Earticle

This study was conducted to grasp users’ preferences and behavior of forest paths and to provide basic data for forest path construction in the future. Among forest path users, males and females over 20 years old were surveyed on forest path preferences, motives for visiting, using time and distance, companions, and sources for obtaining information on forest paths. A total of 587 people participated in the questionnaire, and cross-analysis was conducted simultaneously using the SPSS statistical program. In analyzing the preference of forest paths, it was found that male and the general public preferred trekking path for activities while female and foresters preferred forest path for relaxation and healing (p＜0.05). As for the motives for visiting forest paths, the response that they visited for a walk/rest was the highest in gender, occupation, and age group. As for the number of annual visits, less than 5 was the highest in overall, and foresters tended to visit forest path more often than the general public, and the number of visits to the forest paths increased with age (p＜0.01). The most common route to acquire information about forest paths is the Internet, while the Internet use is relatively low in those over 60s (p＜0.05). The response ratio of accompanying their family in visiting forest paths were the highest, while the response in their 20s and 60s was the most in accompanying their friends (p＜0.05).

This study aims to teach youth how to lead their lives in Christian social behavior to biblical standards. Modern youth, particularly in our secular and humanistic society, deeply yearn for a sense of purpose. The teenage years is the decisive period in the set up of life direction. Much of our youth culture today promulgates non-biblical standards. Youth violence, youth crime, rebellion, youth sexual violence and sexual stimulation are rampant. And anthropologist Margaret Mead said “youth are the current scapegoats for adult apathy, indifference, lake of responsibility, and lack of imagination.” Many adolescents, whirled in today’s vortex of change, experience mental confusion, moral abandon, social estrangement, and spiritual decay. To understand the behavioral problems of adolescents, it is important to understand the factors of youth behavioral problems. The factors of behavioral problems of youth can be divided into private homes and social environmental factors, and psychological factors of adolescents. Individual psychological factors include self-esteem and self-control. How can our Christian youth escape the maelstrom of non-biblical forces and influences? How can Christian education help our children maintain biblical standards? In this sense, providing Christian religious education for teens living the Christian life has a very important meaning for people working in the Christian educational field. Therefore developing the direction of teen Christian education and strategy is the most important task. This study focuses on finding new practical educational methodologies that embrace both Christian education principles and the cultural needs of young people. For the aim of this study, is there a distinct teenage culture that we should know more about? What are the role and the relevancy of the church with today’s teenagers? It is appropriate to attempt to examine the sociological context in which youth behavior occurs, and the implications of these sociological for the Christian church. And the following stage is to assist each person in developing such biblical attitudes and appreciations that he will have a biblical approach to all of life. Moreover, this study will how to teach the biblical standard.

This study was carried out to determine the maintenance and social behavior characteristics of Hanwoo steers by season. Forty eight Hanwoo steers were video-recorded at 15, 17 and 19 months of age for behavior measurement. Hanwoo steers spent more feeding time (p<0.05) in autumn than in summer and/or winter. Standing time was linearly increased (p<0.05) along with seasonal transition, from summer to winter. The rice straw intake speed was the fastest the summer, whereas the concentrate intake speed was relatively fast in winter. Furthermore, Hanwoo steers showed more behavior time and count for lying down (p<0.05) and drinking (p<0.05) in summer than in autumn and winter. Also, Hanwoo steers spent less count (p<0.05) self grooming and scratching in summer.

방송통신 융합의 대표주자인 IPTV는 방송이 추구하는 ‘공공성’과 통신이 추구해야 하는 ‘보편적 서비스’를 제공해야 하며, 동시에 산업적 효과를 충족해야 하는 이중적인 성격을 지니고 있다. 따라서 IPTV 서비스 활성화에 따른 산업적 효과와 함께 공익적 효과를 고민해야 할 필요가 있다. 특히 IPTV를 통한 공공서비스 제공 사업은 공공서비스에 대한 이용자의 접근성을 높이고 방통융합 시대의 새로운 공공서비스의 모습을 제시하며, IPTV 활성화를 위한 콘텐츠 부족 문제를 해소하는데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구에서는 IPTV기반 공공서비스 이용고객을 대상으로, 서비스 이용현황, 서비스 만족/불만족 요인 및 서비스 선호경향 등 서비스에 대한 전반적인 반응을 파악하여, IPTV 환경에서 공공서비스는 어떠한 의미를 가지는지와, 그에 따른 IPTV의 공적 정체성에 대해 분석하였다. 또한 이러한 분석을 통해 IPTV 기반 공공서비스의 효과적인 구현 방안과 파급효과를 고찰하였다.

