICE, and fourth, with respect to the conditions of hosting site, there is a need to improve the urban image.

In this thesis, a teaching plan will be prepared by selecting the culture vocabularies needed in beginner's level as the method for culture education. The learners at beginner's level who have just started to learn Korean language have not only deep interests in Korean culture but also strong desire to learn Korean language. Learning basic culture vocabularies provides help in the life in Korea but conducting culture education from the early stage of learning is considered to be very desirable since it is closely related to the ability to communicate in Korean language. Accordingly, the culture vocabularies that fall under 20 culture categories such as food, habitation, clothing, transportation, family relation, subdivisions of seasons, tourist attractions, cultural assets, rite of passage, persons, play, art, shopping, education, exercise, leisure, seasons, disease, Korean symbols and name of place will be presented by analyzing the list of culture vocabularies that will be recorded in learner's dictionary and culture vocabularies of beginner's level Korean language material and setting the standards of classification based on this content. Lastly, an actual plan for culture vocabulary education will be prepared through the method of 'presenting of culture vocabulary according to the circumstance, using visual material such as photos or picture, utilizing game, activity of reading and writing or listening and speaking and comparing culture vocabularies.

공동연구개발은 기업간 협력의 주요한 유형으로, 많은 연구에서 그 성과와 선택의 요인이 탐색 되었다. 기존 연구들은 주로 협력에 참여하는 기업간의 역량적 적합성과 협력 과정의 적절한 관리를 주요한 성과 요인으로 제 시하였다. 반면 연구개발을 기업간 협력으로 수행하려는 의사결정을 내리는 주체 기업의 특성이 주는 영향에 대 해서는 상대적으로 적은 관심을 보였다. 공동연구개발의 수행은 많은 자원의 투자해야 하는 위험한 행동이므로, 이를 선택하는 기업의 특성은 의사결정의 결과에 유의미한 영향을 줄 수 있을 것이다. 2,352개의 혁신 수행 기 업을 대상으로 한 실증 연구의 결과, 1)표준화된 상품 생산을 전략적으로 중시하는 기업, 2)외부 기업과의 교류 를 통해 정보 수집을 많이 하는 기업, 3)교류가 없는 정보 수집 활동을 적게 하는 기업, 4)공식적인 지식 보호 제도를 적극적으로 활용하는 기업은 혁신 연구개발을 기업간 협력 방식으로 수행할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타 났다. 본 연구의 결과는 기업간 협력을 선택하는 의사결정의 분석을 위한 새로운 관점의 요인을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Collaborative R&D is the one of the major styles to implement interfirm collaboration. Abundant studies have explored the factors influencing the success and choice of firm’s collaborative behaviors. But prior studies relatively gave little attention to the influence of subject firm’s characteristics who decides the R&D as a collaborative method. Because the collaborative R&D is a risk-taking behavior requiring amount of resources, the motive and capability of subject firm may influence the result of this decision making. The empirical study using the data of 2,352 innovating firms suggests the firms with 1)strategic intention to innovate standardized product, 2)high use of social interaction for information acquisition, 3)low use of codified knowledge for information acquisition, and 4)high use of formal institution for knowledge protection are positively related with implementation of collaborative R&D. This study can provide the new perspective for analyzing decision making process of interfirm collaborations.

2022년 1월 「중대재해처벌법」시행 후 기업에서 경영책임자로써의 안전보건확보 의무에 대한 책임이 강화되어 건설산업에서는 안전보건관리체계를 구축하고 이행 확인 활동을 통하여 중대산업재해예방에 노력하고 있다. 동법 시행령 제4조 제9호에 서 요구하는 안전보건 역량을 평가하여 업체를 선정할 수 있는 기준과 절차 즉 ‘적격수급업체 선정체계’가 중대산업재해 예방 에 핵심과제라 할 수 있으며, 이를 위해서는 안전보건수준을 평가할 수 있는 시스템이 필요하다. 이에 건설업에서 민간기업 스스로 적격수급업체 선정을 위한 안전보건수준평가를 운영하고 있으나 전문성과 신뢰성이 부 족하다. 또한 민간 건설업체마다 안전보건수준 평가방법이 명확하지 않고 표준화 되어 있지 않아 하수급업체에서는 입찰마다 평가 수검을 받고 있어 효율성이 낮게 나타나고 있다. 본 연구는 선행연구 고찰과 공공기관에서 운영되고 있는 건설업 원도급사에 관한 안전 평가제도 실태조사를 통하여 하수급 업체 안전보건수준평가 인증제도의 필요성을 확인하였다. 이에 건설업의 적격수급업체 선정체계 운영이 필요한 표준화된 안 전보건수준 인증제도 도입 방안을 제시하기 위함이다.

