Earticle

중국국제상사법원(CICC)은 최고인민법원이 국제상사분쟁을 전문으로 다루는 상설 재판기관으로, 중국이 대외 개방과 대외 관련 상사재판시스템의 개혁을 추진하기 위한 중요한 기관이다. 그러나 운영과정에서 CICC는 기대한 만큼의 성과를 거두지 못했다. CICC 제도의 실효성을 어떻게 제고할 것인지가 CICC와 중국 대외 관련 상사재판제도 개혁의 중요한 과제가 되었다. 본 논문에서는 첫째, 중국국제상사법원에서 공개적으로 종결된 9건의 사건 통계를 통해 중국국제상사법원 운영의 제도 실효성을 평가하고, 중국국제상사법원의 제도 실효성이 부족한 문제점이 있음을 지적했다. 둘째, 중국국제 상사법원의 제도적 구조를 분석하고, 중국국제상사법원의 제도적 실효성 부족에 영향 을 미치는 구체적인 원인을 분석했다. 마지막으로 중국 국제상사법원의 제도적 효율성 부족 문제에 대한 해결책을 제시했다. 구체적으로 중국국제상사법원의 제도적 위상과 효율성을 합리적으로 기대할 수 있는 범위로 조정해야 하며, 즉 중화인민공화국 최고 인민법원 제4민사재판부에 상설 설치된 외국 관련 상사분쟁을 다루는 전문법원으로 자리매김해야 한다는 것이다. 이러한 포지셔닝에 따라 중국국제상사법원의 관할권과 권한을 합리적으로 구성하고 관할권, 국제상사문제전문가위원회, ‘원스톱’ 분쟁해결, 증거, 섭외사법권 확인, 판결문 추론 등 운영 메커니즘을 최적화하는 동시에 중국국제 상사법원의 해당 규범체계를 개선할 필요가 있다.

The China International Commercial Court (CICC) is a permanent trial body established by the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) specialising in international commercial disputes, which is an important initiative for China to promote a high-level opening-up pattern and reform of its foreign-related commercial trial system. However, in the course of operation, the China International Commercial Court has not achieved the expected results. How to enhance the effectiveness of the CICC system has become an important issue for the CICC and the reform of China’s foreign-related commercial trial system. In this paper, firstly, the statistics of nine cases that have been publicly concluded by China International Commercial Court are carried out to assess the system effectiveness in the operation of China International Commercial Court, and it is pointed out that there is the problem of insufficient system effectiveness in China International Commercial Court. Secondly, the institutional structure of the CICC is analysed, and the specific reasons affecting the lack of system effectiveness of the CICC are analysed. Finally, it proposes a solution to the problem of insufficient institutional efficiency of China International Commercial Courts. Specifically, the institutional positioning and effectiveness of the China International Commercial Court should be adjusted to a reasonably expected range, i.e., it should be positioned as a specialised court dealing with foreign-related commercial disputes, which is permanently set up by the Fourth Civil Trial Division of the Supreme People’s Court of the People’s Republic of China. In accordance with this positioning, the jurisdiction and authority of the China International Commercial Court should be reasonably configured, and its operational mechanisms, such as its jurisdiction, the Committee of Experts on International Commercial Matters, ‘one-stop’ dispute resolution, evidence, identification of extraterritoriality, and reasoning of adjudicatory documents, etc., should be optimised, while at the same time improving the corresponding normative system of the China International Commercial Court.

中国国际商事法庭是最高人民法院设立的专门处理国际商事纠纷的常设审判机构， 是中国推进高水平对外开放格局和涉外商事审判制度改革的重要举措。然而，在运行过 程中，中国国际商事法庭并没有达到预期效果。如何提升中国国际商事法庭制度效能， 成为中国国际商事法庭和中国涉外商事审判制度改革的重要问题。本文首先对中国国际 商事法庭已公开审结的9个案件进行统计，评估中国国际商事法庭运行中的制度效能， 指出中国国际商事法庭存在制度效能不足的问题。其次，对中国国际商事法庭的制度结 构进行解析，分析影响中国国际商事法庭制度效能不足的具体原因。最后，对中国国际 商事法庭制度效能不足的问题提出解决方案。具体而言，将中国国际商事法庭的制度定 位和效能调整至合理预期范围，即将其定位为中华人民共和国最高人民法院民事审判第 四庭常设的处理涉外商事纠纷的专门法庭。根据该定位，合理配置中国国际商事法庭的 管辖范围和权限，优化其管辖、国际商事专家委员会、“一站式”争议解决方式、证据、 域外法查明和裁判文书说理等运行机制，与此同时，完善中国国际商事法庭相应的规范 体系。