As one of leading media converging broadcasting and telecommunications, IPTV is required to pursuit the idea of public interest from broadcasting industry and universal service from telecommunications industry as well as satisfying industrial effect. It needs to consider both industrial effect and public benefit when vitalizing IPTV services. The project of providing IPTV-based interactive public services is expected to enhance accessibility of public services, present shape of new public service in broadcasting-telecommunication convergence environment, resolve the shortage in contents supply which is one of most important problems in IPTV services. In this research understanding the overall response such as service usage status, satisfying/dissatisfying factor, trend of preference of the customer using IPTV-based interactive public services, we analyze what the public service mean in IPTV environment and public identity of IPTV. And we have investigate effective developing method and ripple effect of IPTV-based public services on broadcasting and telecommunications converged ecosystems

본 연구는 한국산 두꺼비(Bufo gargarizans)의 번식 후, 봄 철 기간동안 이동과 행동 생태를 알아보기 위해 진행하였다. 전라남도 광양시 비촌마을을 연구지로 선정하여 총 5개체 (암컷 1, 수컷 4)를 포획하여 무선추적과 행동 관찰하였다. 추 적연구는 2017년 3월 2일부터 5월 31일까지 진행되었다. 그 결과 두꺼비의 평균 이동거리는 31.6 m, 행동권은 평균 1,546.1 m2 로 나타났고, 한 자리에서 평균 머문 일수는 13.5 일로 나타났다. 이 시기에 두꺼비는 굴을 파고 들어가 눈을 감지 않고, 입구를 막지 않은 상태로 간 혹 앞에 지나가는 벌 레를 잡아먹으며 휴식하거나, 발신기 안테나가 보일정도로 얕게 낙엽이나 땅을 파고 들어가 있는 행동을 하는 것으로 확 인되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 한국산 두꺼비는 번식 후, 짧게 이동하여 좁은 행동권을 가지며 휴식하는 것을 확인하였으 며 이 결과는 두꺼비의 기초 생태에 대한 추가정보가 될 것으 로 판단된다.

We investigated the movement and behavior of the Asian toad (Bufo gargarizans) during the post-breeding season. To radio telemetry, we captured a total five toads (one female, four males) and attached a transmitter at Bipyeong pond, Gwangyang-si, Republic of Korea. The tracking was conducted from 2 march to 31 May 2017. As a result, average distance (AD) was 31.6 m, the average home range (HR) was 1,546.1 m2, and the average days at point of the individuals staying (days) was 13.5 days. While staying at the site, the toads dug into burrows without blocking the entrance and did not close their eyes with infrequent hunting insects passing in front of them. And they were found under thick litter leaves or in shallow digging so that the transmitter antenna could be seen. We confirmed that post-breeding Asian toads move in short distances and narrow home ranges with long rest. This study may provide additional information on the basic breeding ecology of the Asian toads.

In this paper deals with behavior of the magnetic abrasive using Ba-Ferrite on polishing characteristics in a new internal finishing of STS304 pipe applying magnetic abrasive polishing. The magnetic abrasive using Ba-Ferrite grain WA used to resin bond fabricated low temperature. And Ba-Ferrite of magnetic abrasive powder fabricated that Ba-Ferrite was crused into 200 mesh. The previous research have made an experiment in the static state the movement of magnetic abrasive grain is nevertheless in the dynamic state. In this paper, We could have investigated into the changes of the movement of magnetic abrasive grain. In reference to this result, we could have made the experiment which is set under the condition of the magnetic flux density, polishing velocity according to the form of magnetic brush.

