Earticle

본 논문은 광고회피 성향을 극복하기 위한 효과적인 웹광고 포맷을 개발하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이 연구는 미국의 대학생 301명을 대상으로 인터넷 광고 형태 중 배너, 팝업, 리치미디어 광고(텍스트, 동영상, 애니메이션과 쌍방향성 메시지를 동반한 광고)에 대한 인식, 태도, 광고회피 성향을 분석하였다. 그리고 인지, 태도, 회피간의 상관관계를 조사했다. 연구결과 대학생들은 웹기반 광고가 정보나 오락을 제공하기 보다는 작업을 방해하는 성가신 것으로 인식하는 경향이 강했다. 특히 팝업광고에 대해서 가장 부정적인 인식을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 다른 광고포맷 보다 더 많이 회피하려는 성향을 보였다. 그리고 세 개 인식요인인 정보와 오락과 성가심 중에서 오락이 웹광고에 대한 태도에 가장 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 리치 미디어광고가 팝업이나 배너광고 보다 재미나 오락적인 요소를 가지고 있기 때문에 가장 덜 회피한다는 결과로 재확인할 수 있었다. 또한 인식과 오락과 정보 간에는 긍정적인 상관관계가 있었고, 인식과 성가심 간에는 부정적인 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 광고회피는 웹광고에 대한 태도와 부정적인 관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다.

The aim of this research is to find effective web advertising formats to overcome the trend associated with avoidance. Three web ad formats used in this study are banner, pop-up, and rich media advertising. Overall research questions to be addressed include students' perception, attitude, and their level of avoidance toward web advertising. The correlations among perceptions, attitude, and avoidance also are examined. The survey result reveals that students perceive web advertising as more irritating than informative and entertaining. Students show a negative attitude toward pop-up and want to avoid pop-up than other web advertising formats. There is a positive correlation among entertainment, informativeness, and attitude, but a negative correlation between irritation and attitude. Avoidance shows a negative correlation with entertainment, informativeness, and attitude toward web ads, but is positively correlated with irritation.

본 연구에서는 반추와 회피 및 우울 증상 간의 관계를 명확히 규명하기 위해서, 먼저 반추를 하위유형인 몰두와 반성으로 구분하여 반추의 두 하위유형들과 회피 대처들(행동적 회피, 인지적 회피, 경험적 회피), 우울 증상 간의 관계를 살펴보았다. 그 다음에 반추의 두 하위유형들과 우울 증상 간의 관계를 경험적 회피가 매개하는지를 검증하였다. 이를 위해 대학생 333명을 대상으로 반추적 반응 척도, 수용-행동 질문지, 인지-행동 회피 척도, 한국판 역학조사센터 우울증 척도, 한국판 상태-특성 불안 척도를 실시하였다. 편상관 분석 결과, 몰두는 우울 증상, 경험적 회피, 인지적 회피, 행동적 회피와 모두 정적으로 상관되어 있었다. 반면 반성은 우울 증상과 행동적 회피와는 정적인 상관을, 경험적 회피와는 부적인 상관을 보였고, 인지적 회피와는 유의미한 상관을 보이지 않았다. 구조방정식 분석 결과, 경험적 회피가 몰두와 우울 증상 간의 관계를 부분 매개하였으나, 반성의 경우에는 매개 효과가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과는 몰두가 반추의 부적응적인 요소를 나타내고, 반추의 회피적인 기능과 더 관련되어 있을 가능성을 시사한다.

To clarify the relationship among rumination, avoidance and depression, this study distinguished brooding and reflection as rumination subtypes and examined the relationship among rumination subtypes, avoidance copings(behavior avoidance, cognitive avoidance, experiential avoidance), and depression. And we examined whether experiential avoidance mediated the relationship between rumination subtypes and depression. For this purpose, we measured Ruminative Response Scale(RRS), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-16 (AAQ-16), Cognitive-Behavior Avoidance Scale(CBAS), The Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression(CES-D), and The Korean version of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) to a sample of 333 undergraduate students. From the results of the partial correlation analysis, brooding was positively correlated with depression, experiential avoidance, cognitive avoidance, and behavior avoidance. Whereas reflection was positively correlated with depression and behavior avoidance, and was negatively correlated with experiential avoidance. From the results of structural equation modeling, experiential avoidance partially mediated the relationship between brooding and depression, but didn't mediate the relationship between reflection and depression. These results suggest that brooding represent more maladaptive component of rumination and the avoidant function of rumination be likely to be associated with brooding.

