Earticle

본 연구는 국내 청소년 핸드볼지도자의 코칭리더십이 선수의 혁신행동 및 과업수행에 미치는 영향을 구명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 조사대상자는 2023년 대한핸드볼협회 등록된 중･고교 핸드볼 선수 378명을 군집표집(cluster sampling)하여 설문자료를 분석하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 26.0과 AMOS 22.0을 이용하여 기술통계분석, 구조방정식모형 분석을 실시한 연 구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년 핸드볼지도자의 코칭리더십 요인 중 방향 제시는 선수의 혁신행동에 유의미한 영향을 미 쳤다. 둘째, 청소년 핸드볼지도자의 코칭리더십 요인 중 관계는 선수의 과업수행에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 선수의 혁신 행동은 과업수행에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 지도자가 문제해결 및 목표달성을 위해 명확한 지 도와 비전을 제시하는 것이 필요하며, 선수와 굳건한 신뢰관계를 형성하는 것이 과업수행능력을 높일 수 있음을 의미한다.

This study aims to investigate the effects of coaching leadership by youth handball coaches in South Korea on athletes' innovative behavior and task performance. The participants were 378 middle and high school handball players registered with the Korea Handball Federation in 2023. Using cluster sampling, survey data were collected and analyzed. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 22.0, employing descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). The main findings of the study are as follows: First, direction-setting, a dimension of coaching leadership, had a significant positive effect on athletes' innovative behavior. Second, the relationship factor of coaching leadership significantly influenced athletes' task performance. Third, athletes' innovative behavior was also found to have a significant impact on task performance. These results suggest that for effective problem-solving and goal attainment, coaches should provide clear guidance and vision. Moreover, building strong, trust-based relationships with athletes can enhance their task performance capabilities.

본 연구는 개인-환경 적합성이 과업성과에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 나타나는 교환적 동기인 심리적 계약과 내재적 동기인 소명의식이라는 두 가지 핵심 심리적 요인에 주목하여, 이 두 매개 변수를 개별적으로만 다루는 기존 연구의 한계를 넘어 심리적 계약과 소명의식이라는 이중 매개 경로를 통합적으로 탐색하고자 한다. 중소규모 2개 대학 249명의 구성원을 대상으로 연구하였다. 심리적 계약 및 소명의식의 이중매개효 과를 분석하기 위해 Process Macro Model 6을 사용하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구결과, 개인-환경 적합성 중 개인-직무 적합성만이 과업성과에 직접적인 영향에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 개인-환경 적합성이 과업성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 심리적 계약과 소명의식의 단일매개효과는 세 하위 요인 모두가 통계적으로 유의미한 결과를 나타내지 않았다. 마지막으로 확인된 개인-환경 적합성 이 과업성과에 미치는 영향에 관한 심리적 계약과 소명의식의 이중매개효과는 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 효과가 순차적 연쇄효과로 나타나는 중요성으로 이해할 수 있다. 이론적 시사점으로는 개인-환경 적합성이 과업성과에 도달하는 경로가 단일 심리 변수로 단순화되지 않 는 복합적이고 순차적인 심리적 과정을 거친다는 점을 실증한 동시에 심리적 계약과 소명의식이라는 두 핵심 심리적 변수의 차별성을 분명하 게 인식한 것이다. 또한 소명의식이 성과창출로 이어지는 것에 있어서 실현 환경의 중요성을 확인함으로써 소명의식 연구를 확장시킨다. 실무 적 시사점으로는 개인-환경 적합성의 관리 패러다임을 채용 단계를 넘어선 종합적인 HRM 시스템 설계로 전환해야 한다는 것이다. 또한 소명 의식을 단순한 개인적 특성이 아닌 조직의 전략적 관리 요인으로 전환해야 한다는 것이다. 경영컨설팅에 관한 시사점은 개인-환경 적합성을 관 리하는 종합적인 시스템을 제안할 수 있다. 또한 소명의식에 대한 성과와의 연계성을 강조하고 이를 지원하는 경력개발 프로그램이나 교육프 로그램을 설계하여 제안할 수 있을 것이다. 소명의식의 발현을 강화할 수 있도록 조직문화 개선 활동 관점에서 통합적 활동을 기획하여 지원할 수 있다는 것이다. 이러한 시사점에도 불구하고 효과성의 객관성을 높이기 위해 향후 연구에서는 과업성과를 양적 변수로 측정하는 것을 고려 하여야 한다. 또한 종속변수를 과업성과 뿐만 아니라 직접적인 영향 요인인 태도, 행동, 정서적 측면 등으로 확장하여 연구하는 것이 필요하다. 대학이라는 교육기관을 대상으로 한 연구로 일반기업으로의 확장을 위한 추가 연구도 요구된다.