이 연구는 네티켓에 대한 초등학교 학생들의 태도와 행동 수준을 측정하고, 관련 변인들을 구명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구의 표본 집단은 경기도 지역의 초등학교 4, 5, 6학년 학생 655명이었으며, 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학교 학생들의 네티켓 태도 영역과 행동 영역의 평균 점수는 5점 만점에 4.00과 3.91이었다. 둘째, 개인 변인(성별, 자기주도적 생활 정도, 인터넷 이용 시간, 네티켓 용어 이해 정도, 인터넷 중독 정도)은 네티켓 태도 및 행동 수준과 고도로 유의하였다. 셋째, 가정 변인(부모의 맞벌이 정도, 부모의 긍정적 지지 정도, 부모와의 의사소통 정도, 부모의 네티켓 교육 정도)은 네티켓 태도 및 행동수준과 고도로 유의하였다. 넷째, 학교 변인(학년, 교사의 네티켓 교육 정도)에 따른 분석 결과 저학년이거나 교사의 네티켓 교육 정도가 높을수록 네티켓 태도 및 행동 수준이 높았다. 다섯째, 네티켓 행동에 영향을 미치는 변인으로는 네티켓 태도, 공격성, 인터넷 중독, 부모의 긍정적 지지 등의 순으로 나타났으며, 학생의 인터넷 중독 수준이 낮을수록 네티켓 행동 수준이 높았다. 네티켓 태도, 공격성, 인터넷 중독, 부모의 긍정적지지 등의 독립변인들은 네티켓 행동 수준의 약 41%를 결정짓는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to measure the primary school students' attitude and behavior of the netiquette, and verify the related parameters. The sample size of this study is 655 students who are in 4th, 5th, and 6th grade in Gyung-Gi province. The results revealed through this thesis are as following. First, the average point of primary school students' netiquette in both the two area mentioned above are 4.00 and 3.91 out of 5. Second, I have consider the individual parameters as the same level of parameters such as gender, the degree of independence life, the amount of internet hours, the degree of understanding internet terms, the degree of internet addiction, and the degree of offensiveness. Third, the family parameter such as the dual income family, the degree of parents' positive support, the degree of communication with their parents, and the degree of parents' educational level on netiquette have also considered as the same level of the other parameters. Fourth, the grade parameter has been considered as a school parameter out of parameters such as grade, the degree of teachers' educational level on netiquette. Fifth, the parameters which influence on the attitude of netiquette are as followings: netiquette attitude, offensive aspect, internet addiction, and the parents' positive support. Especially, the offensive aspect and internet addiction has been proved to have their corelation. These four independent parameters have been translated to determine 41% of netiquette attitude level.

외국의 경우 자살을 기도한 15-24세의 젊은이 가운데 69%가 혈액에서 알코올이 검출되었고, 한국도 술로 인한 질환이나 음주와 관련된 범죄 등이 우려할 만한 수준이다. 한국의 40대의 사망원인 중 간 질환이 2위인데(통계청, 2003), 정신질환으로 분류되는 알코올 사용 장애자가 2001년에 220만 명(박순진, 2002)에 이르며 그중 강력범죄의 경우 52.1%가 범죄당시 음주와 관련이 있다고 보고하였다. 파란 신호를 보고 있다가 빨간 신호로 바뀌는 순간, 손으로 “버튼”을 누르는 실험에서 체중 60kg인 사람이 소주4잔 마신 경우, 5분후와 30분 후에 눈과 손의 협동작용에 의한 반응실험에서 음주전 보다 각각0.06초와 0.04초가 느리게 반응하였다(남철현, 1992). 이는 음주의 경우 “부레키”를 밟는 속도가 느려 곧 바로 사고로 직결됨을 의미한다. 프랑스의 21개병원에서 1년간(1982-83)교통사고 응급 부상환자 4,796명중 40%가 음주자로 조사 되었다(Papor, 1986). 이처럼 사고의 원인이 되는 경우가 많으며, 작업장에서의 사고, 여흥을 즐기다가 일으키는 싸움, 범죄나 사건 그리고 성폭행, 방화, 강도, 절도, 살인, 자살 등의 원인이 되고, 부부싸움을 비롯한 가정의 불화, 아동학대, 직장의 결근 등 부정적 사회생활을 하게 하는 직접적 또는 간접적 원인이 되기도 한다. 최근에 한국에서도 청소년들이 마시는 술의 양이나 횟수가 증가하고 있으며, 맨 처음 술을 마시기 시작하는 연령도 점차 낮아지고 있다. 더구나 청소년기는 성인이되기 위한 준비과정으로서 사회적 민감도가 높은 시기이며, 독립성을 찾고 주체성의 확립을 위해 투쟁하는 동시에 기분변화가 심하고 우울 반응이 크고 외로움을 많이 느끼는 시기임으로 술이나 담배에 의존하는 취약성이 있는 시기이다. 특히 가족과 떨어져 외국이나 타 지역에 거주하는 경우는 그 정도가 심화될 수 있다.(신옥순과 남철현, 2003; Connel, 1979). 또한 젊은이들의 과도한 음주는 폭력, 음주운전, 성폭행, 신체적 상해 등을 포함하는 많은 부정적 결과를 초래할 가능성을 증가시킨다(정슬기, 2006; 조성기외, 2001; 천성수,2002, Hingson et al(2002), Wechesler et al.,2002), Baer et al., 1991). 특히 대학생들은 학년 초 신입생 환영회, 대학축제 등 각종 행사에서 과음으로 인한 사고가 많이 보도되는데 이는 학생들이 폭음을 하기 때문이다(한태선, 1998). 구체적으로 대학생음주는 2000년도의 조사(천성수 외, 2000a)에 따르면 대학생들의 월간 음주율이 92.2%(남 94.4%, 여 89.2%)로, 미국 대학생 음주 자 비율인86%(천성수, 2002 재인용)보다 높다. 음주빈도에서도 일주일에 2∼3회 이상을 음주하는 대학생의 비율이 32.1%로 상당히 높으며, 평소음주량 역시 하루에 7잔 이상을 마시는 대학생들이 40.9%나 된다(천성수 외, 2000). 그리고 남학생의 48.4%와 여학생의 19.1%가 일주일에 1회 이상씩 폭음을 하고 있다. 특히 술을 마시고 필름이 끊어지는 현상(blackout 현상)을 경험한 학생은 전체의 46%에 달하고 있으며, 이 현상을 한 학기동안 두 번 이상 경험한 학생도 19%에 달하는 것으로 보고 되고 있다(천성수, 2002재인용). 이같이 대학생들에게 있어 음주는 대학생활에서 필연적인 한 부분으로 자리 잡고 있는데, 대학시절동안의 음주는 신체적 건강상의 문제 외에도 학업수행, 정신건강, 사회적응 등의 문제를 유발할 수 있다. 그리고 이 시기에 형성된 음주행태가 성인기에 가서도 영향을 미치기에 문제음주에 대한 예방 및 조기개입이 절실한 집단이라고 할 수 있다. 그러므로 이들 대학생들의 음주행위나 음주문제에 관련된 요인을 파악하여 예방하는 일이 매우 중요하다고 본다. 이상에서 보는 바 와같이 우리나라 대학생의 음주에 관한 연구는 많이 보고 되고 있으나 외국인의 음주에 대한 연구는 소홀하다고 볼 수 있다. 최근 세계 각국에서 한국으로 유학 오는 외국인이 증가하고 있는데 그중 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는 중국유학생들의 음주실태를 파악한 연구 역시 거의 찾아볼 수 없다. 특히 중국유학생들이 문화와 언어가 다른 이국에서 생활하는 것 자체가 정서적으로나 사회적으로 어렵고 힘들다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 힘든 상황을 완화 할려는 음주에 대한 기대감과 그들의 음주행동에 대한 의식과 이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사 연구하는 것은 대단히 중요하다. 그리고 유학생들의 바람직한 음주문화를 갖추도록 하는 교육 프로그램을 개발 하는테 필요한 기초자료 제공은 더욱 중요하다.