Purpose: Based on the frequency of postembolization syndrome (PES) after transarterial chemoembolization(TACE), early detection and management of symptoms should be standardized and can besupported by a clinical decision support system (CDSS). This study aims to develop a CDSS for PES afterTACE and evaluate its effectiveness. Methods: CDSS was developed through phases of intelligence, design, selection, and implementationusing machine learning. A randomized controlled trial with a non-synchronized pre- and post-test wasemployed to test its effectiveness. Interventions included a handbook developed by the researchers forthe control group (n ¼ 8) and a smartphone-based CDSS for PES management as well as the handbook forthe experimental group (n ¼ 10) for 6 weeks. Symptom management and barriers, patient-centeredcaring attitude, and comfort care competence were evaluated at pre-intervention, immediately postintervention,and 8 weeks post-intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ManneWhitney U, Chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The CDSS primarily exhibited the ability to provide risk prediction for PES and care recommendationsfor symptom management. The evaluation of the CDSS effects revealed that while it changednursing practice over a relatively short period of time, it did not change attitudes or competencies. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the machine learning-based CDSS improved decision-makingaccuracy and efficiency in clinical settings. The development and implementation of the CDSS can offernurses a tangible tool to enhance symptom management and reduce barriers for patients receiving TACE.

Climate change has worsened droughts and floods, and created conditions more likely to lead to pathogen contamination of surface water and groundwater. Thus, there is a growing need to disinfect livestock water. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely accepted as an appropriate method for disinfecting livestock water, as it does not produce hazardous chemical compounds and kills pathogens. However, UV-based disinfection inevitably consumes electricity, so it is necessary to improve UV disinfection effectiveness. Aluminum-based reflective nanolens arrays that enhanced the effectiveness of a continuous-flow UV water disinfection system were developed using electrochemical and chemical processes, including electropolishing and two-step anodization. A continuous UV disinfection system was custom designed and the parts were produced using a three-dimensional printer. Electropolished aluminum was anodized at 40 and 80 V in 0.3 M oxalic acid, at 120 and 160 V in 1.0 M phosphoric acid, and at 200 and 240 V in 1.5 M citric acid. The average nanolens diameters (D) of the aluminum-based reflective nanolens arrays prepared using 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 240 V anodization were 95.44, 160.98, 226.64, 309.90, 296.32, and 339.68 nm, respectively. Simple UV reflection behind irradiated water disinfected Escherichia coli O157:H7 in water more than did the non-reflective control. UV reflection and focusing behind irradiated water using an aluminum-based reflective nanolens array disinfected E. coli O157:H7 more than did simple UV reflection. Such enhancement of the UV disinfection effectiveness was significantly effective when a nanolens array with D 226.64 nm, close to the wavelength of the irradiated UV (254 nm), was used.

Software systems are widely spreading throughout and moving towards autonomic environment. Self-managing systems are designed so that they make adaptive decisions and are self-governing, self-directed and self-adapting. Self-managed systems are classified into basic requirements of self-configuration, self-protecting, self-healing and self-optimizing by IBM. Most of fact-findings has been taken out on implementation and benefits of self-managed systems. Some work on the evaluation of self-managed systems has been done. In this re-search work, seven metrics given by Claudia are applied on self-managed operating system proposed by previous researchers and induce a new monitoring module which will help in measuring the effectiveness of self-healing operating system.

도로 주행에서는 기하구조나, 일기, 야간 등 여러 가지 조건에 따라 교통사고가 빈번히 발생된다. 본 연구는 교통사고가 빈번히 발생되는 위험구간에 안전표시등을 설치하고, 이를 상시 모니터링하 여 자동 제어할 수 있는 원격모니터링시스템을 개발하였다. 시스템은 윈도우 기반으로 무선통신과 연결하여 운용하고, 지역제어기와 도로교통 안전표시등을 원격 제어하여 실시간 중계되도록 GIS 기법을 적용하여 개발함으로써 시스템 운용상태를 분석하였다. 현장에 설치된 안전표시등의 배터리 와 솔라셀의 운용상태를 분석한 결과 평상시는 잘 운용되다가 겨울철에는 낮은 기온으로 10∼20% 의 성능이 저하되는 것으로 나타나 발전용량을 늘리거나 전력소비를 줄여 운용해야 하는 것으로 분석되었다.

While driving on the road, traffic accidents occur frequently affected by various conditions such as road geometry, weather and nighttime. This study installed safety indicators in the danger zones where frequent traffic accidents occur and developed a remote monitoring system enabling automatic control at all times. The system is connected to wireless communication based on window OS and relayed in real time by remote control of the local controller and road traffic safety indicator, and the operational status of the system was analyzed using GIS technique. According to the results of analysis of the operational status of battery and solar cell in safety indicator installed in the field, it was found to operate well during normal condition but the performance was reduced by 10~20% during winter time due to the low temperature. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to expand power generation capacity or reduce power consumption.