본 연구의 목적은 직무특성상 고위험군에 속하는 소방공무원을 대상으로 근무지 내 또는 근접장소 에서 텃밭활동이나 실내정원 설치를 통한 현장적용 치유프로그램을 진행하기 위하여 소방공무원의 인구사회학적 특징에 따른 외상 후 스트레스 증상, 소명의식이 직무만족도에 미치는 요인을 도출하 여 현장적용 시 대상자에게 적절한 프로그램 적용의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 소방공무원의 외상후 스트레스 증상 고위험군은 35.0%의 높은 비율로 분류되었다. 특히 소방공무원의 나이가 많을수록, 월평균소득과 직급이 높을수록 외상 후 스트레스 정도가 높은 결과를 볼 수 있었다. 소방공무원의 직무만족도는 직무특성상 동반될 수밖에 없는 외상 스트레스와 는 부의 상관, 소명의식은 정의 상관으로 직무만족도를 향상시키는 데 소명의식이 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 변수로 밝혀졌다.

The study was conducted to analyze the data from 117 firefighters aged 39.01±9.17 to find out the effect of post-traumatic stress symptoms and calling on their job satisfaction level. The three elements in IES-R, hyperarousal, avoidance and intrusion, were used to measure the level of post-traumatic stress, along with the Korean version of multidimensional calling measure (MCM-K). The results show that 35% of them were classified as a high-risk group of post-traumatic stress symptoms and the old group over 50 years of age had the highest level of post-traumatic stress. A significant negative correlation was found between job satisfaction and post-traumatic stress symptoms, while there was a positive correlation between job satisfaction level and calling. Statitistically significant covariates in the multiple regression model included educational background and working period of firefighters.

The purpose of this study is to explore the strategies for translating degrading and vulgar expressions. To this end, four Korean movie scripts with German subtitles were analyzed in terms of the linguistic choices of the translators in their translation assignments of degrading expressions and vulgarisms. The four main strategies discovered are avoidance, maintenance. mitigation, and intensification. Contrary to our expectations, the strategy of maintenance was used in only one third of the cases. Meanwhile, the rate of intensification was relatively low. As for the reasons behind the translators' choice of such strategies, we can point out various factors such as consideration of contextual surroundings, norm consciousness of tabooedness in the target language, film ratings or age limits according to the movie type, and priority given to brevity as a linguistic style which is typical of movie script translations, etc. The correlation between translation variables and characteristics of tabooedness is to be explored in future studies.

이 연구는 메타분석을 활용하여 현재 다양한 영역에서 실시되고 있는 수용전념치료 프로그램의 효과에 대해 종합적으로 평가하였다. 메타분석은 통계적인 방법을 활용하여 개입의 크기와 방향을 제시한다. 이를 통해 개 입에 대한 종합적 분석이 가능하다. 논문의 선정기준을 통해 총 43편의 연구물을 분석 대상으로 선정하였다. 선정된 33편의 연구물에서 183개의 효과크기를 종합하여 전체효과크기, 하위집단별 효과크기, 메타회귀분석 결과를 제시하 였다. 그 결과 수용전념치료 프로그램의 전체 효과크기는 0.704로 나타났다. 이는 중간 이상의 효과크기를 의미한다. 수용전념치료의 효과 영역에 따라 효과크기를 비교한 결과, 정의적 영역, 인지적 영역, 행동적 영역 순으로 효과크기 를 나타냈다. 참가자의 특성에 따른 효과크기를 비교한 결과 첫째, 성별에 따른 분석결과, 혼성 집단, 여성 집단, 남성 집단 순으로 효과크기를 나타냈다. 둘째 연령에 따른 분석 결과 일반성인, 대학생(대학원생), 청소년 순이었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 후속연구와 향후 프로그램 운영에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was using a meta-analysis to estimate effect size ACT intervention program. Using a statistical method, meta-analysis has advantages that prove intervention’s amount and direction. Meta-analysis facilitates comprehensive analysis. Through the data collection, 43studies were selected and 183 effect size were calculated as analysis objects. Using a 183 effect size, the overall effect size, Effect Size of categorical Factor, meta-regression result were suggested. The overall effect size of ACT program was 0.704. In the effect area of ACT, the affective domain had the largest effect size. Next were the cognitive domain, the behavioral domain. Analysis on gender of participant, mixed group had the largest effect size. Next were the female grouop, male group. Analysis on age of participant, adult group had the largest effect size. Next were the undergraduate grouop, adolescent group. Based on the findings, implications for future study were discussed.

