Earticle

[목적] 본 연구는 한국과 일본 골퍼의 상해 유형 비교 연구로 한국과 체형과 기후 조건이 비슷한 일본과의 골프 상해 에 대한 비교 연구를 통해 그 문제점을 파악하고 연구함으로써 그 상해의 사전 예방과 치료적 측면에서 방지를 도모 하기 위한 골프 선수에 대한 지도 및 운동 능력을 향상시키는 데 그 목적이 있다. [방법] 대한민국 서울특별시 내 골 프연습장과 일본 도쿄 내 골프연습장에서 운동 중인 성인 남성을 대상으로 392부의 표본을 수집하였다. 이중 신뢰할 수 없다고 판단된 8부의 자료를 제외한 총 384부의 자료를 실제 분석에 사용하였다. [결과] 첫째, 한, 일 연습방법에 있어서 연습량에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 둘째, 한, 일 준비운동에 대해서는 준비운동 시간에서 유의한 차이가 나 타났다. 셋째, 한, 일 운동 상해의 시기에서 운동 상해의 경험유무는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 한, 일 시설 중에 상해를 입은 장소는 한국이 68%, 일본은 88% 골프 연습장에서의 상해이며, 필드에서의 상해는 한국이 24% 일본은 34%를 차지하였다. 여섯째, 한, 일 운동 상해의 요인에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 끝으로 한, 일 운동 상해 예방에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다.

[Purpose] This study is a comparative study of injury types between Korean and Japanese golfers, and the purpose of this study is to improve the guidance and athletic ability of golfers to prevent injuries in terms of prevention and treatment by identifying and studying the problems through comparative studies of golf injuries with Japan, which have similar body shapes and climate conditions to Korea. [Method] 392 samples were collected from adult men exercising at golf practice ranges in Seoul, Korea and at golf practice ranges in Tokyo, Japan. Of these, a total of 384 copies of data were used for the actual analysis, excluding 8 copies of data judged to be unreliable. [Result] First, there was a significant difference in the amount of practice in the Korean-Japanese practice method. Second, there was a significant difference in the warm-up time for Korean-Japanese warm-up. Third, there was no significant difference in the presence or absence of exercise injury during the period of Korean-Japanese exercise injury. Fourth, among Korean-Japanese facilities, 68% were injured on the golf course, 88% in Japan, and 24% in field injuries were in Korea and 34% in Japan. Sixth, there was no significant difference in the factors of Korean-Japanese exercise injury. Finally, there was no significant difference in the prevention of daily exercise injuries.

Objective To determine if assistive ergometer training can improve the functional ability and aerobic capacity of subacute stroke patients and if functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the paretic leg during ergometer cycling has additional effects.Methods Sixteen subacute stroke patents were randomly assigned to the FES group (n=8) or the control group (n=8). All patients underwent assistive ergometer training for 30 minutes (five times per week for 4 weeks). The electrical stimulation group received FES of the paretic lower limb muscles during assistive ergometer training. The six-minute walk test (6MWT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) were evaluated at the beginning and end of treatment. Peak oxygen consumption (Vo2peak), metabolic equivalent (MET), resting and maximal heart rate, resting and maximal blood pressure, maximal rate pressure product, submaximal rate pressure product, submaximal rate of perceived exertion, exercise duration, respiratory exchange ratio, and estimated anaerobic threshold (AT) were determined with the exercise tolerance test before and after treatment.Results At 4 weeks after treatment, the FES assistive ergometer training group showed significant improvements in 6MWT (p=0.01), BBS (p=0.01), K-MBI (p=0.01), Vo2peak (p=0.02), MET (p=0.02), and estimated AT (p=0.02). The control group showed improvements in only BBS (p=0.01) and K-MBI (p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference in exercise capacity and functional ability between the two groups.Conclusion This study demonstrated that ergometer training for 4 weeks improved the functional ability of subacute stroke patients. In addition, aerobic capacity was improved after assisted ergometer training with a FES only.