This study was conducted with two hundred eleven the Chinese foreign students who studied at several universities in Daegu and Kyung-Buk area in South Korea. during three months from May, 1. 2007 to July 31 2007.The results of this study were summarized as follows.1) The foreign student's drinking expectation is high as 3.69 based on 5 point. 2) The acting problems caused by drinking is as low as 2.09. The dormitory residence student is less exposed to the alcohol trouble than the student boarder. 3) The practical person efficacy value is as high as 3.29. and it is affected by the sex, the scholastic degree, the residence, the regious life, the college life satisfaction and the department participant. 4) Among the drinking factor value, the susceptibility (-0.317), the difficulty (-0.356), the beneficial (0.313), self-into-action (0.376). Theses factors are relatively high as above 0.3. Therefore the most drinking problems' factors of foreign students in Korea are the religion life and the department participation in university and social life. To reduce the drinking alcohol problems, the foreign students should be educated about the risk of alcohol and joining in the religion activity and the department activities.

The purpose of this study was to analyze oral health behaviors of elementary, middle and high school students. A questionnaire survey was carried out targeting 321 students in Gwangju and Jeonnam area. As a result of collecting and analyzing data, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. A method of acquiring knowledge related to oral health was surveyed to be the most in 'neighbor and family (72.0%).’ Stress level on oral health was the highest with 44.9% in ‘feeling a little.’ Interest level was indicated to be 49.5% and 44.9%, respectively, in ‘moderate’ and ‘having no concern.’ 2. As for the perceived oral health status level according to general characteristics, a case of having been responded as saying of being 'moderate' was the largest (p<0.01) with 22.7% in high school students. According to a method of the commute to and from school, 26.8% of dormitory students were indicated to be ‘moderate.’ Thus, the statistically significant difference was shown (p<0.01). 3. As for the interest level in oral health according to general characteristics, it was the largest (p<0.01) in ‘having no concern’ with 30.5% for boy students and in ‘moderate’ with 19.9% for girl students according to gender. Depending on the economic status, 33.3% of ‘middle’ were indicated to be ‘moderate,’ thereby having been indicated to be statistically significant (p<0.05). 4. As for the correlation between snack intake and beverage intake level, the correlation coefficient was 0.186(p<.001). Thus, it can be known that the more snack intake level leads to the more beverage intake amount. In light of the above results, the factors of having influence upon oral health behaviors of elementary, middle and high school students could be confirmed to be mostly school year and economic status. The importance of oral health education and the awareness for oral health care could be known to be lacking. Accordingly, there will be a need of practicing with always recognizing importance of oral health care through education. Also, there is a need of seeking a proper educational plan and of being supported an organized system so that education can be formed with the lifelong instruction, not what results in one-time.