우리 민법은 원칙적으로 채권자의 협력의무를 인정하는데 소극적인 입장에 서 있다고 할 것이다. 하지만 이러한 민법의 태도는 비교법적인 측면이나 채무자의 이익보호 측면에서 타당하다고 할 수 없다. 여기서 해석론의 측면에서라도 협력의무를 인정할 만한 근거를 찾을 필요성이 제기된다. 우리나라는 2005년 3월 1일부터 유엔통일매매협약이 발효되었고 국내법으로써의 효력이 인정되고 있는 상황에서 동 협약에는 매수인의 수령의무 내지 협력의무가 명시되어 있다. 이러한 협력의무의 명시로 협약이 적용되는 국제거래에서는 매수인에게 협력의무가 독립된 주된 채무로 인정받게 되었고, 매수인이 이 의무를 위반하는 경우 매도인은 협약을 근거로 협약상의 계약침해의 구제수단을 모두 원용할 수 있게 되었다. 그런데 이러한 유엔통일매매협약은 국제매매계약을 염두에 두고 만들어진 것인 반면 협력의무 자체만을 놓고 보면 그 적용범위를 국제매매계약에만 한정시킬 필요가 없는 매수인의 일반적 채무로 보아야 한다. 따라서 민법상 흠결로 인식되는 우리 민법의 보완을 위하여 일반원칙으로써 협력의무에 관한 규정을 국내매매계약에도 적용할 수 있다고 본다. 협약이 특별법(lex specialis)이긴 하지만 동시에 신법(lex posterior)으로서 일반법인 민법이 규정하고 있지 않은 흠결을 보충하는 역할을 담당할 수 있다고 보아야 하기 때문이다.

Korean Civil Code (KCC) does not have any regulation on duty to take delivery so that creditors including buyers are not under such duties. But it is unfavorable for obligators who want to be free from their obligations as soon as possible. On the other hand, under Convention on Contracts for the International of Sale of Goods(CISG) that has been effective since 1. 3. 2005, the buyer is under the obligation to take deliverly and participate. The buyer must do all the acts which could reasonably be expected of him in order to enable the seller to make delivery. This obligation of buyer to cooperate is so general that it could be applied not only to the buyer of the international sales but also to one of home trade. There is no reason that the obligation to cooperate is not limited to buyer of the international sales. In this sense CISG is considered not as ‘lex specialis’ but as ‘lex posterior’ to the KCC that fills the gap of KCC.

세계가 단일 경제권 형성으로 모아지면서 다국적기업의 성장은 일반적인 상황이 되었다. 각 나라마다 세정에 관한 내용이 다르고, 입장이 상이한 환경에서 다국적기업이 이익을 극대화 하려는 과정에 발생하는 이전가격 문제는 기업의 문제를 넘어 외교적 대립으로 확대되고 있다. 위와 같은 문제를 해결하려는 국제사회의 노력도 OECD지침과 UN매뉴얼 등으로 다양화되고 있는 시기에 한국 자동차산업을 중심으로 난맥상을 해결하고 정책적으로 대응하기 위한 매뉴얼을 마련하는 것이 필요하다고 생각한다. 본 연구에서는 이전가격 과세에 대한 체계적인 대응 절차를 위해 예방(Prevention), 회피(Avoidance), 탐지(Detection), 개선(Improvement) 절차로 로드맵을 구성하여 시기별 그리고 입장별로 정책 대응방안을 제시한다. 이는 상시와 일시에 대응하는 방법을 달리하여 효율성을 제고 시킬 것이다. 이전가격에 관한 예방적 정책대응은 해외투자회사의 설립 형태를 산업 형태에 따라 타당하게 선택할 것을 제안하고, 회사 설립 시 LM기업과 CM회사의 중간형태의 기업을 설립할 필요가 있다.