This study focuses on two key psychological factors, psychological contract, which is an exchange motive, and sense of vocation, which is an intrinsic motive, by paying attention to two key psychological factors that appear in the process of affecting task performance by individual-environmental suitability, and attempts to explore the dual mediating path of psychological contract and sense of vocation in an integrated manner beyond the limitations of existing research that deals only with these two parameters individually. This study was conducted with 249 members of two small and medium-sized universities. In order to analyze the dual mediating effect of psychological contract and sense of vocation, the study was conducted using Process Macro Model 6. As a result of the study, it was confirmed that only individual-job suitability had a statistically significant effect on task performance among individual-environmental suitability. The single mediating effect of psychological contract and sense of vocation on the effect of individual-environmental suitability on task performance did not show statistically significant results for all three sub-factors. Finally, both the psychological contract and the double mediating effect of the sense of vocation on the effect of individual-environmental suitability on task performance can be understood as the importance of showing a statistically significant positive (+) effect as a sequential chain effect. The theoretical implication is that the path through which individual-environmental suitability reaches task performance goes through a complex and sequential psychological process that is not simplified into a single psychological variable, while at the same time clearly recognizing the difference between the two key psychological variables, psychological contracts and a sense of vocation. In addition, the study of the sense of vocation is expanded by confirming the importance of the realization environment in that the sense of vocation leads to performance creation. The practical implication is that the management paradigm of individual-environmental suitability should be transformed into a comprehensive HRM system design beyond the recruitment stage. In addition, the sense of vocation should be converted into an organization's strategic management factor rather than a simple personal characteristic. The implications of management consulting can propose a comprehensive system to manage individual-environmental suitability. In addition, it will be possible to design and propose a career development program or educational program that emphasizes the connection with the performance of the sense of vocation and supports it. In order to reinforce the expression of the sense of vocation, integrated activities can be planned and supported from the perspective of organizational culture improvement activities. Despite these implications, in order to increase the objectivity of effectiveness, future studies should consider measuring task performance as a quantitative variable. In addition, it is necessary to expand and study the dependent variable not only to task performance but also to attitude, behavior, and emotional aspects, which are direct influencing factors. This is a study on an educational institution called a university, and additional research is also required to expand to general companies.

목적 : 환경 강화 치료 프로그램이 발달지연 아동의 과제수행 및 감각처리에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하 였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 발달지연 소견을 보이는 아동 2명을 대상으로 단일대상연구 ABA 설계로, 진행하였 으며, 중재는 주 7회씩 4주간 시행되었다. 두 아동 모두 중재 후 과제 수행도와 감각처리 변화를 확인하 였다. 결과 : 중재 후 과제 수행도는 기초선 기간에 비해 평균 200%에서 최대 354%까지 향상되었으며, 감각처 리영역에서도 촉각처리, 감정반응, 활동수준에 영향을 미치는 시각입력 조절영역의 점수가 정상범주로 향 상되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 환경 강화 치료 프로그램이 발달지연 아동의 과제 수행 및 감각처리에 효과적이라는 점을 확인하였으며, 가정에서도 시행할 수 있는 프로그램으로 그 유용성을 확인하였다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the environmental enrichment therapy (EET) program on the task performance and sensory processing of children with delayed development. Methods : This study was conducted with a single-subject ABA research design for two children with developmental delay findings, and intervention was conducted 7 times a week for 4 weeks. Both children confirmed changes in task performance and sensory processing after intervention. Results : After intervention, task performance improved from an average of 200% to a maximum of 354% compared to the baseline period, and the score in the sensory processing area, which affects tactile processing, emotional response, and activity level, was improved to the normal category. Conclusion : Through this study, it was confirmed that the EET program was effective in performing tasks and sensory processing for children with developmental delays, and its usefulness was confirmed as a program that can be implemented at home.

