Earticle

The present paper described a quasi-experimental study aimed at investigating the effects of different instructional approaches on the reading comprehension of Chinese EFL learners in a literature class. Specifically, the study examined the impact of input-based instruction using textual enhancement (TE), output-based instruction using dictogloss (DC), and input-to-output-based instruction using literature circles (LC). A total of 92 participants who enrolled in a literature course took part in this study and they were randomly assigned to the three groups (TE, DC, LC). During the study, the participants underwent three comprehension tests at distinct time intervals: a pretest, a post-test, and a delayed post-test. The data analysis indicated a notable disparity in instructional effectiveness among the three approaches when it came to enhancing L2 learners' reading comprehension. Particularly, the post-test and delayed post-test scores for the literature circle method displayed a significant improvement compared to the other instructional methods. These findings underscored the importance of incorporating literature circle practice into reading classes and offered practical implications for educators and curriculum designers.

The present study investigates the effects of two types of intention-oriented input-based approaches ―intentional learning-induced instruction (INT＋) and incidental learning-induced instruction (INT－) on learners' recognition and production of English request hedges. The results demonstrated that the INT＋and INT－groups performed significantly better than the control group on an acceptability judgment test (an unplanned written judgment test). There were no statistically significant differences between the two experimental groups on the acceptability judgment test, which suggested that the incidental input-based learning took place and had some effects on recognizing English request hedges. In other words, it showed that incidental learning became possible in recognizing English hedges when learners were able to attend to and became aware of both pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic resources of English request hedges. However, a comparison of those learners in the two treatment groups in a discourse completion test (an unplanned written-production test) indicated an advantage for the INT＋group and implied that the intentional input-based learning involving processing of English polite requests through pragmalinguistic-sociopragmatic connection contributed more to producing English requests hedges.

The low input saliency of English personal pronouns causes persistent difficulties in second language acquisition despite their highly frequent nature. The present study aims to examine how different types of input-based instruction improve the learning of English personal pronouns in young learners. Grounded on the main tenets of the formal and functional approaches, we incorporated visual enhancement (VE) and a meaning-oriented task (MT) to input-based learning. A total of 87 young Korean elementary students were administered four types of instructional treatments: input-only, input-plus-VE, input-plus-MT, and input-plus-both. Results of the pre- and the posttest indicated that the most significant improvements were found for the students who received both VE and MT. This finding suggests that the acquisition of English personal pronouns is facilitated when L2 input is provided in conjunction with both formal and functional approaches.

The present study evaluates the relative effectiveness of three types of input-based tasks for teaching polite request forms to Japanese learners of English: the monocomponential type (affective oriented activities alone), the monocomponential type (referential oriented activities alone), and the polycomponential type (referential oriented and affective oriented activities). Treatment group performance was compared to control group performance on pre-, post-, and follow-up tests comprising a discourse completion test and an acceptability judgment test. The results reveal that the three treatment groups outperformed the control group significantly and that there was no significant difference among the three treatment groups. The lack of significant difference among the three treatment groups suggests that processing of the target features through the pragmalinguistics-sociopragmatics connections is more important, regardless of the task type, and that effective learning occurs even with one activity involving the pragmalinguistics-sociopragmatics connections in teaching L2 request downgraders.

This study examined the effects of input- and output-based planning on Korean college students’ communication strategy use and speaking anxiety. Two groups of 84 Korean female college students (n=168) have participated in the study, with one group performing reading activities, and the other performing writing activities prior to speaking tasks. The findings of the study indicate that the two groups did not show any meaningful differences in their overall communication strategy use. However, significant differences were found between the groups in light of social-affective strategies and meaning negotiation strategies. Particularly notable is that these strategies were utilized to a greater extent by the writing group, compared to its counterpart, i.e., the reading group. In contrast, the effects of different types of planning were found to be nonsignificant for speaking anxiety. In other words, both groups showed similar levels of speaking anxiety, regardless of planning conditions, although their anxiety decreased over time as a result of strategic planning. These findings bear meaningful implications for the role of strategy training for language learners and for the importance of creating optimal conditions to maximize effectiveness of learning.