본 연구의 목적은 운동선수가 지각하는 운동능력믿음과 성취목표성향, 내재적 동기 및 운동지속의도간의 인과관 계를 규명하는 것이며 이를 위하여 대한체육회 가맹경기단체에 선수등록을 한 고등학교 운동선수 380명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료를 분석하기 위하여 적용된 통계기법은 기술통계분석, 확인적 요인분석(CFA), 공 변량구조분석(SEM)이였다. 이와 같은 연구방법과 절차에 따라 자료를 분석한 결과, 증가믿음은 과제성향과 자아성향 에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 실제믿음은 자아성향에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 성취목표성향의 하위 요인인 과제성향은 내재적 동기에 정(+)의 영향을, 자아성향은 운동지속에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으 며, 내재적 동기는 운동지속의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this research is to examine the causal relationship among exercise ability belief, achievement goal orientation, intrinsic motivation and exercise adherence intention perceived by athletes. To do so, a survey among the 380 high school athletes registered as the members of Korea Sports Confederation was conducted. The statistic techniques used for analyzing the collected data were CFA and SEM. As a result of analyzing the data according to the described research methods and procedures, it was found that incremental belief had a positive(+) influence on self orientation, and that entity belief had a positive(+) influence on self orientation. It was found that task orientation, a sub-factor of achievement goal orientation, had a positive(+) influence on intrinsic motivation, that self orientation had a positive(+) influence on exercise adherence, and that intrinsic motivation had a positive(+) influence on exercise adherence intention.

The purpose of this study was to compare of tests for measuring maxi-mal exercise ability in elite swimmers. The high-school male elite swim-mers (n=17) were performed maximal exercise ability tests. The exper-imental method consisted of a crossover design at 1-week intervals with the swimming tests (field test, water VAMEVAL test, 200-m test, and 400-m test) in random order. It measured the heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and lactate level by physiological factors, and swimming velocity (SV), stroke rate (SR), and stroke length (SL) by me-chanical factors. The change of SV, SR, and SL in swimming tests was no significantly different. To compare tests, however, the lactate level and RPE in 200-m test was higher than water VAMEVAL test. The RPE of the 200-m and 400-m tests were higher than the field test and the wa-ter VAMEVAL test. Correlations showed between the field test and the 400-m test in heart rate and RPE. Moreover, a correlation observed be-tween the field test and 200-m test in heart rate. In this study, 200-m and 400-m tests were suit to apply the test methods for establishing the ex-ercise intensity appropriate for the underwater training of swimmers.

Purpose: This study was conducted to establish a safe and effective way to participate in sports activities by analyzing the dynamic balance ability and whole body muscle function according to the functional movement score (FMS) and by confirming the effect on the exercise performance ability of college students. Methods: We assessed 27 male college students. They were divided into the High FMS group and Low FMS group based on a total score of 14. The dynamic balance ability of both arms and feet was measured with the Y-balance test kit, and each hand-push, hand-pull, upper body-push, upper body-push, trunk rotation, lower body-push, and lower body-pull were measured with the smart muscle testing device. Results: The Lower Quarter Y-balance test and whole body muscle function measurements showed that the High FMS group was significantly higher than the Low FMS group (p<.05) in all items. The Upper Quarter Y-balance test measurements of the High FMS group was significantly higher than that of the Low FMS group in the right medial (p=0.016), right composite (p=0.004), and left composite (p=0.021). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the High FMS group's Lower Quarter dynamic balance ability, Upper Quarter dynamic balance ability, and whole body muscle function were superior to those of the Low FMS group, confirming that the FMS score is related to the general public's exercise performance ability. Therefore, it seems that it can be provided as basic data for safe and effective training for the general public's continuous participation in sports activities.