최근 동영상을 통해 이용자가 자유롭게 참여하고 정보를 공유할 수 있어 쌍방향 소통이 가능한 유튜브가 대표적 인 미디어 플랫폼으로 자리 잡고 있다. 유튜브를 활용한 마케팅이 기업 차원에서도 긍정적인 효과를 나타내고 있어 그 영향력에 대한 관심도 증가하였다. 이에 본 연구는 유튜브 뷰티콘텐츠 이용자의 준사회적 상호작용이 행동의도에 미치 는 영향을 연구하고 그 결과를 효율적 마케팅 전략 수립의 기초자료로 제공하고자 한다. 본 연구 결과에 따르면 준사회 적 상호작용은 행동의도에 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이에 이용자의 특성에 따른 실효성 있는 준사회적 상호작용 확대 방안을 연구하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

YouTube has established itself as a major media platform. Businesses give more attention to YouTube’s influence as marketing using the platform demonstrates positive effects. Accordingly, this study aims to look into how the quasi-social interaction of the users of beauty content on YouTube affect purchase behavior intentions and provide results as basic data for establishing an efficient marketing strategy. Quasi-social interaction exerted significantly positive influence on purchase behavior and purchase intention. This suggests that the stronger the quasi-social interaction becomes, purchase behavior and purchase intention get stronger. Therefore, strategies for facilitating marketing should be devised by increasing efficient quasi-social interaction according to user characteristics.

Purpose : While there have been growing concerns about the effects of Asian dusts on health, there are few studies for relationship between Asian dusts and health outcome. This study was designed to examine the perceived symptoms and behavior change of children during the Asian Dust events. Methods : We surveyed 459 students at an elementary school in Seoul, Korea from November 20th to 27th 2002. Children with parents were asked to return the completed questionnaires within a week. The questionnaires included the sociodemographic factor, previous respiratory disease, and perceived symptom, hospital visits and behavior change during the Asian dusts. Results : The majority of children reported that they restrained going out and outdoor recreational activity during the Asian dusts. The rate of children who worn the mask was 49% and 47% in second grade and fifth grade, respectively. Regarding the perceived symptom during the Asian dusts, the children in 2nd were more likely to have symptom than 5th and there were significant difference between two groups in cough, asthma symptom, dry cough, phlegm and medication for allergy or asthma symptom. In addition, children who had previous disease were more likely to change behavior in order to prevent the effects of Asian dusts. Conclusions : This study suggested that the younger children and children who had past respiratory disease were susceptible to the effect of Asian dusts. There is a need for providing public information and health education to prevent the impact of Asian dusts on health.

Objectives: This study investigated how the knowledge of alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use were related to intention to use alcohol and problematic drink among people in the early adolescence.Methods: The participants were 440 male and female students who were studying at two middle schools located Seoul and Chungcheongnam-Do, whose ages ranged from 12 to 16 (M=13.73, SD=1.03). Knowledge of alcohol effects, positive and negative attitudes toward alcohol use, intention to abstention, impulse to drink alcohol beverage, and problematic drink were measured for this study.Results: One out of three participants in this study reported the experience of alcohol use. Results indicated that females had more accurate knowledge and showed more negative attitudes than males, while they also more frequently showed impulse to drink alcohol beverage than males. Relations of knowledge of alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use to intention to use alcohol and problematic drink were more prominent for female students. Step-wise regression analyses revealed that knowledge of alcohol was not a significant predictor of intention to abstention and impulse to drink alcohol beverage as well as drinking problem, yet positive attitudes toward alcohol use accounted for the most variance. Conclusions: One out of three participants in this study reported the experience of alcohol use. Results indicated that females had more accurate knowledge and showed more negative attitudes than males, while they also more frequently showed impulse to drink alcohol beverage than males. Relations of knowledge of alcohol and attitudes toward alcohol use to intention to use alcohol and problematic drink were more prominent for female students. Step-wise regression analyses revealed that knowledge of alcohol was not a significant predictor of intention to abstention and impulse to drink alcohol beverage as well as drinking problem, yet positive attitudes toward alcohol use accounted for the most variance.