목적 : 본 연구는 그룹감각통합치료가 지적장애아동의 감각처리와 또래상호작용, 과제수행에 미치는 영향과 그 효과의 지속여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 만 7세 이상 13세 미만의 아동 12명을 대상으로 주 3회 60분씩 8주 동안 진행하였 다. 그룹감각통합치료는 감각처리와 놀이기술, 또래와의 상호작용이 포함된 총 24가지 주제에 맞는 활동 으로 구성되었으며, 대상자를 선별하기 위하여 단축감각프로파일을 사용하였다. 결과를 측정하기 위하여 단축감각프로파일과 또래놀이 상호작용 평점척도, 캐나다 작업수행 측정을 사용하여 대상자의 감각처리 와 또래상호작용, 과제수행의 사전․사후․추적 평가를 실시하였다. 측정 결과는 반복측정 분산분석을 사용 하여 사전․사후․추적조사의 평균 점수 차이를 분석하였고, 윌콕슨 순위검정을 사용하여 사전․사후․추적조사 의 변화의 차이를 비교하여 분석하였다. 결과 : 그룹감각통합치료 중재 이후 대상자들의 감각처리와 또래상호작용, 과제수행에 유의한 향상을 보였 다(p<.05). 4주후 실시한 추적조사에서 치료의 효과가 유지되는 것을 확인하였다. 결론 : 그룹감각통합치료는 감각처리능력의 증진뿐만 아니라, 또래상호작용이 필요한 학령기 아동들에게 모 방과 그룹 안에서의 연습을 제공하고, 일상생활까지 그 효과를 연결할 수 있는 효과적인 중재방법이다.

Objective : This study was designed to determine the effects of sensory integration group therapy with regard to the sensory processing, peer interactions, and task performance, and whether they continue. Methods : Twelve children aged 7 to 13 years enrolled in this study for 60 minutes per session, three times a week for 8 weeks. Sensory integration group therapy consisted of a total of 24 activities that included sensory processing, play skills, and interaction with peers. Short Sensory Profile was used to select subjects. In order to measure the outcome, we used the Short Sensory Profile, Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure at pre, post, and follow-up evaluations. The results were analyzed by means of repeated measures analysis, and the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up tests were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test. Results : After sensory integration group therapy, sensory processing, peer interaction, and task performance significantly improved(p<.05). In addition, we confirmed that the effects of treatment were maintained in the 4 weeks follow-up test. Conclusion : Sensory integration group therapy is an effective way of mediating effects not only by improving sensory processing skills, but also by providing imitation and training in groups for children in need of peer interaction and linking them to daily life.

Sit-to-walk (STW) movement is a complex task characterized by starting one step before reaching a full standing posture and maintaining the body moment forward until the end of the movement. The purpose of this study was to provide an efficient interventional perspective in close proximity to daily life for improving the function of patients with chronic stroke by providing information on the positive effects of sit-to-walk training. Two patients with chronic stroke volunteered for this study. The STW training fior Subject 1 and the sit-to-stand training for Subject 2 were performed an average 30 minutes per day, 3 times a week for 4 weeks (a total of 12 sessions). Measurements included electromyographic analysis (muscle activity and onset time) on vastus medialis, bicepps femoris, tibialis anterior, and soleus, and timed up and go (TUG) test. With respect to anticipatory postural adjustments before and after training, the tibialis anterior muscle onset time of Subject 1 and 2 decreased from 1.09 to .63 seconds and from 2.46 to 1.25 seconds, respectively. In relation to multi-task performance, the TUG test with a motor task decreased by 5.90 seconds for Subject 1 and 12.03 seconds for Subject, respectively. These findings suggest that the STW training might be considered as a part of functional movement re-education close to everyday life in rehabilitation programs of stroke patients and as higher difficulty training.