본 연구는 기업 규모별 수출액에 영향을 미치는 무역원활화와 교역국의 소득 수준의 하위 변수를 대상으로 변수선택 분석을 진행하였으며, 단계적 회귀와 Lasso 회귀분석을 각기 적용 하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. 종속변수는 대기업과 중견기업, 중소기업별 수출액, 독립변수는 OECD의 무역원활화지표(TFIs)의 11개 하위 차원과 교역국의 소득 수준을 저소득, 중저소득, 고중소득, 고소득 국가로 더미 변수화하였다. 주요 결과로 단계적 회귀와 Lasso 회귀분석에서 공통으로 선택된 변수는 중소기업 수출액의 경우, 정보 가용성, 무역공동체 참여, 내부협력, 중견기업 수출액은 정보 가용성, 무역공동체 참여, 사전심사, 자동화, 거버넌스와 공정성, 대기업 수출액은 정보 가용성, 내부협력으로 나타났다. 이 외에도 교역국의 소득 수준은 단계적 회귀분석에서 중소기업의 수출액에 대해서만 고중소득, 중저소득, 저소득 국가가 선택되었고 Lasso 회귀분석의 결과가 단계적 회귀분석이 비해 최적 변수의 수가 감소하여 상대적으로 간결한 모형을 제안하는 것으로 나타났다.

This study conducted an analysis to identify the vriables among the sub-dimensions of the OECD’s Trade Facilitation Indcx and the inocme level of trading countries, categorized as low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high income, that affect the export amounts differentiated by firm size: large, medium sized, and small-to-medium sized enterprises. To achieve this, both Stepwise Regression and Lasso Regression analyses were applied, with the export amount serving as the dependent variable, and the results from both methods were compared. The primary findings revealed that the variables commonly selected by both Stepwise Regression and Lasso Regression analyses include information availability, participation in the trading community, and internal cooperation for the exports of small and medium sized enterprises. For large corporations, the variables determining the export amount were identified as information availability and internal cooperation. Additionally, the Stepwise Regression analysis on the income level of trading countries identified that exports of small and medium sized enterprises are significantly associated with upper-middle, lower-middle, and low income countries. Contrastingly, the Lasso Regression analysis indicated a reduction in the number of optimal variables compared to the Stepwise Regression analysis, suggesting a more concise model. This comparative analysis underscores the importance of specific trade facilitation factors and the economic status of trading countries in influencing export amounts, with a noted efficiency in model complexity reduction through Lasso Regression.

In reality, distribution planning for a supply chain is established using a certain probabilistic distribution estimated by forecasting. However, in general, the demands used for an actual distribution planning are of deterministic value, a single value for each of periods. Because of this reason the final result of a planning has to be a single value for each period. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to estimate a single value due to the inherent uncertainty in the probabilistic distribution of customer demand. The issue addressed in this paper is the selection of single demand value among of the distributed demand estimations for a period to be used in the distribution planning. This paper proposes an efficient demand selection scheme for minimizing total inventory costs while satisfying target service level under the various experimental conditions.

