Earticle

The purpose of this study was to exam 12 weeks of stair and normal walking effects on lower extremity functional ability and cardiovascular health risk factors in older women. Twenty four subjects were assigned to either stair walking group (SWG, 57.40±6.11yrs, n=10) or normal walking group (NWG, 57.28±16.83 yrs, n=14). They performed 3 times per week, 60 minutes per day for 12 weeks. Lower extremity functional ability (lower leg strength, walking speed, balance ability, agility) and cardiovascular health risk factors (body composition, waist circumference, blood lipids) were compared by time and groups by two-way repeated ANOVA. As results, Significant time differences were found in lower muscular strength (sit & stand, wall squat), active balance and no time & group interaction were found. Also, significant time differences were found in SBP, T-C, TG, fasting glucose and no time & group interaction were found. These results indicated that home-based stair and normal walking exercise can be utilized to improve lower extremity function ability and cardiovascular health risk factors in older women. These findings implies that performing stair walking exercise provide similar positive health benefits with normal walking. Also, even when walking exercise perform independently as home-based program without instructor, health benefit can still be expected.

본 연구는 기계승마운동 시 다양한 기승자세에 따른 체간 근육의 활성도 차이를 확인하기 위해 실시하였다. 연구 대상자는 건강한 성인 남성 25명을 대상으로 표면근전도 측정시스템을 이용하여, 복직근, 외복사근, 내 복사근, 척추기립근의 활성도를 측정하였다. 근육의 활성도 측정은 기계승마 장치에 앉은 자세에서 시작하였 다. 측정을 위한 앉은 자세는 표준자세 (등자 O, 체간 신전), 자세1 (등자 X, 체간 신전), 자세2 (등자 X, 체 간 굴곡)와 자세3 (등자 X, 손 지지)로 4가지 방법으로 분류하였다. 각 자세에서 기계승마 운동을 실시하였고, 각 동작은 총 1분 동안 측정하고, 운동 전, 후 15초를 제외한 30초 구간의 근활성도의 평균값을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 표준자세와 자세3의 외복사근의 활성도가 높게 나타났으며, 자세3의 척추기립근의 활성도가 높게 나 타났다. 따라서 기계승마운동 시 기승자세에 따른 활성화되는 근육의 차이를 고려하여 기승자의 신체특성에 맞추어 기승자세를 선택하여 기계승마운동을 시행할 것을 제안하는 바이다.

일상생활에서 볼 수 있는 신체활동은 대다수 직선 운동과 대각선 운동이 이루어 지고 있다. 본 연구는 대각선 운동과 직선 운동이 대뇌 활성도에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 실시하였다. 건강한 성인 10명을 대상으로 운동방향에 따른 대뇌 활성도를 측정하기 위하여 기능적 자기공명영상(functional magnetic resonance imaging: fMRI)를 촬영하였다. 대상자가 편안히 누운 자세에서 하지의 대각선 운동과 직선 운동을 실시하는 동안 fMRI 촬영을 실시하였다. 데이터의 관심영역은 운동과 관련이 높은 운동피질(Primary motor area), 전운 동영역 (premotor area), 보완운동영역 (supplementary motor area)으로 설정하고 그 활성화 되는 Voxel 값 을 수집하였다. 그 결과, 대각선 운동의 대뇌 활성도 (2666.60±409.11)가 직선 운동의 대뇌 활성도 (1196.10±239.09) 보다 높게 나타났다. 따라서 대각선 운동은 직선 운동에 비하여 대뇌 운동영역을 활성화시 키는데 효과적인 운동이며, 뇌가소성을 고려하여, 운동시 직선 운동보다 대각선 운동을 많이 활용해야 할 것 으로 사료된다.