현대의 초고층 및 대규모 복합건축물은 복잡한 내부 기하구조를 가진다. 이러한 구조는 화재 발생 시 열과 연기가 빠르게 확산되도록 한다. 계단실은 뚜렷한 굴뚝효과로 인해 특히 취약한 공간이다. 굴뚝효과 는 연기의 상향 이동을 가속화하여 수직 피난 경로의 안전성을 저해한다. 다수의 화재 사례에서 계단실 연기 침투는 피난 실패의 주요 원인으로 지적되고 있다. 화재 및 연기 위험을 분석하기 위해 Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)가 널리 활용되고 있다. FDS는 대와류모사(LES) 기법을 적용하여 열과 연기 거동을 정밀 하게 모사한다. 그러나 텍스트 기반 입력 구조로 인해 좌표와 구성요소를 수작업으로 정의해야 한다. 이로 인해 입력 오류가 빈번히 발생하며 모델링 신뢰성과 효율성이 저하된다. 본 연구는 FDS를 위한 GUI 기반 자동 입력 생성 시스템을 제안한다. 검증 결과, 주요 변수의 편차는 ±3% 이내였으며 입력 준비 시간은 약 72% 감소하였다.

Modern high-rise and large-scale mixed-use buildings have complex internal geometries. These geometries enable rapid spread of heat and smoke during fire events. Stairwells are particularly vulnerable due to the pronounced stack effect. This effect accelerates upward smoke movement and compromises vertical evacuation routes. Numerous fire incidents identify stairwell smoke infiltration as a major cause of evacuation failure. Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is widely used to analyze these fire and smoke risks. FDS applies a LES-based approach to model heat and smoke transport accurately. However, its text-based input structure requires manual coordinate and component definition. This often leads to input errors and reduced modeling reliability and efficiency. This study proposes a GUI-based automatic input generation system for FDS. Validation showed deviations within ±3% and a 72% reduction in input preparation time.

개방형 정태 투입·산출모형에서 레온티에프 역행렬은 외생적인 최종수요 변화 에 대한 내생부문의 (직·간접)산출요구량을 추계하는 데 매우 유익하게 사용되 고 있다. 그러나 최종수요가 아니라 산출물의 변화에 대한 (직·간접)산출요구량 을 계산하기 위하여 레온티에프 역행렬을 그대로 사용하게 되면 내생 중간수요에 대한 이중 계산으로 경제적 제반 파급효과가 과대추정된다는 사실이 밝혀지게 되 었다. 본 논문에서는 우선적으로 “파급효과의 과대추정은 왜 발생하는가?”에 대해 서 원인 규명을 하고자 한다. 최근 이러한 과대추정에 대한 대안적 승수로 개발된 “순승수” 개념의 한계와 부문 사이의 “연속적 연결”의 문제를 집중적으로 분석하고 자 한다. 아울러 경제학 문헌에서 나타나고 있는 파급효과에 대한 과대추정 및 연 속적 연결에 대한 오해 사례를 제시하고자 한다. 이러한 실제적 오해 사례에 대한 새로운 대안 모형으로서 “산출·산출모형”을 개발하고자 한다. 산출·산출모형은 레온티에프 역행렬의 요인별 분해를 통하여 총산출과 최종산출 사이의 새로운 승 수적 인과관계를 밝힌 것이다. 따라서 산출·산출모형을 통하여 산출물에 대한 제반 파급효과를 과대추정 및 연속적 연결에 대한 우려없이 편리하게 추계할 수 있게 되었다.

This study investigated the relative effects of input-based versus output-based activities on the learning of English unaccusative constructions. A total of 73 high school students were randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group. Of the two experimental groups, the input-based input enhancement group (IE group) experienced a reading passage with the learning targets visually enhanced. The output-based dictogloss group (DG group) performed the dictogloss task with the identical passage given to IE group. The control group (CG group) did not experience the learning targets at all. Results showed that IE group statistically significantly outperformed CG group both at the immediate and the delayed posttests, while there was no significant difference between IE group and DG group. In terms of the generalizability of the learned knowledge, however, it was DG group that outperformed CG group at the immediate posttest. Again, there was no difference between IE group and DG group. More detailed findings are provided, along with some implications for English classrooms in Korea.

레온티에프에 의해 개발된 투입․산출모형과 투입․산출표는 매우 다양한 산업 연관 및 승수효과분석 등에 활용되고 있다. 산업연관균형식의 解는 외생적 최종 수요(f)의 변화가 내생적 산출물(x)에 미치는 제반 유발효과를 추계하는 데는 매 우 유익한 모형이라고 할 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 전통적인 산업연관모형에 서는 최종수요가 아닌 산출물의 변화에 대한 각종 파급효과를 계산하는 것이 부 문 사이의 "연속적 연결의 문제" 때문에 불가능하다. 투입․산출모형이 갖고 있 는 이러한 결정적인 한계를 보완하기 위하여 최근에 “산출․산출모형”이 개발되게 되었다. 산출․산출모형과 이 모형을 활용한 산출․산출표는 대규모 산업기반시 설과 행사에 따른 각종 파급효과와 특정 내생부분의 총생산 감소와 공급제약 등 에 따른 제반 유발효과 등을 추계하는 데 매우 유익하다고 할 수 있다. 아울러 산 출물의 변화(△x)에 대한 각종 유발효과를 계산할 때에(△x)는 특정부문과 전체 부문 모두에 적용할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구는 투입․산출모형이 갖는 제 반 한계와 문제점을 산출․산출모형을 통하여 보완하기 위하여 의도된 것이다. 따라서 두 모형은 상호 배타적인 관계가 아니라 개별 연구 목적에 따라 상보적인 활용이 가능할 것으로 평가된다.