본 연구는 골프 스윙 템포와 기술 수준에 따른 최적의 샤프트 강도를 규명하고, 이 조합이 골프 수행력(비거리, 방향 성 등)에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구 대상은 숙련자, 중간 숙련자, 초보자로 구분하였으며, 의도적 표집 방법을 통해 총 6명을 선정하였다. 고속 카메라와 런치모니터를 활용하여 스윙 데이터를 수집하고, SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 통해 비거리, 방향성, 출발 탄도 등의 수행력 지표를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 스윙 템포와 샤프트 강도의 상호작용 이 골프 수행력에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 숙련자 그룹에서 특히 뚜렷한 결과가 나타났다. 본 연구는 골프 클럽 피팅 시 개 인의 스윙 템포와 스타일을 반영한 맞춤형 접근의 필요성을 제시하며, 향후 연구에서 스윙 궤도, 임팩트 타이밍 등 다차원적 변수를 포함한 추가 연구의 필요성을 강조한다.

This study aims to identify the optimal shaft flex based on golf swing tempo and skill level and quantitatively analyze the impact of this combination on golf performance, including distance and accuracy. The participants were categorized into experts, intermediate players, and beginners, and a total of six individuals were selected using a purposive sampling method. Swing data were collected using a high-speed camera and a launch monitor, and performance metrics such as distance, accuracy, and launch angle were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. The results showed that the interaction between swing tempo and shaft flex significantly affected golf performance, with the most notable results observed in the expert group. This study highlights the importance of personalized approaches in golf club fitting, considering an individual’s swing tempo and style. It also emphasizes the need for future research to include multidimensional variables such as swing path and impact timing.

This study was intended to investigate the importance of selection attribute which is being perceived importantly by travel agencies in terms of selecting airlines after the abolition and reduction in airline sales commission and advent of low-cost airlines through preceding research and literature research, to investigate how satisfaction of tourist agency workers on a specific airline effect the future behavior, and to find ways to develop the win-win relationship between travel agency and airline. As a result, it was identified that travel agencies had great interest in the profit improvement support, and they were satisfied with the airline selection attribute but had to continue relationship with a certain airline. Also, it was verified that airlines need to change the marketing strategy and relationship maintenance according to the travel agency because travel agencies have a wider selection of airlines due to the advent of low-cost airlines, and future research topic was suggested on the selection attribute of large travel agency focusing on the small travel agency.

목적 : 작업치료(학)과 학생들의 일반적 현황과 전공선택 요인들에 대해 살펴보고, 일반적 현황에 따른 전공선택 요인, 작업치료(학)과 학생들의 관심 분야, 관심 취업영역, 국시불안 및 진로 확신에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 작업치료(학)과가 개설된 4년제 대학 9개 학교, 3년제 대학 10개 학교의 총 4,500명의 재학생을 모집단으로 구조화된 설문을 실시하였으며, 1,329명의 응답을 최종분석에 사용하였다. 결과 : 학과 선택시 작업치료(학)과 이외의 학과에 진학을 희망했던 응답자가 831명(62.5%), 입학 후에 소속변경 등 전공 변경을 희망한 응답자는 588명(44.2%)이였다. 학과를 선택하게 된 계기는 추천에 의한 선택이 675명(50.8%), 스스로 선택이 654명(49.2%)였고, 추천에 의한 경우는 부모님, 학교 선생님이 가장 많았으며, 추천 이유는 취업, 전문직이기 때문으로 나타났다. 스스로 선택한 경우에 주로 정보를 얻은 방법은 인터넷이 419명(64.0%)로 나타났다. 응답자들의 현재 관심 취업영역과 10년 후 의망 취업영은 의료기관 취업으로 동일하게 조사 되었다. 현재 작업치료(학)과 학부생들은 5점 만점에 평균 3.54점으로 보통 이상의 국시불안감을 느끼고 있었고, 이는 남자 학부생들에게서 더 높았다. 또한 진학확신은 입학 전보다 현재가 더 낮았으며, 1학년의 진학확신이 가장 낮았고, 학년이 올라갈수록 점점 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 작업치료(학)과에 대한 확신과 진로 결정에 대한 만족도를 높이고 추후 작업치료(학)과의 교육 개선을 위한 기초자료를 마련했다는데 의미를 부여할 수 있다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the general characteristics and factors related to choosing occupational therapy as their academic major in a nationwide sample of college students and (2) ifferences in major selection factors, interested area of occupational therapy, and preferences in career field across main student characteristics such as gender and year in college, in addition to anxiety related to the national licensure examination and career confidence level. Methods : A survey was provided to 4,500 students from nine 4-year colleges and ten 3-year colleges. A total of 1,329 surveys were analyzed in the final analysis. Results : A total of 831(62.5%) students responded that they had considered other majors before choosing occupational therapy, 588(44.2%) contemplated changing their major after entering college. 675(50.8%) chose occupational therapy major secondary to recommendation from others, and 654(49.2%) self-selected the major. Most of the recommendations were found to be made by parents and teachers, and the primary reasons for such recommendations were related to the high employment potential and the prospect of working as a professional specialist. Among students who picked their major on their own, 419(64.0%) students obtained information through the internet. Respondents’current and 10-year post-graduation preferred area of employment to work in a medical setting as an occupational therapist. The students’current level of anxiety pertaining to the licensure examination was found to be 3.5 on a 5-point scale, with male students showing a higher anxiety level. It was also found that the current degree of confidence regarding their career had decreased since entering college. Freshmen undergraduates reported the lowest career confidence level, with their confidence increasing with year in college. Conclusions : The results of the present study indicate potential ways in which departments in occupational therapy may promote their academic majors, in addition to contributing to our knowledge regarding ways to provide better academic as well as career counseling and guidance to students in occupational therapy.