본 연구에서는 체간 안정화 운동으로 대면, 비대면, 자가로 실시하였을 때 정적균형과 동적균형에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 신체적으로 질병이 없는 건강한 20대 36명을 모집하였다. 대상자들은 무작위로 세 그룹으 로 나뉘어져 체간 안정화 운동을 실시하였으며, 중재 전후 정적균형과 동적균형을 각각 측정하였다. 대면 및 비대면 그룹 에서 중재 전, 후 동적 균형 및 정적 균형이 유의하게 증가하였다. 자가운동군은 동적균형 3방향에서 유의하게 증가하였으 나 정적균형에서는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 대면 및 비대면 운동이 체간 안정화 운동이 정적균형과 동적균형 향상에 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 균형 능력 향상을 위한 비대면 운동의 사용 가능성을 지지하며, 균형 능력 뿐만 아니라 다양한 신체 능력에 대한 비대면 운동의 효과에 대해 추가적인 연구가 필요합니다.

Study of the effect of interbody stabilization exercises on the static and dynamic balance of face-to-face, non-face-to-face, and self-group. We recruited healthy young adults The subjects were randomly divided into three groups to perform inter-body stabilization exercises, and static and dynamic balance were measured, respectively, before and after intervention. In the Face to Face Group, dynamic balance significantly increased in the anterior and posteriomedial directions before and after intervention. There was also a significant increase in static balance. In the Non face to face Group, there was a significant increase in the three directions of dynamic and static balance. The self-exercise group significantly increased in three directions of dynamic balance, but there was no significant difference in static balance. No significant differences between groups were found in any variables. The results of this study showed that interbody stabilization exercises are effective in improving static and dynamic balance. In the face-to-face group, the inter-body stabilization exercise was effective in improving dynamic balance and static balance, and in the non-face-to-face group, the inter-body stabilization exercise was effective in improving dynamic balance and static balance. In the self-contained group, it was effective in improving dynamic balance.

Prenatal stress causes learning deficits by inhibiting neurogenesis in the hippocampus. We studied the effects of maternal treadmill running or offspring treadmill running on the spatial learning ability of adoles-cent offspring rats or adult offspring rats born to maternal rats that re-ceived stress during pregnancy. For this study, spatial learning ability was measured by radial 8-arm maze task. Immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine and Western blot for brain-derived neuro-trophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), Bcl-2-associated X pro-tein (Bax), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) were also conducted. Stress was induced by exposing pregnant rats to hound in an enclosed room. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring improved spatial learning ability of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring increased hippocampal cell proliferation of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or tread-mill running of offspring increased BDNF and TrkB expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Maternal treadmill running or treadmill running of offspring inhibited Bax expression and increased Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus of adolescent and adult offspring rats born to maternal rats receiving stress during pregnancy. Mother’s exercise during pregnancy or child’s exercise after childbirth can im-prove the spatial learning ability deteriorated due to stress during preg-nancy.

Huntington’s disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and characterized as involuntary movement. Quinolinic acid has been used to produce an animal model of Huntington’s disease. In the present study, the effect of treadmill ex-ercise on spatial-learning ability and motor coordination focusing on the apoptosis in the hippocampus was investigated using quinolinic ac-id-induced Huntington’s disease rats. Huntington’s disease was induced by unilateral intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid (2 μL of 100 nmol) using stereotaxic instrument. The rats in the treadmill exercise groups were subjected to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day during 14 days. Spatial learning ability and motor coordination were determined by radial 8-arm maze test and rota-rod test. Immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and western blot for Bax and Bcl-2 were also conducted for the detection of apoptosis. In the present results, spatial learning ability and motor coordination were deteriorated by intrastriatal injection of quinolinic acid. In contrast, treadmill exercise exerted ameliorating ef-fect on quinolinic acid-induced deterioration of spatial learning ability and motor coordination. Bcl-2 expression in the hippocampus was de-creased and expressions of casepase-3 and Bax in the hippocampus were increased in the quinolinic acid-induced Huntington’s disease rats. Treadmill exercise increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased ex-pressions of casepase-3 and Bax in the Huntington’s disease rats. The present results showed that treadmill exercise might ameliorate quino-linic acid-induced loss of spatial learning ability and motor coordination by suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients show learning difficulty and impulsiveness. Exercise is known to improve learning abil-ity and memory function. In the present study, we investigated the dura-tion-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expres-sion in ADHD rats. For this study, radial 8-arm maze test and western blot for BDNF and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) were performed. Sponta-neous hypertensive rats were used as the ADHD rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as the control rats. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min once a day for 28 consecutive days. ADHD rats displayed impairment of spatial learn-ing ability, in contrast treadmill exercise ameliorated impairment of spa-tial learning ability. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day showed most potent ameliorating effect on impairment of spatial learning ability. BDNF and TrkB expressions in the hippocampus were decreased in the ADHD rats, in contrast treadmill exercise enhanced BDNF and TrkB ex-pressions. Treadmill exercise for 30 min and for 60 min per day showed enhancing effects on BDNF and TrkB expressions. Treadmill exercise alleviated deficits in the spatial learning ability through enhancing BDNF and TrkB expressions in the ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day can be considered as the most effective therapeutic mo-dality for the ADHD symptoms.