본 연구는 간호학생의 건강증진행위에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하는 연구이다. 방법: 170명의 간호학 생을 대상으로 구조화된 자기보고형 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 25.0 소프트웨어를 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 건강 관심도, 건강 불안, 건강증진행위의 평균 점수는 각각 3.77, 1.70, 2.55로 나타났다. 건강증진행위에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 요인은 건강 관심도(β = .44, p < .001), 아침 식사 섭취(β = .20, p = .002), 운동 빈도(β = .17, p = .008), 수면 시간(β = .14, p = .016)으로, 이 변수들은 건강증진행위 총 46% 설명력을 보였다. 결론: 본 연구 결과는 간호학생의 건강증진행위를 강화하기 위해 지속적으로 건강 관심도를 높이는 전략 개발의 중요성을 강조하고 대학은 간호학생들의 건강증진 행위를 향상시키기 위해 건강 증진 프로그램을 교과과정에 포함시키고, 아침 식사의 중요성과 규칙적인 운동의 필요성을 중심으로 한 실질적 교육과 지원을 제공해야 한다.

Purpose: This exploratory study aims to identify the factors influencing the health-promoting behaviors of nursing students. Methods: A structured self-report questionnaire was administered to 170 nursing students, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 software. Results: The average scores for health interest, health anxiety, and health-promoting behaviors were 3.77, 1.70, and 2.55, respectively. The most significant factors influencing health-promoting behaviors were health interest (β = .44, p < .001), breakfast consumption (β = .20, p = .002), exercise frequency (β = .17, p = .008), and sleep duration (β = .14, p = .016). These variables explained 46% of the total variance in health-promoting behaviors. Conclusion: The findings suggest the importance of developing strategies to continuously increase health interest to enhance nursing students' health-promoting behaviors. Universities should integrate health promotion programs into the curriculum and provide practical education and support focusing on the significance of breakfast and regular exercise to strengthen health-promoting behaviors among nursing students.

도덕과교육은 학생들의 도덕성의 변화 내지 발달을 목표로 한다. 하지만 도덕과교육의 목표로서 도덕성이 ‘어떤 도덕성’이어야 하는가에대해서는 다양한 견해가 있을 수 있다. 본 논문은 도덕과교육이 어떤도덕성을 목표로 해야 하는지를 규명하기 위해 대표적인 도덕교육이론인 콜버그의 도덕성 발달 이론에서 논의되는 도덕성을 분석한다. 분석결과 콜버그의 도덕성 발달 이론의 도덕성에는 인지적 요소뿐만 아니라 정의적, 행동적 요소가 이미 통합되어 있음을 주장한다. 이를 토대로 도덕과교육의 목표로서 도덕성도 인지, 정의, 행동적 요소가 통합되어야 한다는 원론적 견해를 지지하면서도 플라톤과 아리스토텔레스의도덕교육론을 활용하여 발달 단계를 고려한 도덕과교육의 목표는 정의적, 행동적 요소가 더욱 강조된 도덕성이어야 함을 주장한다.

This paper defines morality in moral eduction theories as moral traits and moral characters to make change by moral education and then analyzes the morality of L. Kohlberg’s cognitive development theory. In result, its morality presupposes an integrated elements including cognition, emotion and behavior already. This paper basically agrees that the morality as the goal of moral subject education also must be established as an integrated approach. However, this paper argues that the goal of moral subject education should be set up along with development stages and that emotion and behavior should be more stressed than cognition for the goal of moral subject education based on moral education theories of Plato and Aristotle.

Objectives: Research often focuses on just one group of factors at a time. However, their influence is complex and interrelated, and effects cannot easily be disaggregated. This study was to identify determinants of alcohol consumption and harmful alcohol use among Korean adults. Methods: Among a panel of subjected enrolled in existing domestic survey companies, adults aged 19 to 59 years old who replied that their drinking frequency was more than once a month for the past one year were selected in 2018. Sample size and methods used for analysis were determined by considering demographically proportioned stratified sampling and monthly alcohol drinking rate. A total of 3,000 subjects responded to questionnaires. Results: Genetics (hot flush after drinking) affected drinking behavior. Various characteristics of those including sex, impulsive personality, perceived health status, and beliefs and expectancies of alcohol, number of friends, social networks and social norms affected consuming the weekly alcohol. Genetics, sex, age, impulsive personality, depression, economic deprivation, number of friends, social networks and agreement of alcohol regulations have been associated with high prevalence of harmful drinking experience. The broader environment within which drinking develops, including general drinking culture, its norms and practices, social networks, and the availability of alcohol is also significant in how drinking patterns develop and progress. Conclusion: The drinking culture in Korea was characterized by more social drinking than individual drinking. The practices of binge drinking should be improved to avoid secondary harmful effects.