본 사례연구는 거울치료, 근전도바이오피드백 운동 그리고 거울과 근전도바이오피드백을 함께 사용한 운동을 제공하여 환상통의 크기와 절단부 주변의 근육 활성도의 변화를 확인하기 위해 실시되었다. 대상자는 42세 남 성분으로 2018년 5월경 작업 중 기계에 손이 말려 들어가며 발생한 오른쪽 위팔 골절, 자뼈골절, 흉벽 손상 (2nd~11st rib Fx.), 등뼈가시돌기골절 (T7~T10), 등뼈가로돌기골절 (T8~T9) 어깨뼈 골절 등을 주소로 입원 하신 분으로서 순환장애, 절단부 뼈와 피부의 괴사 진행을 막기 위해 정형외과에서 절단 수술을 시행하였다. 3주 동안 매 1주마다 각각 거울치료, 근전도바이오피드백 운동, 근전도바이오피드백을 활용한 거울치료를 진 행하였다 (A-B-C). 표층열치료, 심층열치료, 경피신경자극치료 등 일반적으로 치료실에서 처방되는 열전기치 료기구를 이용한 치료를 동일하게 적용 하였고 그 후 각 주마다 다른 중재를 실시하였다. 환상통은 3주차에 눈에 띄게 감소하였다가 다시 증가하는 추세를 보였고 (3주차에 통증조절 약물 변경을 확인하였다.), 근활성도 는 근전도바이오피드백을 활용한 거울치료, 근전도바이오피드백 운동, 거울치료 순서로 크게 나타났다. 따라서 사지절단 환자의 근육운동을 위해 시각 뿐 아니라 근전도바이오피드백을 활용한 거울치료 등과 같이 여러 감 각을 복합적으로 활용할 것을 제안하는 바이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine changes in the thicknesses and ratios of the deep muscle fibers, surface muscle fibers, and entire muscle fibers of the multifidus muscles according to the lumbar stabilization exercise methods used for spinal stabilization. Ten different lumbar stabilization exercise methods were implemented by 20 healthy men in random order while measuring the thickness of multifidus muscle fibers through ultrasound images. Each exercise method was maintained for 10 sexonds, and a resting time for 5 minutes was given after completion of each exercise method to avoid fatigue due to exercise. This study was approved by Kyungsung University's Human Research Ethics Committee. According to the results, the thickness of the surface muscle fibers of the multifidus muscles significantly increased in the exercise method in which the arms and legs were lifted (p＜.05). The thickness of the deep muscle fibers of the multifidus muscles significantly increased in the hollowing and bracing exercising methods in which the arms and legs were not lifted (p＜.05). There was no significant difference in the total thickness of muscle fibers of the multifidus muscles in individual eack exercise methods (p＞.05). The ratio of the thickness of surface muscle fibers to the total thickness of muscle fibers was higher in the exercise method in which the arms and legs were lifted (p＜.05), while the ratio of the thickness of deep muscle fibers to the total thickness of muscle fibers was higher in the hollowing and bracing exercising method in which the arams and legs were not lifted (p＜.05). In conclusion, when lumbar stabilization exercise should be performed at clinics to strengthen the deep muscle fibers of the multifidus muscles that have larger effects on the stability of spinal segments, considering the stability of the spine, hollowing exercise methods and bracing exercise methods that do that cause isotonic extension the spine should be appropriate.

The purpose of this study was to improve the comfort of daily life such as reduction of headache and increase of movement of neck by using muscle relaxation therapy approach and joint movement therapy approach for office worker with tension type headache of foward head posture sitting over 5 hours. For this, 9 male and 15 female participated in the foward head posture with tension type headache. Each group consisted of 3 male and 5 female. Groups are divided into groups, such as muscle relaxation therapy, joint movement therapy, muscle relaxation and joint movement therapy approach. After intervention for each group for a month, we measured neck movement and head disability index and neck disability index 2week. SPSS 23.0 was used for data analysis. The one-way repeated ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, compared t-test was used for statistical analysis. Three intervention groups have brought improvements in neck movement and daily life comfort. There is significant difference in the improvement of neck extension and change in neck disability index between 2 and 4 weeks in the joint movement therapy approach compared to muscle relaxation approach, muscle relaxation and joint movement therapy approach. Office workers are exposed to tension type headache. However, muscle relaxation approach and joint movement therapy approach can improve neck movement and daily life comfort. These improvements can reduce the cost of treatment for tension headaches and improve the quality of life. This study will also help to establish a therapeutic plan for office workers.