Purpose: The following study analyzes the mediating effects of professionalism on the relationship between major selection conviction and career decision level of dental technology students. It is to be used as basic data for improvement of the students’ career decision level and an effective way to train professionals of the colleges. Methods: The survey was conducted on dental technology students. The collected data was analyzed by the statistical program SPSS 18.0. The results were analyzed by reliability, frequency, multiple-way ANOVA, correlation, multiple regression. To test for significance on each item, p<0.05 has been decided as a standard. Results: The analysis shows that the students’ age and clinical practice experience bring a significant difference in major selection conviction, career decision level and professionalism. Professionalism has been found to bring significance mediating effects in relation to major selection conviction and career decision level. Conclusion: To improve the quality and pride as a professional as well as satisfaction with major selection can be expected to raise the standard of the students' career decision level.

대학생들은 자신이 선택한 전공은 자신이 추구하는 미래의 직업과 밀접한 관련이 있기 때문에 본인 의 적성과 불일치 할 경우 학업과 학교생활 전반에 나쁜 영향을 미쳐 궁극적으로 진로계획 및 결정에 혼란을 유발하기 때문에 진로를 위한 준비행동들 뿐만 아니라 향후 진로 및 취업에 부정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 대학생들은 대학생활을 통해 희망직업을 구체화하고 진로를 준비하면서 진로를 결정하 게 되는 과정 속에서 취업여건이 매우 열악하고, 스스로 진로에 대한 자신감이 부족한 감정을 가지게 된다. 따라서 불안한 현실 속에서 극심한 취업난을 겪고 있는 대학생들에게는 개인의 행동에 대해 스스 로 긍정적인 의미를 부여할 수 있는 진로결정 자기효능감과 같은 심리적 요인과 영향관계에 관한 연구 가 필요하다고 본다. 이에 본 연구에서는 대학생들의 전공 선택동기, 진로결정 자기효능감, 진로결정수준, 진로준비행동에 대한 상관성을 이해할 필요가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전공 선택동기가 진로결정 자기효능감을 매개로 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동에 각각의 변수가 어느 정도로 영향을 미치는지를 파악하고 상관관계를 이해하는 것을 연구의 주목적으로 하고자 한다. 이와 같은 실증적 연구결과를 바 탕으로 현재 진행하고 있는 진로결정 및 준비행동이 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 행동이 될 수 있도록, 명확한 제시나 효율적인 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 검증하기 위해 실증분석을 진행한 결과, 대학생 의 전공 선택동기가 진로결정 자기효능감에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 진로결정 자기효능감이 진로결정수준과 진로준비행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