As the world has become one entity with formation of single economic circle, the growth of international corporate has become a norm. Meanwhile as each nation has different tax policies and transfer price issues causing in the middle of profit maximization of multi nation companies in a different position have been expanding into diplomatic confrontation beyond company issues. At a time when the efforts paid by the international society to solve such issues are diversified like OCED Guideline and UN Manual, it is appropriate to develop a manual centering on the automobile industry to solve difficult situations and make systematic responses. In this circumstance, this study develop a road map of prevention, avoidance, detection and improvement processes for systematic responses as for transfer price taxation so as to provide policy measures by time and position. It would enhance efficiencies by differentiating measures for regular and temporal issues.

모든 예술은 그것이 생산된 사회의 모습을 어느 정도 반영하지만 영화는 본질적으로 관객 을 염두에 둔 소통의 예술이며 시각적 테크놀로지와 상업성에 의지한다는 면에서 그 어떤 예 술 형태보다 사회의 여러 면에 관련된다. 특히 현대의 공포영화는, 지배체제의 안전을 보장하 기 위해 억압된 개인의 무의식뿐만 아니라 사회의 집단적 무의식을 반영하면서, 현대사회를 향한 강한 정치적 비판을 가하는 장르로 이해된다. 본 논문에서 다루고 있는 3편의 공포영화 또한 현 사회를 지배하고 있는 ‘유동하는 공포’와 ‘회피의 문화’에 내재한 문제점들에 주목하 여, 이를 강력히 경고하고 비판한다. 공포 영화라는 장르의 특성과 독창적인 주제 그리고 예술 성 있는 재현의 기술을 통해 세편의 영화는 원하는 메시지를 효과적으로 전달하고 있다. 최근 들어 공포영화는 마치 살아있는 유기체처럼, 새로운 이야기, 새로운 기법, 새로운 과 학 기술의 이용 등을 통해 새롭고 독창적인 세계관을 제시하는 다양한 하위 장르로의 진화를 계속하고 있다. 공포영화 장르의 전형이라 할 수 있는 ‘괴물’의 타자성에 새로운 의미를 부여 하는 <괴물>, ‘성직자 뱀파이어’라는 새로운 캐릭터를 창조하여 외부로 부터가 아니라 바로 자신의 내면으로부터 불러낸 ‘악’의 실체와 치열한 사투를 벌이는 신부의 고통을 충격적으로 그려낸 <박쥐>, 그리고 추리물, 심리 스릴러, 스플레셔 등의 다양한 장르의 특성을 혼합하여 공포의 대상인 괴물은 바로 인간 자신일 수도 있다는 삶의 진실을 새로운 방식으로 파해 쳐 내는 <이끼>, 이 세편의 영화가 보여주는 서사와 기법의 새로움과 창의성은 공포영화의 진화 를 향한 움직임에 있어 하나의 의미 있는 발걸음으로 이해될 수 있다.