본 연구는 대학 신입생을 위한 학자금대출제도와 대학선택 간의 관계를 이론적으로 분석하고 자 한다. 만약 신입생을 위한 정부의 금융지원제도 중 학자금대출제도의 제약이 없다면 학생 들은 소득수준에 상관없이 능력과 희망에 따라 대학 진학을 선택할 것이다. 하지만 대학별로 대출 자체에 대한 제한이 있거나 및 대출이 가능한 경우라하더라도 대출조건에 제약이 존재한 다면 대학진학을 희망하는 학생들이 직접 금융시장을 통해 교육자금을 대출받거나 그것도 불 가능할 경우 대학진학을 포기해야만 한다. 이러한 문제의식으로 학자금대출제도가 대학 신입 생의 대학진학 선택에 중요한 요인임을 상기하며, 학자금대출제도가 대학 신입생의 대학진학 선택과 졸업 후 교육투자를 통한 개인의 효용증대에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 확인하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 학자금대출의 가능 여부와 함께 학자금대출제도의 제약이 존재하는 경우 대학선택에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하기 위하여 정부지원 학자 금대출 및 금융시장을 통한 개인의 교육자금대출에 의한 교육투자 효용극대화 모형을 설정하 고 각 경우에 대한 이론적 분석을 시도하였다. 분석결과 대출제약이 없는 최적의 교육투자 모 형에서 교육투자에 대한 기대효용이 가장 크게 확인되었으며, 정부지원 학자금대출의 경우가 금융시장을 통한 개인의 교육자금대출의 효과에 비해 더 높은 효용이 발생할 수 있음이 확인 되었다.

Purpose : This study aims to theoretically analyze the relationship between the student loan system for college freshmen and college choice. Research design, data, methodology : To check the educational investment of the student loan system, we set up an individual utility function and attempted a theoretical analysis through utility maximization. Results : The analysis shows that the expected utility of education investment is highest in the optimal education investment baseline model with no borrowing constraints. The analysis also shows that government-backed student loans can generate higher utility than private student loans through financial markets. Conclusions : The student loan system is an important determinant of college choice for first-generation college students, and the educational benefits of student loans are even greater when there are no borrowing constraints.

Body The purpose of this study is to examine the direction of disaster management by administration change in Korea and identify factors that could accommodate the public's demand for an effective disaster management system. Keyword network analysis is conducted for the 3rd and 4th National Emergency Management Plan to explore the changes in the direction of disaster management policies. Through the analysis, topic words, their frequency, and matrixes for co-occurrence between keywords are extracted. Based on the extracted matrix, the degree centrality (connectivity of keywords) is identified and cluster analysis has been conducted afterward. The findings show that education training, on-site disaster response, improvement of legal system, professional training, and cooperation among related agencies are detected as key topic words. The direction of the plan is also changing to cope with the unexpected disaster situation due to the climate change.

생물다양성협약(CBD) 제7차 당사국총회에서 채택된 보호지역실행프로그램(PoWPA)은 당사국들에게 그들의 보호지역에 대한 관리효과성 평가 수행을 권고하고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 생물다양성협약의 권고사항 이행과 더불어 한국 보호지역시스템에 대한 진단 및 관리 개선을 위한 권고사항을 도출하고자 하였다. 평가 대상지는 환경부에서 관 할하고 있는 국립공원, 생태경관보전지역, 습지보호지역, 야생동식물특별보호지역 총 39개소(6,898 km2)를 대상으로 하 였다. 평가는 2가지 차원에서 수행되었는데 39개 보호지역(한국 보호지역의 면적 대비 40%정도)에 대한 개별 평가와 한국보호지역시스템에 대한 평가가 이뤄졌으며, 시스템 평가는 국제전문가들과 함께 현장조사, 관리자 및 이해관계자 인터뷰, 문헌검토 등을 통해 수행되었다. 평가 결과 개별 보호지역이 국제적으로 잘 관리되고 있었으며, 거버넌스와 행 정부분이 다른 나라에 비해 상대적으로 강점으로 나타났고, 생물다양성보호와 자연자연관리에 대한 조화와 협력 부분 이 상대적으로 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 비전과 계획 부분이 특히 강하며, 전반적인 국민의 높은 지지가 매우 인 상적이지만, 다른 여러 나라들과 마찬가지로 지역사회협력 부분이 약한 것으로 나타났다. 보호지역의 관리를 개선하기 위한 10가지 주요 권고사항은 보전을 위한 지역적 접근 강화, 보호지역시스템계획 강화, 기관간 통합적 관리 개선, 지 역사회와 협력 개선, 이해관계자와 협력 강화, 지방정부와의 협력 개선, 인력관리 재고, 재원 다양화, 연구과제 다양화, 자연자원과 문화자원의 관리 조화 개선 등이다.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA), which was adopted in CoP-7 in 2004, calls on countries to undertake assessments of the effectiveness of management of their protected areas (PA). The objectives of this study are to implement a recommendation of PoWPA, to review the current management status of PA system, and to find out some recommendations for the better management of protected areas in Korea. Assessment Sites are 39 protected areas (6,898 km2) managed under Ministry of Environment which are National parks, Ecosystem & landscape conservation areas, Wetland protected areas, and Wildlife special protected areas. The assessment was conducted at two levels: a site assessment of 39 protected areas, representing about 40% by area of the Korean PA system and a system-level assessment conducted by an international review team incorporating field visits, interviews with staff and stakeholders and review of relevant documentation. The assessment results generally show that individual protected areas are well managed on any international comparison. Governance and administration appears to be relatively stronger in Korea than in other countries, however harmonization and coordination of biodiversity protection and natural resource management remains relatively weaker. Korea also appears to be particularly strong in vision and planning. Korea’s trend toward increasingly high levels of overall public approval is globally impressive; however, as is the case in the rest of the world, community engagement at local levels remains weak and problematic. Ten key recommendations for improving management were to develop a more regional approach to conservation, strengthen PA system planning, better integrate management across agencies within Korea, improve local community relations, enhance interaction with stakeholders, improve integration with regional government, review staff management practices, diversify the funding base, broaden the focus of internal research work and better harmonize natural and cultural resource management.