This study was to investigate the effect of music rope jumping exercise on Health-related physical fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors in middle-aged obese women. Among the 15 subjects, this study is divided into two groups: the music rope jumping exercise group (n=8) and the control group (n=7). The exercise group performed a 60-minute music rope jumping exercise program 3 times a week for 12 weeks. The control group only performed their regular daily activities. Physical strength and metabolic syndrome risk factors were measured twice, before and after the program. The study conducted repeated measure ANOVA to verify the difference between the groups and the length of program, paired t-test and independent t-test to verify the significant. The level of significance was set at ɑ=.05 for all hypotheses. As a result of this study, the two groups showed significant differences in body weight, body mass index, and cardiovascular endurance after 12 weeks. Cardiovascular endurance decreased significantly for the control group, whereas body weight, body mass index, and body fat decreased significantly and flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and cardiovascular endurance improved significantly for the exercise group. For the metabolic syndrome risk factors, blood glucose and TC increased significantly for the control group, whereas the waist-hip ratio(WHR), blood glucose, TC, TG, and LDL-C decreased significantly and HDL-C increased significantly for the exercise group. Considering these findings, the music jump rope program statistically significantly affected mid-aged obese women's body weight, body mass index, body fat, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, waist-hip ratio (WHR), blood glucose, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C after 12 weeks. Therefore, when performed regularly, music jump rope exercise would have a positive impact on mid-aged obese women's physical strength and metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Aim: Although whole body-electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) is known to improve the body composition, there have been conflicting opinions regarding the effectiveness of WB-EMS on psychological enhancement. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of WB-EMS on psychological variables, which included body image, body shape, physical self-description, and self-esteem and physiological variables, which included body composition measured by Bioimpedance Analysis (BIA) and Computer Tomography (CT) in accordance with various intensities of electrical stimulation in collegiate men. Materials and methods: The subjects consisted of 14 men, aged between 20 and 31 years, who were recruited from Hanseo University. All subjects wore WB-EMS suits with 3 types of stimulation parameters and worked out 3 days a week for 6 weeks. Participants were allocated to 1 of 4 groups according to randomized control study design: low stimulation group (LSG, n=3), mid stimulation group (MSG, n=4), high stimulation group (HSG, n=4), and control group (CG, n=3). Non-parametric statistical methods were conducted on collected data with a significance level set a priori at P≤.05. Data were analyzed using Spearman rho test to find relationships among variables. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to investigate differences among the 4 groups and Friedman tests were performed to detect differences among Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, and Week 6. Finally, Bonferroni post hoc test was used to identify significant differences in groups and times. Results: The first section addressed the relationship between body compositions from BIA and CT tests as follows: 1) The body fat mass and % fat detected by BIA test showed higher correlations with CT variables as time progressed and 2) psychological questionnaires showed Body Image-Acceptance Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ) had a significant relationship with Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ), and self-esteem. The second section addressed the changing variables within groups from Week 0 to Week 6 as follows: 1) BIA tests showed that body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) were significantly decreased only in HSG as time progressed, 2) CT scans showed that there was a decreasing fat mass in the abdominal area only in HSG, 3) CT scans showed that thigh fat mass was significantly decreased in subcutaneous fat and total fat, 4) the BI-AAQ in HSG was higher than those of other groups with scores that steadily increased every two weeks, which indicated that only high-intensity electrical stimulation could improve body image, 5) the BSQ of HSG showed the lowest score, which indicated a very positive result, 6) among the 10 parts that were investigated by PSDQ, health and physical activity scores were higher in HSG than those of the other three groups, and 7) self-esteem in HSG showed a higher tendency compared with those of the other three groups from Week 0 to Week 6. Conclusion: This study confirmed that there were some significant relationships between body compositions of BIA and CT tests and significant associations among 4 psychological questionnaires. Moreover, this study found out that the high electrical stimulation of WB-EMS applied in HSG improved psychological and physiological factors than those applied in other groups.

Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors), which are cholesterol-lowering drugs widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, cause adverse side effects in skeletal muscle ranging from fatigue to fatal rhabdomyolysis, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. However, whether statins affect heart mitochondrial function is not clear. In addition, the effects of aerobic exercise training on mitochondrial function in statin-treated heart have not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of in vivo atorvastatin treatment and aerobic exercise training on mitochondrial function (e.g., mitochondrial O2 respiration, H2O2 emission, Ca2+ retention capacity) in the rat heart. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to control (CON), 5 mg atorvastatin-treated group (STAT), and 5 mg atorvastatin treatment plus aerobic exercise group (STAT + EX) (N=12 rats/group). Animals were administered via oral gavage with a vehicle, 5 mg/kg/day atorvastatin dissolved in 0.25 % w/v hydroxypropyl methylcellulose for 12 weeks. The left ventricle (LV) was permeabilized by saponin for determination of mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial H2O2 emission, and Ca2+ retention capacity. LV mitochondrial O2 respiration and Ca2+ retention capacity were not affected by 12 weeks treatment of atorvastatin. However, aerobic exercise training improved mitochondrial O2 respiration and Ca2+ retention capacity in LV. In contrast, mitochondrial H2O2 emission and Ca2+ retention capacity were reduced by exercise training. These data demonstrated that although LV mitochondrial function was not affected by atorvastatin treatment for 12 weeks, aerobic exercise training improved the mitochondrial function in the rat LV, suggesting that aerobic exercise training plays a pivotal role in improving mitochondrial function in the heart.