생성형 AI 확산과 디지털 전환 가속화는 금융산업의 직무 재설계와 역할 재편을 요구하고 있다. 이에 따라 구성원들은 직무의 핵심특성의 상실 위험을 지각하는 질적 직무불안정성을 경험할 수 있다. 본 연구는 자원보존이론을 기반으로 금융산업에 종사하는 근로자 341명을 대상으로, 질적 직무불안정성과 과업성과·조직지향 시민행동·적응성과 간 비선형 관계를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 질적 직무불안정성과 성과의 관계는 성과 유형에 따라 상이한 궤적을 보였다. 첫째, 과업성과와 조직지향 시민행동은 중간 수준의 불안정성에서 최저점을 기록한 후, 위협이 임계점을 초과하는 질적 직무불안정성이 높은 수준의 구간에서 반등하는 U자형 비선형 관계를 나타냈다. 이는 질적 직무불안정성에 대한 고위협 구간에서 구성원이 직무유지를 위해 성과를 가치 입증의 수단으로 활용할 수 있음을 보여주는 것으로 해석될 수 있다. 둘째, 적응성과는 초기에는 하락하다가 질적 직무불안정성이 중간 수준 이후 높아질수록 하락세가 감소하는 완화된 부적 관계를 보였다. 이는 고도의 인지적 자원 이 요구되는 적응성과가 위협-경직성 및 자원 고갈과 결합 될 경우, 고위협 구간에서 적응성과의 반등이 제한될 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 직무불안정성의 스트레스 양면성을 실증하고, 위협 수준에 따라 성과 유형별 반응 궤적이 상이하게 나타남을 규명하였다는 점에서 학술적 의의를 갖는다. 아울러 금융권의 인적자원관리에 있어 모호한 직무 불안감 조성의 위험성과 성과 유형별 차별적 인력관리 전략의 필요성을 시사한다.

The proliferation of generative AI and the acceleration of digital transformation are driving job redesign and role restructuring within the financial industry. Consequently, employees may experience qualitative job insecurity, perceived as the threat of losing valued features of their jobs. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, this study examines the non-linear relationships between qualitative job insecurity and three dimensions of performance: task performance, organizational citizenship behavior directed at the organization (OCBO), and adaptive performance. Data were collected from 341 employees in the South Korean financial sector. The results reveal that the relationship between job insecurity and performance follows distinct trajectories depending on the performance type. First, task performance and OCBO exhibited a U-shaped non-linear relationship; they reached a nadir at moderate levels of insecurity and rebounded in the high-insecurity zone where the threat exceeded a critical threshold. This finding suggests that under high-threat conditions, employees may utilize performance as a strategic means of proving their value to secure their positions. Second, adaptive performance showed an attenuated negative relationship, initially declining steeply but decelerating in its downward trend as insecurity entered the high-threat zone. This implies that the potential for a rebound in adaptive performance, which demands high cognitive resources, is limited due to the combination of threat-rigidity effects and resource depletion. This study contributes to the literature by empirically demonstrating the dual nature of stress inherent in job insecurity and highlighting that response trajectories vary by performance type. Practically, the findings underscore the risks of fostering ambiguous job anxiety in human resource management within the financial sector and suggest the need for differentiated workforce strategies tailored to specific performance outcomes.

디지털 전환 추진과 함께 오늘날 기업의 많은 업무는 가상화(Virtualization)되어 가고 있다. 즉, 전통적으로 물리적 메커니즘을 통해 수행되었던 많은 업무 프로세스가 가상 환경으로 전환되고 있는 것이다. 그 어느 때 보다 빠른 속도로 가상화가 이루어지고 있는 가운데 본 연구의 연구질문은 ‘프로세스 가상화의 업무 성과에 미치는 영향요인은 무엇인가?’이다. 본 연구는 프로세스 가상화 이론(Process virtualization theory)을 바탕으로 기존에 간과되었던 사용자 특성을 함께 고려하고, 프로세스 가상화 성과를 측정하여 성공적인 업무 수행을 위한 포괄적인 메커니즘을 확인하고자 한다. 구체적으로, 업무 프로세스 특성과 사용자 특성이 업무 성과(Task performance)에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 한다. 또한 기술 특성이 이러한 관계를 어떻게 조절하는지에 대해 탐색하고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과는 기존의 프로세스 가상화 이론을 확장시킨다는 학문적 의의를 가질 뿐만 아니라 물리적 프로세스에서 가상프로세스로의 전환이 가속화되는 가운데 실제 업무환경에서도 의미 있는 시사점을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