This study explores the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilita-tion (PNF) exercises combined with a virtual reality (VR) motion capture system and concurrent feedback (CF) on early shoulder muscle activa-tion in healthy individuals. Thirty healthy participants sequentially per-formed three PNF diagonal 2 shoulder exercises: PNF alone, PNF with VR (PNF+VR), and PNF with VR and CF (PNF+VR+CF), with the latter two exercises presented in randomized order. Using wireless surface elec-tromyography and 3-dimensonal (3D) inertial measurement units, the activation of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), infraspinatus (INF), and serratus anterior (SA) muscles, as well as shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation range of motion, were recorded during three exercises. INF and LT muscles were activated earlier in abduction and flexion during PNF+VR and PNF+VR+CF exercises than in PNF alone (P<0.05). These muscles were also activated during the early external rotation phase during PNF alone (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in UT and SA muscle activation among PNF alone, PNF+VR, and PNF+VR+CF exercises (P>0.05). Integrating VR gaming elements and CF into PNF shoulder exercises may promote ear-ly muscle activation, offering a promising approach for advanced reha-bilitation strategies that can potentially improve patient outcomes. VR motion capture systems have the potential to transform traditional ther-apeutic approaches by increasing enjoyment and engage

본 연구는 상황론적 관점에서 효과적인 정보공유와 시스템통합이 기업성과에 미치는 영향요소에 대해 이론적 모델을 제시하고 실증분석을 위한 명제를 개발하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저 본 연구에서는 기업의 정보공유에 영향을 주는 대표적인 3가지의 상황요소를 제시하였는데, 각각 권력거리, 신뢰 그리고 채널 구조이다. 이를 바탕으로 이러한 상황요소들이 어떻게 기업이 가지고 있는 정보공유와 시스템통합과 기업성과간의 관계를 조절하는지 분석하고 이론적 모델과 명제를 제시하였다. 그 결과 상황요소를 고려한 3가지 유형의 통합적 효과를 제시하였다: 1) No Information Sharing & No System Coordination, 2) Partial/ Full Information Sharing & No System Coordination, 3) Full Information Sharing & System Coordination. 본 논문은 정보공유가 기업성과에 기여하기 위해서는 기업내외부에 존재하는 상황적 요소와 정보공유 및 시스템 통합의 유형간의 적절성이 중요함을 시사하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 차후 연구를 제시하였다.

The current study explores the effectiveness of information sharing and system coordination in a supply chain from the contingency perspective. This study suggests three contingency variables, power difference, trust, and channel structure. We have developed a theoretical framework and propositions linking information sharing and system coordination to firm performance with key moderating factors. The paper argues that the fit between the suggested contingency variables and the type of information sharing and system coordination would bring superior performance to both suppliers and buyers. The implications and future research issues are discussed.

대형화⋅복잡화된 도시에서 화재 발생시, 골든타임 내 출동하지 못하면 대규모 인명 및 재산 피해가 발생하게 된다. 소방차 출동 시 불법주정차로 인해 골든타임 내 도착이 어렵고 이를 개선하기 위해 선 강제처분이 필요하다. 본 연구는 소방차 출동 시 강제처분 수행에 대한 효과를 분석하였다. 불법 주정차량은 도로에 영향을 끼쳐 소방차 진입이 어렵다는 가정 하에 연구를 진행하였고, System Dynamics-GIS 모델을 활용하여 영향을 분석하였다. GIS에서 4m 도로 제거 여부에 따라 2개의 시나 리오로 네트워크를 분석하였고, System Dynamics 모델링 후 네트워크 분석 결과를 입력하여 강제처 분 전후의 소방차 출동거리를 분석하였다. 이를 바탕으로 강제처분 전후의 거리에 따른 피해량 변화 (△D)를 도출하고 GIS상에서 지도로 표출하였다. 분석 결과에 따르면 불법주정차가 있을시 출동거 리가 평균 28.45% 증가하였고, 강제처분 수행 시 출동거리가 평균 22.15% 감소하였다. 이를 반영한 피해량은 약 10%로 정도가 감소되었다. 본 연구의 결과로 소방관의 강제처분 수행력 고취 및 세부지 침 수립의 근거자료로 사용될 수 있다.