The history of horror film is said to be a history of anxiety of modern world. As gothic romances and folk tales represents the fears of the ‘past’ world, the horror film of nowadays depicts the fear of the ‘present’ world rapidly changing in the development of technological sciences and industrialization for the economic determinism. The films of The Host, Thurst and Moss pay attention to the fact that people of today are living under the liquid fear which is diffuse, unclear, unattached, free floating, with no clear address or cause. When it can be glimpsed everywhere but is nowhere to be seen, it is at its most fearsome. In other words, uncertainty is another name of it. In relation to this respect these films criticise the culture of avoidance and denial, which avoids the perception that fear is everywhere and deny the fact that the terrifying danger is immediately present. Under this culture of avoidance people are eventually leading to live in a false vision of life with an irrationally hopeful, naive and optimistic world view only expecting no harm to themselves. All the heros of these films reject such a living under the silent culture attempting to silence the potential danger under the liquid fear for the preservation of established social order. In other words they are the people questing into the darkness of horror to find an ultimate truth hidden behind it. They are also the people continuing the fight within the dying terror against the horror of darkness. In a psychological view, terror and horror are so far opposite in that the first expands the soul, and awakens the faculties to high degree of life; the other contracts, freezes, and annihilate them. In short, these three films are extending the range of horror genre within the new narratives, new cinematic techniques and new technologies of modern science. In other worlds the aims of these films are new because the aims of them would be said to make people recognize the truth hidden behind the darkness of horror, not only to make them experience the psychological catharsis or the feeling of comfort people generally want to get from the ordinary horror genre.

This study examined Schachter’s argument (1974) on ESL learners' avoidance behavior likely caused by L1-L2 differences. In this study of avoidance, eight Korean graduate students carried out two types of production tasks over four sessions: oral and written production tasks in Korean as well as in English. Five native speakers of English attending an American university and five native speakers of Korean living in Korea at the time of the experiment and receiving no structured English instruction also participated in the experiment as the English control group and the Korean control group, respectively. Results showed that the experimental participants had avoided using English relative clauses. The argument of their avoidance of English relative clauses is based on the evidential data that mirrored two compelling observations: (a) the rare occurrence of English relative clauses in the contexts in which they produced quite a few Korean relative clauses, (b) the rare occurrence in the contexts in which native speakers of English produced English relative clauses. Finally, it was also observed that such relative clauses as SU and DO relative clauses, which are higher on the accessibility hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie, 1977), accounted for the overwhelming majority of the relative clauses produced in all tasks, reaffirming the reliability of the accessibility hierarchy.

This paper argues that Korean EFL learners avoid or underproduce English phrasal verbs due to their ignorance of them. Their ignorance culminates in figurative phrasal verbs in the spirit of Dagut and Laufer (1985), since their meaning is not easily predicted from their individual elements, the verb and the adverb. This is exhibited in the survey among Korean EFL learners, in which figurative phrasal verbs are apparently underproduced. I attribute this to the fact that most EFL learners are ignorant of English phrasal verbs, which are out of their vocabulary range, but not to the structural difference between their L1 and L2. The ignorance of phrasal verbs consequently leads them to use their equivalent one-word verbs. Native speakers, on the other hand, are seen to employ phrasal verbs freely in their casual speech, whether they are literal, completive, or figurative, as exemplified in the survey of this paper. Given that phrasal verbs are used more often in informal and colloquial language and that they are a very important part of everyday English (Hart, 2009), it is indispensible for the Korean EFL learners to master them for their personal communication with native speakers of English. Understanding syntactic and semantic properties of phrasal verbs in contrast with prepositional verbs is an essential part of mastering the so-called verb-plus-particle constructions in English.

경험적 회피 개념의 이론적 정교화 및 타당화를 위해 일련의 연구를 수행하였다. 먼저 연구1에서는 대학생 905명에게 정서이해 및 표현에 의한 대처 척도를 실시해 사적 사건의 회피 유형 중 행동적 회피, 감추기 및 거리두기를 구분하였다. 그리고 이 유형들과 우울, 편집 성향, 자존감과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 세가지 회피 유형 중 행동적 회피가 부적응 지표와 가장 상관이 높았다. 연구2에서는 대학생 169명을 대상으로, 연구 1에서 구분된 세 가지 회피 유형 중 어느 것이 경험적 회피 개념과 가장 관련성이 높은지를 알아보았다. 경험적 회피는 행동적 회피와 관련성이 높았지만 감추기 및 거리두기와는 관련성이 높지 않았다. 연구2에서의 감추기 및 거리두기는 한 시점에서 측정된 것이었기 때문에, 연구3에서는 대학생 42명이 3주간 작성한 정서일기를 통해 반복적인 감추기 및 거리두기 시도를 측정하고, 이것과 경험적 회피와의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 반복적인 거리두기 시도는 경험적 회피와 관련이 있었으나, 반복적인 감추기 시도는 경험적 회피와 관련이 없었다. 본 연구의 의의와 한계가 논의되었고, 후속 연구가 제안되었다.