Gim and Kim(2008a, 2008c) recently found out that there is no consecutive connection between the Leontief inverse Cf and the total output x and that there are some limits to computing the impact effects of the initial change of output. Thus a new “output-output(OO) model” was developed by the authors to solve the consecutive connection and overestimation problems very naturally based on the output requirements matrix for output. On the basis of the latest research findings mentioned above, the specific objectives of this paper are summarized as follows. (1) We reexamine the merits and demerits of different types of input-output(IO) models: the demand side, the supply side, and the mixed type. (2) We perform a comparative analysis between the IO and OO models in structure and characteristics and illustrate the usefulness and validity of the OO model. (3) We derive the relevant equations between the cause and effect variables, which are needed to compute induced effects, multiplier effects, and linkage effects by using the newly developed OO model and table. (4) We present some valid application examples, focusing on the empirical economic analysis based on raw data of 「2003 Input-Output Tables」 compiled by the Bank of Korea. The major findings from the empirical analysis are followed below. We calculated the output, employment, and income multipliers and the impact and sensitivity coefficients for final demand and output through the Leontief inverse Cf and the output requirements matrix for output. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients(SRCC), γs , are specially computed to observe the relevant structural economic characteristics of each sector between two types of employment multipliers, income multipliers and sensitivity coefficients. The SRCC between employment multipliers is 0.9878 and that between income multipliers is 0.9402 and that between sensitivity coefficients is 0.9962. The higher values which are closer to 1 signify that the entire priority ranks between multipliers(or coefficients) are almost the same throughout the whole sector.

In this paper, it suggests how to input what it needs under gesture based which is able to put its text 3 times faster than an existing way with voice based by a person who is a visually impaired person with a smart device that is flat display without a physical button. The suggesting way is a text input method based on gesture that after setting the touch display of the smart phone to 8 directions, then, it inputs number, English/Korean tests and special characters with initial location and central point of input texts following drag motion of the users or it controls and processes all applications in the smart devices naturally. It tries to prove efficiency of this method through real test to the visually impaired.

외환 위기에도 불구하고 1990년대 후반 정보통신산업은 급속한 성장세를 구가했다. 1995∼2000년 정보통신산업의 총산출액은 연평균 22.5%씩 증가해 산업 평균인 10.6%를 크게 앞질렀다. 또 정보통신산업이 수출에서 차지하는 비중 역시 1995년 25.4%에서 2000년에는 36.6%로 높아졌다. 그러나 이 같은 정보통신산업의 성장이 경제 전반의 고용수요를 크게 증대시킬 것이라는 예상과는 달리 같은 기간 우리나라의 고용은 정체되었던 것으로 나타났다. 특히 정보통신산업의 성장과 수출 증가가 극점에 달했던 1990년대 후반 전산업의 취업자수는 오히려 감소했고, 이러한 감소현상은 모든 제조업 분야에서 광범위하게 발생하였다. 이에 따라 산업의 성장과 고용간의 불협화에 관한 관심이 높아졌고, 특히 투입산출모형을 바탕으로 정보통신산업의 고용효과에 관한 여러 연구가 이루어졌다. 그러나 이들 연구가 투입산출모형이 제공하는 유발계수를 기반으로 산업간 비교분석을 중심으로 함으로써 고용감소의 원인과 상대적 중요성을 분석하는데는 분명한 한계가 있었다. 본 연구에서는 한국은행의 투입산출표를 활용하여 1990년대 후반 우리나라 경제와 제조업 전반에 광범위하게 나타났던 고용감소의 원인을 구조분해분석모형을 통해 분석하고자 하였다. 특히 정보통신산업을 ICT제조업과 ICT서비스업으로 구분하였다. 분석 결과, 정보통신산업의 성장이 경제 전반의 일자리 창출로 연계되지 못했던 원인이 급속한 노동생산성의 증대와 함께 최종수요와 중간재투입수요의 성장이 국내 산업에 내재화되지 못함에 있었음을 알 수 있었다.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry enjoyed tremendous growth during the late 1990s. However, the growth of ICT industry has not contributed to the creation of new employment opportunities. Particularly, in the late 1990s the nation’s employment level was stagnant, a trend that was mirrored in the most manufacturing sectors. Using the input-output data, this study aimed at analyzing the causes of employment decline in the ICT sectors based on an Input-Output Structural Decomposition Analysis. It proved that the deficiency was caused by the rapid increase of labor productivity and the failure to internalize the growth of the final demand and intermediate input demand into the creation of jobs