If a fire in a large and complex city cannot be suppressed in time, large-scale life and property damage may occur. This study analyzed the effect of compulsory execution on the dispatch of a fire truck. The assumption was that illegal parking affects roads and makes it challenging for fire trucks to enter, and the effects were analyzed using System Dynamics-GIS model. The network was analyzed according to whether or not illegal parking was performed. After modeling the system dynamics, the network analysis results were input to analyze the dispatch distance of fire trucks before and after the forced disposal. Based on this, the change in damage amount(△D) according to the distance before and after the compulsory execution was derived and expressed as a map on GIS. According to the results, the dispatch distance 28.45% increased when illegal parking cars were present, while the dispatch distance and damage amount 22.15%, 10% decreased when compulsory execution was carried out. The results of this study can serve as a basis for inspiring the performance of compulsory execution and establishing detailed guidelines.

전 세계적으로 온도상승이 가속화 되는 가운데, 우리나라 서울의 경우 면적당 무더위쉼터 비율이 전국 1위인데도 불구하고 여름철 온열 환자 수는 상승세에 있다. 본 연구는 서울시 폭염 취약계층의 무더위쉼터 이동성 확보를 위해 System Dynamics-GIS 모델을 이용하여 셔틀 운영의 효과를 분석하 였다. 모델링에 사용된 공간정보는 서울시 동별 취약계층 인구, 무더위쉼터(수용인원, 위치), DEM 데이터이며 GIS의 공간분석을 통해 모델링에 최적화된 형태로 가공하여 System Dynamics에 입력하 였다. 입력된 공간정보를 기반으로 Stock Flow 모델을 설계하여 취약계층의 대피율에 따라 폭염 노출률(Exposure Rate)이 감소하는 추세를 시계열적으로 분석하였다. 시나리오는 셔틀을 운행하지 않을 경우(Scenario 0), 운행할 경우(Scenario 1), 운행과 함께 효율적인 셔틀 분배를 수행할 경우 (Scenario 2)로 구성하였고, 각각의 취약계층 폭염 노출률은 83.5%, 74%, 59.58%로 나타났다. 셔틀 운영에 의한 취약계층의 폭염 노출률은 최대 23.92% 수치만큼 감소하였으며, 해당 결과는 시 단위로 셔틀 운영 관련 정책 수립 시 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Amid the accelerating rise in temperature worldwide, the number of summer heat patients continues to increase despite the nation's No. 1 rank in terms of ratio of heat shelters per area in Seoul. This study analyzed the effect of shuttle operations using the System Dynamics-GIS model to secure the mobility of cooling shelters for the vulnerable population in Seoul. To input into the System Dynamics model, spatial information consisting of the vulnerable population for each Dong in Seoul, cooling shelter (capacity, location), and DEM data were analyzed in GIS. By designing a stock-flow model based on the spatial input information, the pattern of decrease of the heat wave exposure rate according to the evacuation rate of the vulnerable was analyzed in time series. The scenarios consisted of not operating a shuttle bus (Scenario 0), operating a shuttle bus (Scenario 1), and efficient shuttle distribution with the operation (Scenario 2). The heat wave exposure rates of each scenario were 83.5%, 74%, and 59.58%. The heat wave exposure rate of the vulnerable group due to shuttle operations has decreased by as much as 23.92%, and this study’s results can serve as primary data when establishing policies related to shuttle operations.

In recent years, as the greenhouse effect has become severe, the scale of common natural disasters such as floods and rainstorms has constantly set new historical records. The purpose of this study is to derive factors affecting the effectiveness of the disaster management resources system through empirical analysis. In order to achieve this research purpose, this study surveyed the perception of disaster management resources between local government disaster management servants and fire fighters, and regression analysis was conducted through the SPSS program to analyze the relationship between effectiveness and influencing factors. As a result of the study, the factors affecting the effectiveness of the disaster management resources system are laws & regulations, organization, cooperation, and continuity of operation plan. Therefore, it is deemed necessary to consider the enactment and revision of laws and regulations, strengthening the cooperation system, and establishing a continuity of operation plan for disaster management resources system in the future.