Maternal obesity exerts negative effects on cognitive function and be-havior of the offspring. In the present study, we assessed the effects of paternal physical exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with hip-pocampal neuroplasticity in the rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. There were four experimental groups: paternal nonexercised male pups from normal maternal rats, paternal exercised male pups from normal maternal rats, paternal nonexercised male pups from obese maternal rats, and paternal exercised male pups from obese maternal rats. Normal diet was supplied for normal maternal rats and high-fat diet was supplied for obese maternal rats for a 12-week period until mating, and the same diet for each group continued throughout pregnancy and lactation period. Male rats in the exercising groups exercised for a 12-week period. Spatial learning ability was reduced in the male rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. Expressions of brain-derived neuro-trophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB) in the hip-pocampus were suppressed and cell proliferation and differentiation in the hippocampus were reduced in the male rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. Paternal treadmill exercise improved spatial learn-ing ability, increased BDNF and TrkB expressions, and enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation in the male rat pups born from the obese maternal rats. It can be suggested that paternal exercise enhances hip-pocampal neuroplasticity and consequently improved spatial learning ability in the rat pups born from the obese maternal rats.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and this disease induces progressive loss of memory function Scopol-amine is a non-selective muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist and it induces impairment of learning ability. Exercise is known to ame-liorate memory deficits induced by various brain diseases. In the pres-ent study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with cell proliferation in the hippocampus us-ing the scopolamine- induced amnesia mice. For the induction of amne-sia, 1 mg/kg scopolamine hydrobromide was administered intraperito-neally once a day for 14 days. Morris water maze test for spatial learning ability was conducted. Immonofluorescence for 5-bromo -2-deoxyuri-dine (BrdU) and western blot for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) were performed. In the present results, scopolamine-induced amnesia mice showed deteriora-tion of spatial learning ability. Inhibition of cell proliferation and suppres-sion of BDNF and TrkB expressions were observed in the scopol-amine-induced amnesia mice. Treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability and increased cell proliferation through activating of BD-NF-TrkB pathway in the amnesia mice. These findings offer a possibility that treadmill exercise may provide preventive or therapeutic value for the memory loss induced by variable neurodegenerative diseases in-cluding Alzheimer’s disease.