본 연구는 구성원 간 긴밀한 협업이 요구되는 항공서비스산업의 맥락에서 팀-구성원 교환관계(TMX)가 직무 성과에 영향을 미치는 효과를 팀 구성원의 눈치파악과 눈치행동의 직렬 다중 매개효과를 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 효과를 검증하기 위하여 국내외 10개 항공사, 승무원 245명의 응답자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 분석결 과, 항공사 객실승무원의 팀-구성원 교환관계(TMX)와 직무성과 간의 정(+)의 관계를 확인할 수 있었으며, 눈치 파악 및 눈치행동의 정(+)의 매개효과, 그리고 눈치파악 후 눈치행동으로 이어지는 직렬 다중매개효과의 존재 를 확인하였다. 본 연구는 객실승무원의 업무성과에 중요한 TMX 문헌에 집단주의와 고맥락적 의사소통의 특 성을 지닌 ‘눈치’의 개념을 도입함으로써, 한국적 맥락에 맞춘 보다 현실적인 메커니즘을 규명하였다는 점에서 연구의 주된 의의가 있다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 이론적 실무적 시사점을 제시하며 본 연구가 갖는 한계 점, 향후 연구과제에 대하여 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of team-member exchange relationships (TMX) on job performance in the context of the aviation service industry, which requires close cooperation among members, with a focus on the serial multimedia effect of members’ Nunchi perception and behaviors. To validate the impact, response data from 245 flight attendants working at 10 local and international airlines were analyzed. The investigation confirmed the existence of a positive(+) association between the team-member exchange relationship (TMX) and airline cabin crew work performance, as well as the existence of a sequence of various mediating effects leading to Nunchi behavior following Nunchi perception. This study is significant because it discovered a more realistic mechanism customized to the Korean cultural background by integrating the notion of “Nunchi” with collectivism and high contextual communication features in TMX literature, which is vital for cabin crew work performance. Based on these findings, theoretical and practical consequences were offered, as well as the study’s limits and future research directions.

본 연구는 강원도 소재 초등학교와 대학교에 재학 중인 만 8-10세 저학년 학생 총 77명과 만 20세 이상의 대학생 남녀 총 50명을 대상으로 손 민첩성과 장악력 특성을 알아보고자 chopsticks manipulation test (CMT) 와 dymanomenter를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 만 8-10세 아동과 만 20-24세의 대학생 간의 젓가락 민첩성은 만 8세와 9세 아동 사이에서 유의한 차이를 보였고 장악력은 만 8세와 만 20-24세의 대학생에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 그리고 연구 대상자의 나이, 손 민첩성 및 장악력 간의 상관 분석에서 나이와 장악력은 양의 상관성을, 나이와 손 민첩성에서는 음의 상관성을 보였다. 이를 통해 만 8세 아동의 손 민첩성과 장악력 발달에 매우 중요한 시기로 이해할 수 있으며 이러한 결과는 정상 및 장애 아동의 손 기능 발달 및 융합적인 접근에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the hand dexterity and grip strength of 8-10 year elementary school children and 20-24 year college students. This study was conducted on 77 elementary school children aged 8-10 years old and 50 college students aged 20-24 years. The chopsticks manipulation test (CMT) and dymanomenter were used to evaluated hand dexterity and grip strength. In this study, the correlation between hand dexterity and grip strength, and the age, hand dexterity and grip strength of the subjects were compared. hand dexterity between 8-10 year old and 20-24 year old students were statistically different between 8 and 9 year olds, and the control was between 8 and 20-24 year old students. There were statistically significant differences. In addition, in the correlation between age, hand dexterity and grip strength, age and grip strength were positively correlated, and age and hand dexterity were negatively correlated. These results may contribute to the development of children 's hand function and the fusion approach.

This research is the preliminary study for development of narrative contents for improving reading skills and behavior controlling capabilities of children with ADHD. Microsoft's Kinect, a non-contact motion sensing device, and NeuroSky's MindWave, a BCI device, are connected to Unity 3D engine to capture user's motion and brainwaves, respectively. The given narrative contents interactively respond to children with ADHD while they are reading the contents and performing the given tasks presented in the behavior training game system. This study examines whether the contents are suitable for the first and second grader children. For this, The interaction with the contents is first observed by five adults and two children. Then the system is tested by three ordinary first graders. During the experiments, the children easily figure out the given texts and do what the game contents drive for the player to react. All three kids concentrate on the reading contents without leaving their seats for average 37 minutes. This experiment shows that the contents are properly designed for the first and second graders in terms of reading speed, reading completion time, complexity level, and task performance. Based on this experimental study, the interactive narrative contents will be used to conduct full-scale experiments with children with ADHD.