Major that college students have selected themselves has a close relationship with a future job they pursue and can make negative effects on preparatory actions for career as well as future career and employment by making a bad effect on their studies and throughout school life and causing confusion in planning and deciding career when the selected major is inconsistent with their aptitude. College students realize very poor employment conditions and have feelings of lack of confidence in their career path in the process of deciding their career as they make desired job materialized and prepare for future career through their college life. Therefore, more studies on the influential relationship between psychological factors as career decision making self-efficacy that can give positive meaning to their behavior, career decision level related to behavioral factors, and career preparation behavior are considered necessary for college students suffering from a severe unemployment crisis in an unstable reality. Therefore, it is considered necessary to understand the correlation between major selection motivation, career decision making self-efficacy, career decision level, and career preparation behavior of college students. The main objective of this study is to investigate a correlation and how much of an influence that each variable of major selection motivation makes on career decision level and career preparation behavior through a medium for career decision making self-efficacy. This study intends to provide a clear suggestion or effective direction based on empirical findings for the ongoing career decision and preparation behavior to be more concrete and substantive action. To verify this, this study conducted an empirical analysis and it was identified that major selection motivation of college students makes effects on career decision making self-efficacy and career decision making self-efficacy makes effects on career decision level and career preparation behavior.

Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach‘s α coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

대학생들은 다양한 경험과 주변환경들로부터 영향을 받아 진로를 결정하여 성숙한 사회인으로 준비 하는 중요한 과정으로 직업 및 사회생활에 영향을 미치는 단계라 할 수 있다. 하지만 우리나라는 오로 지 대학의 입학을 위한 입시 위주의 교육 풍토로 인해 중ㆍ고등교육 단계에서 체계적인 진로지도가 이 루어지지 못하고 있다. 이는 본인의 적성이나 흥미에 대한 이해보다는 성적에 따른 합격 위주의 진학을 목표로 하는 경우가 많기 때문에 대학 입학 후에도 진로에 대한 준비 및 결정 단계에서 정서적ㆍ심리 적 스트레스를 불러일으킬 수 있다. 이처럼 대학생들은 학교의 사회적 인지도나 성적에 맞추어 전공을 선택하여 진학을 하다보니 개인의 가치관이나 적성, 성격이 배재되는 등 자신이 속한 전공에 만족하지 못하는 경우가 발생하게 된다. 대학생들은 미래를 준비하고 장래 자신의 직업을 결정해야 하는 시기로 진로문제가 가장 큰 스트레스로 작용하는데 대부분의 대학생들은 다양한 전공선택요인들에 대해 충분 히 고려하지 않은채 입학하여 진로를 준비하는 과정에서 어려움을 겪거나 진로미결정 상황에 직면하는 등 진로스트레스와 불안감을 동시에 받게 될 수 있다. 최근 우리나라는 심각한 경제적 침체로 인하여 취업률이 점점 낮아지고 있는 시기로 대학생들은 자 기 정체성을 파악하고 미래지향적 사고와 자신감을 의미하는 진로결정 자기효능감이 중요하다. 진로결 정 자기효능감은 진로발달에 큰 영향을 주는 변인으로 자신의 능력에 대한 믿음을 가지고 적극적인 구 직활동을 유지해 나가고자 하는 자신감의 정도라 할 수 있다. 진로결정 자기효능감은 진로결정수준, 진 로탐색 등의 관계 연구에서 진로스트레스를 설명하는 중요한 변인으로 연구되어지고 있다. 대학에 진학하는 최종 목표는 자신의 적성과 흥미에 따라 자신에게 맞는 직장에 취업하는 것임에도 불구하고 자신이 속해 있는 전공에 불만족한 경우도 많으며, 취업을 준비하는 과정에서 어려움을 겪거 나 직업선택이 이루어지는 중요한 시점에서 진로 미결정 상황에 직면하기도 한다. 이는 곧 개인의 미래 가 결정되는 부분이기 때문에 취업은 자아정체성에 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 대학생 들의 전공선택동기와 진로 및 진로스트레스의 각 변인에 대한 선행연구들은 많이 있지만 전공선택동기 와 진로스트레스, 진로결정 자기효능감에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이며, 진로결정수준을 미리 예측할 수 있는 변인에 대한 연구의 필요성이 중요해지고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 전공선택동 기와 진로스트레스가 진로결정 자기효능감, 진로결정수준에 영향을 미치는 영향관계를 파악하고자 연 구를 진행한 결과, 전공선택동기와 진로스트레스가 진로결정 자기효능감, 진로결정수준에 영향을 미치 는 것으로 나타났다.