Substantia nigra and striatum are vulnerable to hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Physical exercise promotes cell survival and functional recovery after brain injury. However, the effects of treadmill exercise on nigro-stri-atal dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by hypoxic ischemia brain in-jury in neonatal stage are largely unknown. We determined the effects of treadmill exercise on survival of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fibers in the striatum after hypoxic ischemia brain injury. On postnatal 7 day, left common carotid artery of the neo-natal rats ligated for two hours and the neonatal rats were exposed to hypoxia conditions for one hour. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 12 weeks, starting 22 days after induction of hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Spatial learning ability in rat pups was determined by Morris water maze test after last treadmill exercise. The viability of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopamine fibers in the striatum were analyzed us-ing immunohistochemistry. In this study, hypoxic ischemia injury caused loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fi -bers in the striatum. Induction of hypoxic ischemia deteriorated spatial learning ability. Treadmill exercise ameliorated nigro-striatal dopami-nergic neuronal loss, resulting in the improvement of spatial learning ability. The present study suggests the possibility that treadmill exercise in early adolescent period may provide a useful strategy for the recov-ery after neonatal hypoxic ischemia brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes deficit in spatial learning and mem-ory function. Physical activity ameliorates neurological dysfunction af-ter TBI. We investigated the effect of late starting treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB)/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway using TBI rats. For this study, radial 8-arm maze test, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end label-ing) staining, caspase-3 immunohistochemistry, and western blot for Bax, Bcl-2, BDNF, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB), CREB, and phosphorylated CREP (p-CREB) were performed. TBI was induced by an electromag-netic-controlled cortical impact. The rats in the exercise groups were scheduled to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 8 weeks start-ing 3 weeks after TBI. TBI impaired spatial learning ability and in-creased caspase-3 expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. TBI enhanced Bax expression and suppressed Bcl-2 expression in the hip-pocampus. TBI increased BDNF and TrkB expressions, resulted in the enhancement of p-CREB/CREB ratio in the hippocampus. However, treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability, decreased caspase-3 expression, suppressed Bax expression, and increased Bcl-2 expression. Treadmill exercise alleviated TBI-induced over-expres-sion of BDNF and TrkB, which suppressed phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus. In the present study, late starting treadmill exercise improved spatial learning ability through suppressing TBI-induced acti-vation of CREB/BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway after TBI.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of mat-based Pilates exercise on balance and walking ability in a patient with chronic stroke. A single-subject experimental study with an A-B-A′ design was used, in which phase A was the baseline phase, phase B was the intervention phase, and phase A′ was the follow-up phase. A total of 20 sessions were conducted (4 baseline, 8 intervention, and 8 follow-up sessions), five times per week. During the intervention phase, mat-based Pilates exercise was performed for 60 minutes per day to improve spinal mobility, trunk stability, and lower extremity strength. The timed up-and-go test (TUGT) and 10-meter walk test (10MWT) were measured at every session, whereas the Berg balance scale (BBS) and dynamic gait index (DGI) were assessed only before and after the intervention period as supplementary pre-post outcomes. Compared with the baseline phase, the TUGT decreased by 6.13 seconds during the intervention phase (from 47.97 to 41.84 seconds) and by 13.12 seconds during the follow-up phase (to 34.85 seconds). The 10MWT decreased by 5.89 seconds during the intervention phase (from 53.13 to 47.24 seconds) and by 10.25 seconds during the follow-up phase (to 42.88 seconds). BBS and DGI scores improved by 14 points (from 30 to 44) and 7 points (from 10 to 17), respectively. These findings suggest that mat-based Pilates exercise may be a feasible intervention for improving balance and walking ability in patients with chronic stroke. However, because this study involved a single participant and concurrent conventional rehabilitation was provided, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Further randomized controlled studies with larger samples are needed.

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) exercise programs and evaluate their practical applicability through systematic research on Ring Fit Adventure, a VR-based fitness game that includes various exercises such as aerobic and muscle strengthening activities. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups, with 15 individuals assigned to each group; due to dropouts, 11 people were ultimately assigned to each group. The experimental group performed three types of exercises using a Ring-Fit Adventure program. Methods: This study measured forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and dynamic balance ability improvement by conducting Parachute, Balance Walk, Hurray GET, Coin Run, Disc Hit, and Twist Bat, which are exercise programs of Ring Fit Adventure. Measurements were taken using BioRescue and MicroQuark systems. Results: The Coin Run exercise significantly improved stability limits in balance ability, specifically in right, and forward, and backward directions. It also significantly increased the average value of FEV1, indicating enhanced breathing ability. The Parachute exercise resulted in an increase in average stability limits for balance ability and improvements in FVC and FEV1, although these changes were not statisticallysignificant. Conclusion: VR exercise programs are effective for improving balance ability and breathing capacity. Ring-Fit Adventure exercise programs such as Coin Run, Disc Hit, and Twist Bat demonstrated greater improvements in balance ability, making them suitable choices for enhancing stability and balance in VR fitness programs.