Three studies were performed to elaborate and validate the concept of experiential avoidance(EA). In the study 1, we classified three types of avoidant responses - concealing, distancing and behavioral avoidance, and measured depression, paranoid traits, and self-esteem in a sample of 905 university students. Among three types of avoidant responses, behavioral avoidance had highest correlation with maladjustment indexes. In study 2 using 169 university student sample, we tested which type of avoidance is most related with experiential avoidance(EA). Experiential avoidance showed correlation with behavioral avoidance, but not with concealing or distancing. Study 3 was scheduled to overcome the limitation of study 2, which is about single time measuring of concealing and distancing score. Study 3 examined the relationship between experiential avoidance and repetitive use of concealing and distancing. Through mood diary written by 42 university students, we measured the repetitiveness. The finding of study 3 was that there is positive correlation between experiential avoidance and repetitive distancing, but not between experiential avoidance and repetitive concealing. The significance and limitation of this study was discussed, and follow-up study suggested.

Since mobile traffic has been growing recently, the deployment of indoor small cells has become an attractive solution to enhance coverage. However, the increasing density of cells makes inter-cell interference more considerable. In this paper, we propose a max-throughput Interference Avoidance (MTIA) centralized algorithm to improve the system’s throughput. Based on signaling and reports, a central controller connected to each base station can properly turn off base stations that may induce a relatively strong interference, and thus increase SINR. We implemented the MTIA algorithm in an LTE TDD network simulation and showed that MTIA effectively reduces inter-cell interference and improves the system’s throughput.

Background: This paper discusses the social dimension of gastronomy, such as folk beliefs regarding avoidance and prescriptions during the stages of menstruation and pregnancy. Cooking and eating are imbued with special meanings, but how they are related to an individual’s multiple identities, such as menstruating and pregnant women, and how these idioms and ideologies affect food choice negotiated through folk beliefs are discussed. Do food prescriptions contribute to nutrition? Looking for these answers, the present study was undertaken in two blocks densely populated by Karbi tribe in Kamrup district of Assam, India. The objective of the study was to understand the values of folk beliefs scientifically. Methods: The data was collected by conducting focus group discussion among adolescent girls and pregnant women. Results: It can be concluded that the foods which are included during menstruation and pregnancy were nutrient rich and foods avoided during that period was somewhat scientific.

This paper describes a low-complexity collision avoidance system for automated guided vehicles (AGVs) based on active ultra-wide band (UWB) modules. In particular, we consider an industrial warehouse where all the AGVs and target nodes (TNs) (e.g., people) are equipped with active UWB modules. A communication session between a pair of UWB modules permits the exchange of information and the estimation of the distance between them. The UWB module positioned on an AGV is connected to an on-board computer; whenever the UWB module on an AGV receives a message from a TN, it communicates all the received data to the on-board computer that can decide to stop the AGV if the range estimate is below a given threshold. This prevents undesired collisions between the AGV and the TN. In this paper, we present the experimental results of the proposed collision avoidance system obtained using the UWB modules, PulsON 410 ranging and communication modules (P410 RCMs), produced by Time Domain.

This study examines the relationships between employees’ cultural value orientations and their innovative work behaviors and the mediation effects of self-leadership in the relationships. Four hundred and eighty two employees working at various firms in Korea and China responded to a questionnaire consisting of measures designed to assess uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and innovative work behavior. Analyses of the data revealed that power distance was negatively related to innovative work behavior for both respondents while uncertainty avoidance was positively related to innovative work behavior. The mediation effects of self-leadership were also found. This study contributes to current research literature by providing empirical evidence for the role of self-leadership in the mechanism linking individuals’ cultural value orientations and innovative work behavior. The study also discusses similarities and differences in the patterns of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, innovative work behavior, and self-leadership across Korean and Chinese respondents and their implications in changing business environment.