본 연구는 기후변화로 인한 지구 온도 상승과 도시 지역에서 말벌 증가라는 사회적 문제에 초점을 맞추고, 소방인력 부족 상황에서 의용소방대의 효과를 System Dynamics-GIS 모델을 사용하여 시뮬레이 션하였다. 시뮬레이션에서는 Monte Carlo 방법을 사용하였으며, 그 결과로 화재 피해와 의용소방대 미투 입 시 벌집 피해, 의용소방대 투입 시 벌집 피해 등이 도출되었다. 시뮬레이션 종료 시점(600초)에서 평균 화재 피해는 27.18이었다. 의용소방대 미투입 시 평균 벌집 피해는 15.12였으며, 투입 시에는 4.88로 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 분석해 보면, 의용소방대 미투입 시 벌집 피해는 화재 피해의 55.63%에 해당하며, 투입 시에는 17.95%로 줄어든다. 이는 의용소방대 투입으로 벌집 피해가 67.72% 감소하였다는 것을 의미한다. 이 연구의 결과는 소방인력 부족 상황에서 의용소방대의 효과를 정량적으로 분석하여 관련 소방정책 수립 시 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

This research examines the societal challenges posed by global warming and the proliferation of wasps in urban settings. It also investigates the impact of volunteer firefighters during times of firefighter shortages using a System Dynamics-GIS model. The study employs the Monte Carlo method for simulation, focusing on fire damage, beehive damage with and without volunteer firefighter involvement. After 600 seconds, the simulation revealed that average fire damage was 27.18. Beehive damage averaged at 15.12 without volunteer firefighter assistance, but this figure dropped to 4.88 with their aid. Analysis shows that beehive damage constituted 55.63% of fire damage without volunteer intervention, and only 17.95% with it. This translates to a 67.72% decrease in beehive damage due to volunteer firefighter efforts. These findings provide a quantitative assessment of the role of volunteer firefighters in scenarios of firefighter scarcity and offer critical data for developing relevant firefighting strategies.

본 연구는 교정교화사업의 효과성에 대한 국내외 실증연구를 광범위하게 검토함으로써 우리나라 교정교화사업이 성공적으로 뿌리내리는데 기여하고자 했다. 교정교화의 개념적 발달과정과 이론적 토대에 대해 살펴보고, 교정교화사업의 유형과 범죄자의 특성을 중심으로 문헌분석을 실시한 결과, 처벌위주의 정책에 비해 교정교화사업이 훨씬 효과적인 대안임을 알 수 있었다. 그 가운데서도 다체계 치료법(Multisystemic Therapy : MST)과 종교기반 프로그램(Faith-Based Programs) 등이 재범률(재복역율) 감소에 가장 성공적인 것으로 드러났는바, 이와 같이 효과적인 정책들의 공통점은 범죄자 개인사에 대한 탐구를 통해 개별 특성을 파악한 후 심리적이고 환경적인 치유를 동시에 진행하는 것, 즉 개별화 접근이 핵심이었다. 사회학습이론이 주장하는 것처럼 교정교화사업이 소기의 성과를 거두기 위해서는 범죄자의 사고방식을 긍정적으로 변화시키는 것이 중요했는바, 이를 위해서는 학자들과 교정행정관들에게 장기적 관점에서 개별화된 전략을 지속 수행할 수 있는 깊은 지식과 강한 책임감이 요구되었다. 비록 우리 국민의 정서가 범죄에 관대한 것을 매우 꺼려하지만 이에 편승해 단기적이고 임시적인 처방에만 의존하는 접근법은 피해야 하며 반드시 서구와 같은 증거기반 운영이 정착되어야 한다는 결론에 이르게 되었다.

This study made a comprehensive review of empirical research on the effectiveness of offender rehabilitation to contribute to the successful settlement of Korean rehabilitation policy. The review of conceptualization, underlying theory, and past studies of rehabilitation revealed sufficient evidence to claim that rehabilitation is the most effective intervention strategy, as opposed to its punitive counterparts. Some models of rehabilitative intervention such as Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and Faith- Based Programs have been proved to be particularly successful in reducing recidivism. The key element of the success appeared to be an individualized approach that considers each offender’s unique pathways to criminal behavior and improves his/her life both internally and environmentally. As the social learning theory posits, it is crucial that offenders change their cognitive processes in a positive direction, which is what must be secured by any rehabilitation program to be successful. To this end, scholars and practitioners need to have a strong professional knowledge and responsibility to keep administering long-term individualized tactics, which proved not only effective but even more efficient than short-term temporary expedient, particularly prevalent in Korea. This way the evidence-based practice of rehabilitation is to be settled in Korea in spite of public fear against softness on crime.