본 연구는 크게 세 가지 범주에서 수행되었다. 첫째, 목표지향성(학습목표지향성, 성과접근목표지향성, 성과회피목표지향성)과 직무수행(과업수행, 혁신수행)의 관계를 규명하였다. 둘째, 학습목표지향성과 성과접근목표지향성이 과업수행과 혁신수행에 미치는 차별적 영향력을 규명하였다. 셋째, 목표지향성과 직무수행간 학습동기와 직무동기의 매개효과를 규명하였다. 연구표본은 제주지역 서비스 업종 종사자를 대상으로 하였으며, 분석에 활용된 표본은 266명이다. 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학습목표지향성과 성과접근목표지향성은 과업수행, 혁신수행과 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 성과회피목표지향성은 이들 변수에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학습목표지향성은 혁신수행, 성과접근목표지향성은 과업수행에 더 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 학습동기는 학습목표지향성과 혁신수행 간의 관계에서 부분매개 효과가 있었고, 직무동기는 학습목표지향성과 과업수행간의 관계에서 완전매개, 성과접근목표지향성과 과업수행간의 관계에서 부분매개 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 다음과 같은 시사점을 가지고 있다. 첫째, 목표지향성과 직무수행간의 차별적 관계를 제시하여 조직의 선발 및 배치에 유용한 정보를 제공해 주고 있다. 둘째, 목표지향성과 직무수행간의 작용하는 매개 매커니즘을 밝혀 향후 이에 대한 활발한 연구가 진행될 수 있는 초석을 마련하였다.

This study examined the relationship of goal orientation and job performance. Next, the differential impact of learning goal orientation and performance approach goal orientation to job performance(innovative behavior and task performance) was investigated. The mechanism of mediation was examined how goal orientation and job performance were linked with job motivation and motivation to learn. The 266 samples came from employees working for service area in Jeju Consistent with previous research, learning and performance approach goal orientation were positively related to both outcome variables. The hypothesis on which differential impacts of learning and performance approach goal orientation were supported as expected. Job motivation had full mediation to learning goal orientation-task performance, and partial mediation to performance approach goal orientation-task performance. And motivation to learn had partial mediation to learning goal orientation-innovative behavior. The implications of this study are 1) reconfirmed the effect to task performance, 2) firstly examined the discriminance of two variables to job performance, 3) accounted for the mechanism how the relationship of goal orientation-job performance was mediated with job motivation and motivation to learn

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in perceived task performance, task importance, and educational needs for novice-level tasks among neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses with varying levels of clinical experience and to provide foundational data for developing systematic educational programs to strengthen the competencies of novice nurses. Methods: Participants were recruited from the NICUs of three hospitals?one university-affiliated hospital and two general hospitals located in Busan, South Korea. Using convenience sampling, 116 staff nurses with at least 3 months of NICU experience were surveyed between March and November 2025. For comparative analysis, participants were divided into three career groups based on their NICU experience: <3 years, 3?9 years, and ≥9 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and the Scheffe test with IBM SPSS ver. 25.0, and importance?performance analysis (IPA) was conducted to prioritize educational needs. Results: Across all career groups, the “direct nursing performance” domain showed the highest task performance. Novice nurses with <3 years of experience reported significantly higher performance in central line care and transfusion management than those with ≥9 years of experience. The IPA identified central line management, and transfusion management as priority areas for improvement, while vital sign monitoring, respiratory surveillance and discharge education for parents were common educational needs regardless of experience level. Conclusion: Educational programs for novice NICU nurses should focus on strengthening patient safety?related competencies and should be progressively structured with simulation and case-based learning to enhance clinical performance

As SNS use becomes prevalent, its effect on performance has received much attention. The previous literature takes either positive or negative views of SNS, arguing that it either decreases performance by taking time and effort away from work or increases performance by providing social benefits for enhancing performance. Since both can be true, this study conducts an experiment to investigate how SNS use during a task simultaneously disturbs and enhances its performance. For this purpose, this research adopts distraction-conflict theory, distinguishes the types of task as simple and complex, and analyzes data including electroencephalography data. The results overall suggest that, when doing a simple task, SNS use operates positively on performance due to the positive effect of psychological arousal. However, when doing a complex task, SNS use operates neither positively nor negatively because the negative effect of psychological arousal and the positive effect of reduced stress offset each other.