This study examined the effects of mindfulness combined with positive reappraisal on social approach-avoidance behaviors in shame-inducing situations among individuals with depressive tendencies. Sixty adults with high interpersonal vulnerabil- ity were randomly assigned to either a combined mindfulness and positive reappraisal condition or a positive reappraisal- only condition. Following shame induction and intervention, explicit and implicit approach-avoidance behaviors were as- sessed. Although shame decreased after the intervention in both conditions, a significant reduction from baseline was ob- served only in the combined condition. Participants in the combined condition showed higher explicit approach choices and preferences, along with an implicit approach tendency, whereas those in the positive reappraisal-only condition exhibited rel- atively greater avoidance tendencies. These findings suggest that mindfulness may reduce automatic avoidance responses and promote social approach behaviors in shame-related contexts.

In this paper, we propose a soft actor?critic (SAC) algorithm with hindsight experience replay (HER), called SACHER, which is a class of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm. SAC is an off-policy model-free DRL algorithm that outperforms earlier DRL algorithms in terms of exploration and robustness. However, in SAC, maximizing the entropy-augmented objective degrades the optimality of learning outcomes. We propose SACHER to improve the learning performance of SAC. We apply SACHER to the path planning and collision avoidance control of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). We demonstrate the effectiveness of SACHER in terms of the success rate, learning speed, and collision avoidance performance of UAV operation.

역기능적 분노에 대한 기독교상담적 원리를 발견하기 위해, 역기능적 분노에 대한 모형을 분석했다. 역기능적 분노에 대한 전통적 개입 프로그램으로 노바코의 분노관리훈련의 특징을 분석하고, 그것의 이론적 근거로서 카시노브의 분노삽화모형을 분석했다. 분노삽화모형은 순환적 모형이다. 이 모형의 구성요소는 5개로서, 촉발사건, 평가, 경험, 표현, 결과이다. 이것들은 단계적으로 순환한다. 그리고 각 단계에서 분노나 그것의 부정적 결과를 감소하기 위한 개입이 가능한데, 분노의 평가와 표현를 강조한다. 그러나 이 모형은 이론적 취약성을 갖고 있다. 분노의 과정을 강조하기 때문에 역기능적 분노의 특징과 원인에 이론이 부족하다. 그리고 분노에 대한 개인과 환경의 상호작용을 강조하기 때문에 생물학적 구조의 원인이나 양육환경의 원인에 대한 연구결과들이 반영되지 않는다. 분노삽화모형의 대안으로 가드너의 분노회피모형을 분석했다. 이 모형에서 역기능적 분노의 특징으로 경험적 회피에 중점을 둔다. 즉 역기능적 분노는 분노에 대한 회피 전략을 경직되게 그리고 과도하게 사용하는 것이다. 그러므로 분노를 수용해서 처리하지 못한다. 그리고 그것의 원인으로 감정 오조절을 강조한다. 그것은 인지적 요인과 생리적 요인의 상호작용의 결과이다. 그리고 그것은 현재 경험과 과거 학습의 상호작용의 결과이기도 하다. 분노회피모형을 근거로, 기독교상담에서 역기능적 분노에 개입하는 4개 원리를 제시했다. 첫째, 역기능적 분노에서 원인의 복잡성에 대한 심리교육이 필요하다. 그것의 원인은 다양하고 역사적이다. 그러므로 원인의 복잡성이 높다. 그러므로 원인의 규명보다 대안의 훈련에 초점을 둔다. 둘째, 역기능적 분노에 대한 핵심적 개입은 감정조절의 훈련이다. 인지, 생리, 그리고 대인관계의 영역으로 구분해서 감정조절의 기술을 훈련한다. 특히, 기독교 전통과 접목해서 사용한다. 셋째, 분노 경험의 수용과 인내를 촉진한다. 분노에 대한 일반적 태도나 기독교의 문화는 회피나 도피를 강조한다. 이것은 분노에 대한 새로운 학습의 기회를 박탈한다. 분노를 처리하는 능력을 증가시키기 위해, 분노에 대한 지각, 이해, 수용, 참아내기, 변형, 그리고 적절한 표현을 훈련한다. 그리고 예언자적 관점에 기반을 두는 문화적 분석도 필요하다. 넷째, 분노와 일치하지 않는 반응을 훈련한다. 분노에 대한 회피반응을 줄이고 분노경험을 견디면서 처리한다.