College life is an important process of determining a career path and preparing as a mature social person, influenced by various experiences and surroundings, and a stage that affects job and social life. However, Korea cannot make systematic career guidance in the middle and high education levels due to the educational climate, which is focused solely on college entrance. In many cases, therefore, the goal is often to enter the school based on grades rather than to understand one's aptitude or interest, causing emotional and psychological stress in the preparation and decision-making stages of one's career even after entering college. As college students choose their majors according to their social recognition or grades, there are cases where the individual's value, aptitude, and personality are excluded and are not satisfied with their major. College students have to prepare for the future and decide their future career, and career problems are the biggest stress. Most college students enter the school without fully considering various major selection factors and may experience both care stress and anxiety at the same time, such as having difficulties in preparing for their career paths or facing undecided situations. Recently, the employment rate has been decreasing due to the severe economic downturn in Korea, so it is important for college students to understand their identity and career decision making self-efficacy, which means future-oriented thinking and confidence. Career decision-making self-efficacy is a variable that greatly affects career development and is the degree of confidence to maintain an active job search with faith in one's ability. Career decision-making self-efficacy is being studied as an important variable explaining care stress in the related studies such as care decision level, career exploration, etc. Although the final goal of entering college is to get a job that suits them according to their aptitude and interest, many students are dissatisfied with their major, sometimes facing undecided situations at an important time when they are preparing to get a job or when their career choices are made. Employment is an important part of self-identity because this is where the future of an individual is determined. Although there are many prior studies on major selection motivations of college students and each variable of career and carer stress, the research on major selection motivations, carer stress, and career decision making self-efficacy is insufficient, and the need to predict career decision level is becoming more important. As a result of this study between major selection motivation and career stress affecting career decision making self-efficacy and career decision level, it was found that the major selection motivation and career stress affect career decision making self-efficacy and career decision level.

One of the main design issues of wireless sensor network (WSN) is to prolong the network lifetime and prevent connectivity degradation by employing energy management techniques. But a single route does not make any solution of in terms of energy because it rapidly drains energy of relay nodes. As a result these nodes die quickly than others. In this paper, we present a novel level based path selection and data forwarding techniques for large WSN for hierarchical architecture. In this structure cluster head (CH) is responsible for data fusion and data forwarding. So CHs expense more energy than other nodes. In this work base station constructs multiple routes among the CHs based on the path cost. In the data forwarding phase a CH selects a path from its route cache by considering both path cost and residual energy. Simulation result shows that our proposed technique achieves much higher performance than the classical routing protocols such as LEACH, flooding.

The price war is the main market competition way for Chinese e-commerce retailers. Based on the price data from JD, Amazon and Dangdang, the paper conducted an empirical research on the price competition in B2C e-commerce market in China in terms of the average price level, minimum price level, price differential level and price variation. The research results show that the average price levels between the three e-commerce websites have significant differences. The minimum price level and the price differential level, however, tend to be similar. For the price variation, the three websites adopt different price adjustment strategies and do their best to avoid the direct price war, which reveals that the e-commerce market competition in China is gradually becoming rational.