As the usage of smart phones increases, the characteristic of social interaction is changing. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of smart phones on the performance of communication and task-performance in temporary virtual teams using Media Synchronicity Theory (MST). „ccessibility‟is added to the model since it is a unique feature of smart phones. Task complexity moderates the positive relationship between media capabilities and performance. The familiarity of the media also influences the communication performance. This project is set to empirically test MST in a university setting. Consequently, this study provides opportunities for future research about smart phone‟ usability in virtual team projects and global organizations.

With the advent of communication technologies including electronic collaborative tools and conferencing systems provided over the Internet, virtual collaboration is becoming increasingly common in organizations. Virtual collaboration refers to an environment in which the people working together are interdependent in their tasks, share responsibility for outcomes, are geographically dispersed, and rely on mediated rather than face-to face, communication to produce an outcome. Research suggests that new sets of individual skill, knowledge, and ability (SKAs) are required to perform effectively in today’s virtualized workplace, which is labeled as individual virtual competence. It is also argued that use of online social networking sites may influence not only individuals’ daily lives but also their capability to manage their work-related relationships in organizations, which in turn leads to better performance. The existing research regarding (1) the relationship between virtual competence and task performance and (2) the relationship between online networking and task performance has been conducted based on different theoretical perspectives so that little is known about how online social networking and virtual competence interplay to predict individuals’ task performance. To fill this gap, this study raises the following research questions: (1) What is the individual virtual competence required for better adjustment to the virtual collaboration environment? (2) How does online networking via diverse social network service sites influence individuals’ task performance in organizations? (3) How do the joint effects of individual virtual competence and online networking influence task performance? To address these research questions, we first draw on the prior literature and derive four dimensions of individual virtual competence that are related with an individual’s self-concept, knowledge and ability. Computer self-efficacy is defined as the extent to which an individual beliefs in his or her ability to use computer technology broadly. Remotework self-efficacy is defined as the extent to which an individual beliefs in his or her ability to work and perform joint tasks with others in virtual settings. Virtual media skill is defined as the degree of confidence of individuals to function in their work role without face-to-face interactions. Virtual social skill is an individual’s skill level in using technologies to communicate in virtual settings to their full potential. It should be noted that the concept of virtual social skill is different from the self-efficacy and captures an individual’s cognition-based ability to build social relationships with others in virtual settings. Next, we discuss how online networking influences both individual virtual competence and task performance based on the social network theory and the social learning theory. We argue that online networking may enhance individuals’ capability in expanding their social networks with low costs. We also argue that online networking may enable individuals to learn the necessary skills regarding how they use technological functions, communicate with others, and share information and make social relations using the technical functions provided by electronic media, consequently increasing individual virtual competence. To examine the relationships among online networking, virtual competence, and task performance, we developed research models (the mediation, interaction, and additive models, respectively) by integrating the social network theory and the social learning theory. Using data from 112 employees of a virtualized company, we tested the proposed research models. The results of analysis partly support the mediation model in that online social networking positively influences individuals’ computer self-efficacy, virtual social skill, and virtual media skill, which are key predictors of individuals’ task performance. Furthermore, the results of the analysis partly support the interaction model in that the level of remotework self-efficacy moderates the relationship between online social networking and task performance. The results paint a picture of people adjusting to virtual collaboration that constrains and enables their task performance. This study contributes to research and practice. First, we suggest a shift of research focus to the individual level when examining virtual phenomena and theorize that online social networking can enhance individual virtual competence in some aspects. Second, we replicate and advance the prior competence literature by linking each component of virtual competence and objective task performance. The results of this study provide useful insights into how human resource responsibilities assess employees’ weakness and strength when they organize virtualized groups or projects. Furthermore, it provides managers with insights into the kinds of development or training programs that they can engage in with their employees to advance their ability to undertake virtual work.