The purpose of this study was to exam 12 weeks of stair and normal walking effects on lower extremity functional ability and cardiovascular health risk factors in older women. Twenty four subjects were assigned to either stair walking group (SWG, 57.40±6.11yrs, n=10) or normal walking group (NWG, 57.28±16.83 yrs, n=14). They performed 3 times per week, 60 minutes per day for 12 weeks. Lower extremity functional ability (lower leg strength, walking speed, balance ability, agility) and cardiovascular health risk factors (body composition, waist circumference, blood lipids) were compared by time and groups by two-way repeated ANOVA. As results, Significant time differences were found in lower muscular strength (sit & stand, wall squat), active balance and no time & group interaction were found. Also, significant time differences were found in SBP, T-C, TG, fasting glucose and no time & group interaction were found. These results indicated that home-based stair and normal walking exercise can be utilized to improve lower extremity function ability and cardiovascular health risk factors in older women. These findings implies that performing stair walking exercise provide similar positive health benefits with normal walking. Also, even when walking exercise perform independently as home-based program without instructor, health benefit can still be expected.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragm and deep abdominal muscle exercise (DDAME) on walking ability (WA) and balance ability (BA) in subjects with hemiplegia due to stroke. Study subjects consisted of twenty patients diagnosed with hemiplegia due to stroke. They were randomized into a control group (CG) (n=10) that performed traditional exercise and an experimental group (EG) (n=10) that performed DDAME. The WA was measured using the 10-m walking test (10MWT) and 6-min walk test (6MWT). The BA was measured us-ing the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) and Berg’s balance scale (BBS). Paired t-test was performed to compare differences within the groups before and after intervention. The analysis of covariance was per-formed to compare the differences between the EG and CG. The level of significance was set at α=0.05. Within-group changes in 10MWT and 6MWT were significantly different in both the EG (P<0.05) and CG (P<0.05). There was significantly more improvement in the 10MWT and 6MWT in the EG than in the CG (P<0.05). Within-group changes in TUG and BBS were significantly different in both the EG (P<0.05) and the CG (P<0.05). There was significantly more improvement in TUG and BBS in the EG than in the CG (P<0.05). DDAME program, with diaphragm and inspiratory muscle strengthening exercises, is needed for patients ex-periencing difficulty in WA, BA, trunk asymmetry, abnormal alignment, mobility of trunk muscles, power, or endurance decline.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term of Theracurmin dose and exercise type on pain, walking ability, and muscle function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Twenty-five patients with knee osteoarthritis randomly selected to Theracurmin intake (T) group and Theracurmin in combined with exercise (T+E) group. T group (n= 13) was taken orally a capsule of 700 mg, 3 times per day, (total 2,100 mg, 35 mg/kg-body weight). T+E group (n= 12) performed aerobic training of 30-min walking and weight training for increasing leg muscular strength. After treatment, the number of steps, muscle mass, range of motion of knee, and the muscle strength in flexion and extension significantly increased. The percent body fat, visual analogue scale, The Western Ontario and McMaster score, centers of pressure with closed eye, 10-m walking ability, stair ascending speed were significantly decreased after treatment. Although no difference observed between the T and T+E groups, the 4-week intake of Theracurmin with and without exercise appeared to be effective in reducing the pain and enhancing muscular and balancing function. Therefore, Theracurmin intake for early symptoms and additional exercise as symptoms alleviate might be an effective way of delaying and managing osteoarthritis, and additional studies investigating the effects of Theracurmin and exercise on osteoarthritis could be beneficial.