To construct the principles of intervention for dysfunctional anger in the Korean Christian counseling, the models on the dysfunctional anger are analyzed and compared. First of all, the features and process of Novaco’s Anger Management Training, one of the popular intervention programs, are analyzed. And the components of Kassinove’s Anger Episode Model are analyzed, because this model provides that program with its theoretical framework. Kassinove’s model is composed of 5 components. They include triggers, appraisals, personal experience, expression, and outcomes. They are circular consequentially. Following the cognitive behavioral approach, of which appraisals and expressions were focused. However, his model is lack of theoretical consistency in that not dysfunctional anger but useful anger is explained. Neither biological risk nor the early risk are not considered in his model, which are supported in the empirical researches. Gardner‘s model is more comprehensive and empirically supported than Kassinove‘s. In Gardner‘s model the core process of the dysfunctional anger is supposed to be the experiential avoidance. In the dysfuctional anger there frequently appears the rigid and excessive employment of the avoidance strategies. Therefore anger cannot be processed. In his model its cause lies in emotional dysregulation. Anger is not perceived, understood, accepted, tolerated, modulated, or expressed appropriately. It is derived from interaction of biological vulnerabilities with psychological vulnerabilities and of the past vulnerabilities with the present vulnerabilities. Four principles for the Korean Christian counselors working with their clients of dysfunctional anger, are presented. First, it is helpful to provide psychoeducation on the complexity of its vulnerabilities. They are composed of different dimensions. The psychoeducation prevents preoccupation of the past or blaming. Second, the core of the intervention lies in emotion regulation. It is helpful to equip with its skills in the areas of cognitive reconstruction, physiological relaxation, and interpersonal problem solving. It is also helpful to employ the skills in the context of Christian churches. Third, it is helpful to focus on accepting and tolerating anger. The Korean culture focuses on suppressing anger, therefore it is also helpful to equip with cultural empowerment and analysis. Fourth, value actions are encouraged. To promote new learning to regulate anger in the flexible way, it is helpful to employ exposure in which avoidance behaviors are prohibited while anger is experienced and tolerated.

This study aims to examine whether intolerance of uncertainty and perceived control are indirectly associated with pathologi- cal worry through experiential avoidance. A total of 406 adults (aged 19?29 years) across South Korea completed question- naires assessing intolerance of uncertainty (IUS-12), perceived control (K-ACQ), experiential avoidance (AAQ-16), and path- ological worry (K-PSWQ). Findings showed that the competing model was more appropriate than the research model. In the competing model, the relation between intolerance of uncertainty and pathological worry was partly accounted for by experi- ential avoidance, whereas the relation between perceived control and pathological worry was accounted for through experien- tial avoidance. Subsequent path analysis controlling for gender indicated that the direct path from experiential avoidance to pathological worry had a larger standardized coefficient than the direct path from intolerance of uncertainty to pathological worry. These findings underscore the relevance of intolerance of uncertainty and experiential avoidance to pathological worry, as emphasized in the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model and the Acceptance-Based Model, respectively. They also point to the potential utility of acceptance-based behavioral interventions for pathological worry. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed.

In this paper, we will consider the problem of multi-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) deployment among users’ hotspots. UAVs carry reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) boards to strengthen millimeter wave (mmWave) coverage at these hotspots. UAVs should maximize hotspots’ sum data rates while minimizing their flights’ cost, i.e., hovering and flying energy consumptions. Moreover, collisions should be avoided among UAVs, i.e., one hotspot should be served by only one UAV at a time. In this paper, this problem is considered as a multi-player multi-armed bandit (MP-MAB) game with budget constraint and collision avoidance. In this context, budget constraint Thompson sampling (TS) with collision avoidance MAB algorithm (BTSCA-MAB) is proposed to efficiently implement the formulated MP-MAB game. Numerical analysis confirms the superior performance of the proposed BTSCA-MAB over other benchmarks.