혁신적 행동은 조직의 장기적인 생존을 위해 점점 더 중요해지고 있으며, 변화 지향적 리더십은 특히 구성원 의 혁신적 행동을 촉진하는 데 효과적이라고 주장되고 있다. 하지만 이 관계에 대한 실증적 증거가 부족하기 때 문에, 본 연구는 변화 지향적 리더십이 구성원의 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것에 중점을 두었다. 구체적으 로, 본 연구는 변화 지향적 리더십과 과업 성과 간의 관계에서 혁신적 행동의 매개 효과와 변화 지향적 리더십 과 혁신적 행동 간의 관계에서 심리적 임파워먼트의 조절 효과를 분석하였다. 동일방법편의(common method bias)를 해결하기 위해 3차에 걸쳐 설문지를 수집하였고, 연구 결과 심리적 임파워먼트는 변화 지향적 리더십과 혁신적 행동 간의 관계를 조절하며, 혁신적 행동은 변화 지향적 리더십과 과업 성과 간의 관계를 매개하는 것으 로 나타났다. 또한, 심리적 임파워먼트를 느끼는 개인이 변화 지향적 리더십을 인식할 때 혁신적 행동에 더 많이 참여할 가능성이 있다는 매개된 조절 효과가 발견되었다.

Innovative behavior is increasingly important for an organization’s long-term survival and change-oriented leadership has been argued to be particularly effective in engendering follower innovative behavior. Due to the lack of empirical evidence for this relationship, this study focuses on linking change-oriented leadership to follower performance outcomes. Specifically, the study explored how innovative behavior mediates the relationship between change-oriented leadership and task performance, as well as how psychological empowerment moderates the relationship between change-oriented leadership and innovative behavior. Data were gathered through a three-wave self-reported questionnaire conducted in South Korea. The study found psychological empowerment to moderate the relationship between change-oriented leadership and innovative behavior while innovative behavior mediated the relationship between change-oriented leadership and task performance. Moreover, the study found mediated moderation suggesting that individuals that feel empowered are more likely to engage in innovative behaviors when they perceive change-oriented leadership.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of laser-based neck sensorimotor training on cognitive dual-task gait performance in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: Twenty-four older adults were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 12). Both groups trained three times per week for six weeks. The experimental group performed laser-based neck sensorimotor training using a head-mounted laser device, whereas the control group performed a general neck exercise program. Outcome measures included the 10-Meter Walk Test under single-task and cognitive dual-task conditions, dual-task cost (DTC), the Timed Up and Go dual-task test (TUGdt), the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), and cervical movement sense error (MSE). Within-group changes were analyzed using the paired t-test, and between-group differences were analyzed using ANCOVA with baseline values as covariates. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in single-task gait speed, cognitive dual-task gait speed, DTC, TUGdt, FGA, and MSE after the intervention (all p < .001). The control group showed significant improvements in single-task gait speed and TUGdt (both p < .001), FGA (p = .003), and MSE (p = .034), whereas changes in cognitive dual-task gait speed (p = .386) and DTC (p = .831) were not significant. Between-group comparisons revealed significantly greater improvements in the experimental group for single-task gait speed, TUGdt, FGA, and MSE (all p < .001), cognitive dual-task gait speed (p = .006), and DTC (p = .003). Conclusion: Laser-based neck sensorimotor training demonstrated superior effects on cognitive dual-task gait performance, functional mobility, functional gait ability, and cervical movement sense in community-dwelling older adults relative to general neck exercise.

This study examined the effects of task complexity and language proficiency on L2 written narrative production based on the analyses of 52 written narratives produced by Japanese high school students under different task complexity conditions. Task complexity was manipulated along the proposed task complexity dimension of Here-and-Now vs. There-and-Then in Robinson (2001a, 2006). Language proficiency was defined as scores on the Michigan English Placement Test (MEPT). In order to investigate the effects of task complexity and proficiency, four modes of production metrics were employed as dependent variables: accuracy, structural complexity, lexical complexity and fluency. The results showed that the effects of task complexity and language proficiency were largely independent; however, there were signs of interactions particularly in the cases of accuracy and lexical complexity.