목적: 본 연구에서는 헤어 미용 일학습병행제 학습근로자들의 긍정적 스트로크가 자아존중감, 고객지향성, 조직유효성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고, 자아존중감이 고객지향성과 조직유효성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 이러한 연구를 통해 긍정적 스트로크와 자아존중감을 갖춘 전문인으로 교육 훈련하기 위한 프로그램 개발에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하고 헤어 미용 일학습병 행제 학습근로자의 경쟁력을 높이는데 그 목적이 있다. 방법: 20대 헤어 미용 일학습병행제 학습근로자를 대상으로 설문지법을 통 해 수집된 자료 300부는 SPSS 22.0을 사용하여 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 요인분석, 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 일학습병행제 학 습근로자의 긍정적 스트로크가 자아존중감, 조직유효성, 고객지향성에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 자아존중감이 조 직유효성, 고객지향성에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 연구 결과에 따른 시사점으로는 첫째, 긍정적 스트로크를 높일 수 있는 교육 프로그램이나 상담 프로그램을 도입할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 현장에서는 일방적 지시 업무가 아닌 상호 신뢰적 관 계 형성을 위한 수용적, 개방적인 업무운영의 필요가 있다. 또한 학교에서는 주입식 교육이 아닌 학습조직문화를 활성화할 수 있는 다양한 교육훈련 지원정책을 수립하고 실행해야 한다. 셋째, 문화활동을 할 수 있도록 시간과 비용을 지원하여 긍정적 사고를 키울 수 있도록 해야 한다.

Purpose: This study investigated how positive strokes toward trainees in the hair beauty work-study system affected their self-esteem, customer orientation, and organizational effectiveness. This study provides the basic data necessary for the development of a professional education and training program, including positive strokes to improve self-esteem and to increase the competitiveness of trainees on the work-study parallel system with a hair major. Methods: Data were collected from the 300 completed questionnaires, made for trainees in their 20s, on a hair beauty work-study parallel system, and subjected to frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS 22.0. Results: The work-learning parallel system indicated that the positive strokes toward trainees had a significant effect on their self-esteem, organizational effectiveness, and customer orientation. Moreover, self-esteem had a significant effect on organizational effectiveness and customer orientation. Conclusion: First, the introduction of educational or counseling programs that can increase positive strokes is required. Second, receptive and open business operations to form mutually trusting relationships are needed rather than unilaterally directed work. In addition, schools should establish and implement various education and training support policies that can revitalize organizational learning culture rather than infusion education. Third, we need time and money so that we can engage in cultural activities that develop and support positive thinking.

目的: 本研究旨在了解用济州熔岩水发酵的当归中草药根提取物在抑制人皮肤成纤维细胞中的胶原酶中的作 用，并确定引起其抑制作用的主要活性化合物。方法: 通过在济州熔岩水中低温发酵制备归中草药根提取物， 并使用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析以鉴定这些发酵根提取物中的主要活性成分。进行水溶性四唑盐（WST- 1）测定和实时聚合酶链反应（qRT-PCR），以研究细胞活力和胶原酶基因的表达水平。使用归中草药根提取 物和decursin进行了比较实验，以确认胶原酶表达的下调并分析它们之间的相关性。结果: HPLC分析表明， decursin是归中草药根提取中的主要活性化合物。通过WST-1分析获得的数据显示，对归中草药根提取的浓度 为200μg/ mL，对decursin的浓度为<20μM时，对人皮肤成纤维细胞没有任何细胞毒性。 qRT-PCR分析显示， 归中草药根提取和decursin下调了人类皮肤成纤维细胞中基质金属蛋白酶3（MMP3 ）基因的表达。结论: 这些 分析表明，用济州熔岩水发酵的当归中草药根提取物以及从这些提取物中分离出的decursin具有很大的潜力， 可在化妆品中用作功能性抗皱剂。