본 논문은 실시간 GPS 항법시스템에서 최단경로 탐색에 일반적으로 적용되고 있는 Dijkstra 알고리즘의 수행 복잡도 을 선형인 으로 단축시킬 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안하였다. Dijkstra 알고리즘은 출발 노드부터 시작하여 모든 노드를 방문하여 최소 경로 길이를 계산한다. 따라서 “노드 수 -1”회를 수행하야 하기 때문에 복잡한 도로로 구성된 도시에서 실시간으로 최단경로 정보를 제공할 수 없는 경우도 발생한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 먼저, 그래프를 트리로, 출발 노드를 근 노드로 치환하여 트리의 각 레벨에 해당하는 외부근방 (Out-Neighbourhood) 노드 집합을 구성하고, 외부근방간과 외부근방 내부의 최소 경로 길이를 계산하는 방법을 적용하였다. 제안된 알고리즘을 양방향과 일방통행로로 구성된 복잡한 2개 그래프에 대해 알고리즘을 적용한 결과 Dijkstra 알고리즘과 동일하게 모든 노드의 최소 경로 길이를 얻는데 성공하였다. 또한, 알고리즘 수행속도를 “노드 수 -1”회에서 “레벨 수 -1”회로 약 4배 정도 단축시키는 효과를 얻었다. 제안된 알고리즘을 GPS 실시간 시스템에 적용하여 러시아워나 차량 사고로 인한 병목현상이 발생하였을 때, 최단 경로 우회 도로 정보를 실시간으로 제공할 수 있다면 운전자의 만족도를 크기 향상시킬 수 있을 것이다.

This paper suggests an algorithm that can shorten the complexity O(n²) of Dijkstra algorithm that is applied to the shortest path searching in real-time GPS Navigation System into an up-to-date O(n). Dijkstra algorithm manipulates the distance of the minimum length path by visiting all the nodes from the starting node. Hence, it has one disadvantage of not being able to provide the information on the shortest path every second, in a city that consists of sophisticated roads, since it has to execute number of node minus 1. The suggested algorithm, firstly, runs by means of organizing the set of out-neighbourhood nodes at each level of the tree, and root node for departure node. It also uses a method of manipulating the distance of the minimum path of all out-neighborhoods and interior of the out-neighborhoods. On applying the suggested algorithm to two sophisticated graphs consisted of bi-direction and uni-direction, we have succeeded to obtain the distance of the minimum length path, just as same as Dijkstra algorithm. In addition, it has an effect of shortening the time taken 4 times from number of node minus1 to number of level minus 1. The satisfaction of the drivers can be increased by providing the information on shortest path of detour, every second, when occurs any rush hour or any traffic congestion due to car accident, by applying this suggested algorithm to the real-time GPS system.

Compared with other subjects, mathematics has great differences in achieve-ment. In hope of solving this problems, most schools try the level-movement learning. Although they say it may have some effect because of its homogeneous group, the level groups still have differences in achievement in their students abilities. So, this study aims to present an appropriate tasks for the advanced, intermediate and beginner groups and to help self-directed learning by selecting an appropriate tasks for the students' own level. To achieve thiese goals, a great deal of level tasks were developed and given to the students. After lettins them an select appropriate tasks for their own level and perform self-directed learning, the tasks were measured carefully for their interest, attitude and achievement in learning. Consequently, we tried a new method to improve uniformity and to turn teacher-centered learning into student-centered learning. The following is the conclusion to this study. First, self-directed learning based on the selection of level tasks has meaningful effects on learning achievement in mathematics, especially for the beginner group. Second, though the above method did not improve an interest for mathematics, but was very effective in the improvement of learning attitudes.

The study investigates the question of how firms’ external factors affect their selection of export market using survey-based data for 252 renewable energy technology firms in Korea. Considering the situation and reality where each country, including Korea, employs policy mix to promote renewable energy technology industry, firms are actual beneficiaries and core economic entities of export, and renewable energy technology market is growing, we established a binary logistic regression model to test the effects of public policies(renewable energy industrial policy, environmental policy, and export promotion policy), social acceptance, trade association support, market attractiveness, and inter-firm competition on firm-level export. After confirming the reliability and validity of the items to measure each construct, we test the relationships between the variables to be examined. This study shows the Korean renewable energy technology firms’ export is affected mainly by two public policies and industry factor, environmental policy, export promotion policy, and supports of trade association. However, renewable energy industrial policy, social and market factors(social acceptance, market attractiveness, inter-firm competition) do not significantly affect firm-level export. We propose policy implications based on the results of the study, and list the limitations that should be addressed in future research.