This study aims to understand the foreign language learner’s internal process while they are translating. To figure out invisible internal process of the learner, Key logging during translation process, short interview after translating and behavioral observation were used. For considering behavioral characteristics for internal process, Pause, Deletion, Moving and Mistranslation were chosen. In particular, Pause was chosen to work as criterion when analyzing other behaviors. By analyzing those behaviors, three internal processes were found: (1)Deliberatiing on words or phrases following the pauses, (2)Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text, (3)Continuous checks on what writers had written down. Deliberations were generally found before the long-term pause. Learners were deliberating what to write on next phrases, due to their scarce knowledge of grammatical collocation of the target language. Considering ill-matched words or phrases between source text and target text shows variety of behaviors such as moving, deletion after the long-term pauses. According to the learners’ interview and researcher’s observation, it was arisen when the learners are fail to find the acceptable expressions in target language. Continuous checks on what learners had written down were generally found after the translation was finished. Entire part of target text was examined in this type of process. Thus, long period of pause was required for reading source text and target text, also deletion and moving was required for correcting mistranslated words or phrases. It infers that learners’ behaviors are combined to suggest certain meanings of internal process. Thus, these behaviors do not suggest solid internal process. With more elaborated analysis, this study would help understanding mental process while translation.

본 연구는 의료소비자를 대상으로 실시되고 있는 치과건강보험급여화의 인식도를 조사하여 미래 치석제거 국민들 의 구강건강향상을 위해 치과건강보험급여가 확대되고자 하는데 목적이 있다. 연 1회 치석제거급여 연령에 대한 적절성 여 부는 나이와 교육수준에서 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.05), 연 1회 치석제거 급여횟수에 대한 적절성 여부는 결혼여부, 지역 (구), 자가구강건강인지에서 유의하였으며(p<0.05), 연 1회 치석제거 급여수가에 대한 적절성 여부에서는 하루잇솔질총횟수 가 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.05). 결국 연령이 증가하면서 나타나는 치주질환의 증가로 국가 차원에서의 건강보험급여 항목이 추가되어야 하며, 본 연구결과에서와 같이 치석제거 건강보험급여화는 연령, 횟수, 수가부분에서 더욱 확대 되어야 하며, 향후 치과건강보험 급여정책 향상을 위한 노력은 국민의 구강건강을 위해 계속되어야 한다.

The purpose of the study is to investigate dental health insurance coverage the awareness and dental health insurance coverage extension to scaling in service consumers. There were significant differences according to education level, age on the appropriateness of the age of yearly scaling benefit, and to married, regions, self-oral health of the frequency of yearly scaling benefit, who their teeth brushed frequence a day on the appropriateness of the fee of yearly scaling benefit. It implies that should be added to the coverage list national health insurance every age group after increasing periodontal disease. It is to be more extension as to age, frequency and fee health insurance coverage of scaling, the effort to improve dental health insurance coverage policy must be continue for oral health in the future.