본 연구는 피평가자 관점에서 인사평가 효과성의 구성개념을 밝히고, 인사평가제도를 운용하는 조직에서 준거로서 활용할 수 있는 측정도구를 제시하고자 하였다. 피평가자 관점의 인사평가 효과성은 태도와 관련된 개념이므로 방법편향의 영향을 감안하기 위해서 정서적 성격특성과 상사에 의한 실제 인사평가 점수도 분석하였다. 이 연구는 3회에 걸친 일련의 연구를 통하여 평가효과성에 관한 측정도구를 조정하면서 평가효과성 개념의 구조를 검증하였다. 연구 1에서는 파일럿 연구로 다양한 조직의 근로자를 대상으로 평가반응으로 일반적으로 활용되는 공정성을 측정하여 일반적인 공정성 연구의 세 요인이 도출되는지 분석한 후에, 전자부품 기술직 근로자를 대상으로 분배 및 절차 공정성, 정확성, 유용성, 평가만족 등 5개의 평가효과성 차원을 검증하였다. 5요인 모형과 5요인을 아우르는 고차요인 모형을 검증한 결과 두 모형 모두 양호하나 5요인 모형이 좀 더 적합한 구조로 나타났다. 또한 정서적 성격특성의 방법편향도 함께 고려한 분석에서는 방법편향이 유의미한 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 2에서는 전자부품 기술직 경력사원을 대상으로 5개 요소의 구조를 다시 확인하여 연구 2와 유사한 요인구조를 확인하였다. 이 연구에서는 상사에 의한 인사평가 점수가 평가효과성 개념구조에 영향을 주는지도 확인하였으며, 측정모형과 구조모형 모두에 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 3에서는 본 연구의 개념과 측정도구가 다양한 조직에 일반화가 가능한지 반복검증하고, 평가효과성의 차원 중 평가만족 차원을 제도만족과 회기만족 등 두 차원으로 세분화하여 6개 차원에 해당하는 척도로 구성개념을 확인하였다. 다양한 조직의 근로자를 대상으로 한 이 연구의 결과는 6요인 구조의 적합성을 확인하였으며, 연구 1 및 연구 2와 유사하게 6요인 고차요인 구조보다 더 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 20문항으로 구성된 인사평가효과성의 측정도구를 제안하고, 이 측정도구와 관련된 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct of performance evaluation effectiveness from evaluatee's perspective and to suggest its measurement tool for organizations to use it as a criterion of the performance system effectiveness. As the performance evaluation effectiveness from evaluatee's perspective is associated with attitudinal aspect that may be influenced by common method variances, the current study also included in the examination the emotional aspect of personality and the actual performance ratings appraised by supervisors. Through the three sub-studies in total, this research have tested the structure of the performance evaluation effectiveness construct by calibrating the measurement tool each time. Study 1 has started with a pilot research using a sample from various organizations, in which an initial measurement tool with procedural and distributive justice dimensions was set up, with an elimination of the interactional justice due to the unclear dimensional identity. The main analysis of study 1 was conducted using a sample from an electronic part production organization to test the five-dimensional structure of the performance evaluation effectiveness in which two justice dimensions, accuracy, utility, and satisfaction dimensions were included. The study examined a 5-factor model and a model of higher-order structure with the 5 factors under it. Although both models showed good fit indices, the 5-factor model was found as slightly better-fitted model. In the additional examination that included the method variance by emotional personality, the personality did not produce method bias to the structure of the construct. Study 2 was to re-examine the structure of the evaluation effectiveness construct, in which the 5-factor model fit was confirmed similar to study 1. In this study the actual performance record rated by supervisor was also examined to test if it affects as a significant method variance. The results showed that the actual performance had significant effects on both measurement model and structure model as well. In study 3, the construct and the measures were examined in terms of the generalizability across various organizations, as well as the satisfaction dimension was delved into more specifically by dividing it to system satisfaction and session satisfaction. The results of the study using a sample from various organizations confirmed the goodness-of-fit of the 6-factor structure, similar to the findings in study 1 and study 2. Suggestions for future research and practical implications were provided based on the findings.

Background : Closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs) are recommended in the US, Europe, and Japan, to reduce the risks associated with the compounding of anticancer drugs. However their high cost limits their use in South Korea. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of CSTD use in reducing leakage, compounding time, and user satisfaction compared to traditional compounding devices for in jectable antineoplastic agents in a tertiary hospital. Methods : Needle compounding was compared with two closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs), CSTD A and CSTD B, from different companies that utilize distinct methods. Four pharmacists compounded cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin, employing CSTD A’s multi vial adaptor exclusively for doxorubicin. Drug leakage onto gloves, the compounding board, and IV bags was analyzed using liquid chromatogra phy-tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, satisfaction surveys were completed by four pharmacists and six nurses, employing a 5-point scale. The Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.05) was used to compare leakage and preparation time. Results : For cyclophosphamide, needle compounding showed more leakage than CSTD A on the com pounding board (257.54 vs. 0.09 ng/cm2) and IV bags (29.33 vs. 0 ng/cm2). It also showed more leakage than CSTD B on gloves (550.64 vs. 0.07 ng/cm2) and the compounding board (257.54 vs. 0 ng/cm2). For doxorubicin, needle compounding had significantly more leakage on the compounding board compared to CSTD A (9.88 vs. 0 ng/cm2), whereas CSTD B displayed more leakage than needle compounding on the compounding board (12.13 vs. 9.88 ng/cm2) and IV bags (52.79 vs. 0 ng/cm2), although this difference was not statistically significant. Needle compounding was faster than both CSTDs for both cyclophospha mide and doxorubicin. Pharmacists favored CSTD A (4.01), while nurses preferred CSTD B (4.06). Conclusion : CSTDs significantly reduced drug leakage compared to needles. Although CSTDs in creased compounding time, overall satisfaction supported their usage. These findings highlight the need for the adoption of CSTDs in South Korea to ensure safety, despite their higher costs.