In this paper we offered a new UI design for Chinese input method on smart devices during Gameplay. Currently the well-known conventional stroke-based Chinese input method using only five basic stroke types could achieve low leaning curve and small keypad implementation, we made the UI design base on this stroke-based input method compensating the problem that input speed is limited and finally relatively higher the input speed. For experiment we designed and implemented the new UI for input method by Unity3D. Input by pressing or typing keys is replaced by more using sliding. To improve the input speed of the stroke-based method slide direction arrows are used and selected character will be intuitively shown to user in real time as designed. And the Four Tones(四声) in Chinese pronunciation is also been used to improve the input speed for this input method. In addition, to evaluation the new input method UI, we have conducted experiments on smart device comparing with four basic Chinese input methods. Through the numeric values recorded in the evaluation by inputting random 20 Chinese characters and two-letter Chinese words, comparing the input speed, click times, the typo rate shows the advantages of the new UI and proved that the new UI is better than others for using in smart device game.

본 논문은 공항 X-ray 보안 검색의 정확도를 높이기 위해, 현장 보안검색요원의 밀도 중심 판독 기법을 모사하여 이미지의 시각적 특징뿐만 아니라 물체의 물리적 속성인 '추정 밀도' 정보를 함께 활용하는 다중 입력(Multi-input) 기반의 딥러닝 모델 을 제안한다. 최근 지능화되는 위해물품 반입 시도에 대응하기 위해 정밀한 검색 시스템이 요구되고 있으나, 기존의 단일 시 각 정보 의존 방식은 형태가 유사한 이종 물질 식별에 한계가 있다. 이를 해결하기 위해 본 연구는 CNN 기반의 VGG16과 EfficientNetB0 모델에 그레이스케일 강도에서 추출한 밀도 정보를 추가 입력 변수로 결합하여 분류 성능을 강화하였다. 특히, 현직 항공보안검색요원의 자문을 통해 선별된 11종의 핵심 위해물품 데이터를 활용하여 실험의 현실성을 확보하였다. 실험 결 과, 제안된 방식은 기존 모델 대비 오분류율을 유의미하게 감소시켰으며, 특히 중첩되거나 시각적으로 구분이 어려운 객체 식 별에 있어 밀도 정보가 중요한 판단 근거로 작용함을 입증하였다.

This paper proposes a multi-input deep learning approach that mimics the density-centric screening technique of aviation security officers by combining visual features with "estimated density" information derived from physical properties. As attempts to smuggle hazardous items become more sophisticated, existing systems relying solely on visual information face limitations in distinguishing materials with similar shapes. To address this, we designed a method that integrates density features extracted from grayscale intensity into CNN-based models (VGG16 and EfficientNetB0) to enhance classification performance. In particular, the reliability of the dataset was secured by selecting 11 core hazardous item classes through consultation with active aviation security officers. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed multi-input method significantly reduces misclassification rates compared to baseline models and proves the effectiveness of density information, especially in identifying overlapped or visually ambiguous objects.

Most of flated scanners and digital cameras in prepress process utilize CCD technology. Device calibration and characterization process is needed to transform the device dependent color to the device independent color. ICC profiles for digital input devices encapsulated information relating the device values to CIELAB or CIEXYZ coordinates. The main purposes of this article is to evaluate some of the transformation methods based on ICC proposed device profiles and to propose optimal color transformation method for accurate color imaging in printing process.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic impacts of tourism industry in Gyeongju using a regional input-output(I-O) model. For this study multipliers of tourism sectors were derived from the Gyeongbuk regional I-O transactions tables developed by Bank of Korea(2009) in terms of output, income, value-added, employment. Furthermore, it was used statistical data of domestic and foreign visitors to Gyeongju provided by regional municipal office in order to estimate per capita expenditure. The results of the regional I-O model indicate that the tourism industry of Gyeongju generated 2,703,903 million Won of output impact, 465,327 million Won of income impact, 1,319,328 million Won of value-added impact, and 52,566 full-time jobs throughout direct and indirect effect. Based on the results there were discussed and supposed practical implications for policy makers to develop a tourism competitiveness of the region.