조선의 기생은 예술적 성격이 강할 뿐만 아니라 식견과 교양까지 두루 갖춘 고품격의 연예인이었다고 할 수 있다. 하지만 조선후기에 이르러 기생들은 여악이라는 공공적 임무 외에 생계를 위해 민간의 풍류현장에 활발히 참여했다. 자연스럽게 기방의 풍속이 향락적으로 흐르기 시작했고 일제시기를 맞아서는 기생문화의 왜곡이 점점 더 가속화되었다. 그러나 많은 기생들은 자신들의 존재감을 잃지 않으려 애썼다. 특히 기생 전난홍은 《장한》(1927) 창간호에서 “기생은 재상이라”는 말이 있었음을 언급하고 나조선 기생문화의 융합적 미의식 -복색·언어·행동을 통해 본이화형* 目 次 Ⅰ. 머리말 II. 복색 : 감성적 우아미 III. 언어 : 풍자적 골계미 IV. 행동 : 서정적 관능미 V. 맺음말* 경희대학교 한국어학과 교수東아시아 古代學 第 48 輯 (2017. 12) 東아시아 古代學會158 서 “타국의 사신이 와서 그 나라 흥망을 보려면 기생의 복색과 언어와 행동을 보았다”는 속담을 지적하였다. 그리고 당시 기생들에게는 옛날 기생과 같은 ‘복색, 언어, 행동’이 없음을 안타까워하면서, 그녀는 반복하여 ‘복색, 언어, 행동’을 강조했다. 본고에서는 이 사실에 기초하여 기생의 ‘복색, 언어, 행동’을 심도 있게 검토하고자 했다. 다만 이 3가지 중 하나만이라도 분리될 때 별 의미가 없음을 인식하게 되었다. 따라서 복색, 언어, 행동 각각에서 일반여성문화와 달리 조선의 기생문화가 얼마나 특색 있고 설득적인지를 살피면서 궁극적으로 기생문화의 융합적미의식을 밝히고자 했다. 기생의 ‘복색’에 대한 관심에서 비롯된 우아미는 실질과 검소를 강조하던 유교적 이념에 배치되고, 기생들이 별 규제를 받지 않았던 것은 복식이 지위와 신분을 반영하던 현실에 반하는 현상이었다. 이렇듯 기생들은 유교이념과 신분질서에 따른 경직된 시각을 탈피하여 감성을 자극하는 복색의 자유를 누렸다. 한편우아한 자색만큼이나 자신을 드러낼 수 있는 재능이 요구되었다. 그리하여 외형과 내실이 조화로운 경지의 ‘재색’을 인정받을 수 있었다. 기생들은 때로 정신적 주체가 되고자 했으며 노는 방식에 품격이 있어야 한다고 생각했다. 무엇보다 이는 ‘언어’를 통한 해학과 골계로 나타났다. 기생들은 우스갯소리를 통해 재치와 기개를 보였으며 시적 풍류를 통해 여유와 기상을 드러냈다. 그녀들은 권력 있고 돈이 있어도 풍류와 인격이 없는 남자들을 꺼리고 때로는 골탕을 먹이곤 했다. 놀음의 현장에서 흥을 돕고 웃음꽃을 피우게 하는 해학이야말로 천금보다 가치가 있다고 여겼다. 기생 역할의 하나인 ‘행동’은 관능미를 창출하는 선정적인 사랑놀음이라 할 수있다. 기생들은 요분질, 고전법 등 성행위의 효과를 극대화하는 방법과 기술을배우고 익혀야 했다. 아울러 손님을 다루고 평가하는 방식으로서의 인격적 지혜가 필요했다. 이렇듯 사랑놀음에는 성행위 자체와 인격적 교감이 한데 어우러지는 경지까지 내포된다. 특히 기생의 성행위에 음란성만 부각되지 않고 자연과의조선 기생문화의 융합적 미의식 159 조화, 사회에 대한 풍자가 깃들어 있는 만큼 관능미 속에 낭만적 서정이 도사리고 있다.

In this thesis, I tried to examine the fusion aesthetic consciousness in the kisaeng culture of chosun dynasty by kisaeng’s costume, language, behavior. I find the three characters are meaningful only when they are fusion and the three characters of kisaeng are much more special than normal women culture. The elegant beauty comes from their concern on costume go against the ideology of confucianism to emphasize the frugality. Their free costume go against the reality to represent the status and position. They enjoyed the freedom of costume emerge from the hard viewpoint depend on the ideology of confucianism and the order of social status. And they were demanded the talent to reveal themselves. So they could be accepted as the beautiful and talented kisaeng. The kisaengs tried to be a mental subject and thought important the dignity in the way of play. And they showed the comic by language. They showed the humor and wit by joke and the spirit by poetic taste. They didn’t like a man of no character though they had rich and power. They thought the humor is most important when they play. Their behavior is the love to reveal the voluptuous beauty. They had to learn the sexual arts to maximize the sexual effects. And they needed the wisdom as the way to treat and evaluate the guests. There were the high stage to make balance sex and personal communion in their love style. Especially there were romantic feeling in their voluptuous beauty. Because there was the balance with nature and the satire on society in their sex.

The human gut contains an enormous number of microorganisms known as microbiome, which serve to modulate immune functions and metabolic pathways in the body. Studies have shown that there is a strong association between balanced diet and microorganism present in the gut. This study sought to determine the effect of childhood malnutrition on the gut microbiome in adulthood via mice models. DNA samples of gut bacteria were extracted from the feces of the nutrient-restricted mice and control group and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Cognitive functions and emotional behaviors were also evaluated in the mice by conducting modified Morris water maze and light-dark preference tests. The results show that the pathogenic bacteria, specifically Bacillus cereus, present in the experimental group was greatly increased compared to the control group. Furthermore, the nutrient-restricted mice showed a slow adaptation and emotional instability in the modified Morris water maze test and preferred light-exposed area in light-dark preference tests. Though further studies are necessary to prove causality, this study suggests that nutritional status during childhood might play a critical role in the composition of gut microbiome and influence cognitive functions and emotional behaviors in adulthood.