The current study aims to investigate how mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are changed by a single bout aerobic exercise. Four month Fischer 344 rats were divided into 2 groups: sedentary group (SED, n=6) and acute exercise group (AEX, n=6). Rats were performed in a single bout treadmill exercise for 60 minutes. Mitochondrial fusion (e.g., Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1), mitochondrial fission (e.g., Drp1, Fis1), and mitophagy (e.g., Parkin, Pink1, BNIP3, LC3) were measured in the permeabilized skeletal muscles (e.g., soleus, white gastrocnemius). Mitochondrial fusion-related protein (Opa1) was decreased in soleus of AEX compared with SED. Also, mitochondrial fission-related protein (Drp1) was reduced in soleus of AEX compared with SED. Similarly, in soleus muscle of AEX, mitochondrial autophagy-related protein (LC3) was decreased compared with SED. However, other proteins of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy didn’t show significant difference in soleus and white gastrocnemius. A single bout aerobic exercise showed tissue-specific results in mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. It demonstrates that acute aerobic exercise may improve mitochondrial function predominantly in soleus muscle (type I fiber). However, further research is needed to understand the cellular and molecular mechanism by which acute aerobic exercise affects mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in different types of muscle fibers.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of combined exercise training on body composition, physical fitness, and blood lipids in middle-aged obese women. Twenty-one middle-aged obese women (age, 55.28 ± 5.95; body fat percentage, 36.88 ± 4.29) were recruited and conducted combined exercise training for 12 weeks. To determine the effects of combined exercise training, we measured the body composition, physical fitness, and blood lipids before and after combined exercise training (aerobic exercise + resistance exercise, 3 times a week for 12 weeks). Combined exercise training for 12 weeks improved body composition, including body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, and visceral fat percentage. In addition, combined exercise training attenuated blood lipid profiles, including blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC). In contrast, physical fitness factors, including muscle strength, muscle endurance, and flexibility were significantly improved by combined exercise training for 12 weeks. We demonstrated that combined exercise training attenuated obesity-induced alteration of body composition and blood lipid profiles, and improved physical fitness in middle-aged women, suggesting that combined exercise training plays an essential role in protecting against obese-induced alteration of body composition, physical fitness, and blood lipids in middle-aged obese women.

Effects of aerobic exercise intensity on Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression of hippocampus and cognitive function in mice with high-fat diet are not well known. In this study, we investigated the differences in hippocampus BDNF and its receptor, tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) expression and cognitive functions in high-fat diet-fed mice after aerobic exercise with different intensities. The mice were fed a 60% high-fat diet for 6 weeks and divided into 4 experimental groups; no exercise (HFD, n=6), low intensity exercise (HFD-LE, n=6), moderate intensity exercise (HFD-ME, n=6), or high intensity exercise (HFD-HE, n=6). Exercise intervention was conducted for 8 weeks. For the control group (CON, n=6), normal diet was fed for 14 weeks. Protein expression of BDNF and TrkB were measured by western blot and cognitive functions were determined by T-maze task and Morris water maze task. Our result show that HFD-HE and HFD-LE groups had significantly higher BDNF protein expression level than CON, and HFD-HE group had significantly higher than HFD-LE group. The HFD-HE group also showed significantly higher TrkB protein expression level than all other groups. In the T-maze task, novel route awareness was significantly higher in HFD-HE and HFD-LE groups than CON. For Morris water maze task, time to reach platform was significantly shorter in HFD-HE than all other groups. These results indicate that high intensity exercise is generally more effective for increases in BDNF and TrkB protein expression and improvements on cognitive functions than moderate and low intensity exercise even with high fat diet. Therefore, we hypothesize that high intensity exercise can be recommended to overweight or obese individuals with reduced cognitive function.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Vojta Approach on trunk stability, gross motor function, and gait in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, 6 patients were experimental group who executed the Vojta Approach for 6 weeks (3 times/week) and 7 patients were control group who executed the neuro developmental treatment for 6 weeks (3 times/week). We checked the thicknesses of the external oblique (EO), the internal oblique (IO), the transversus abdominal (TrA), and the rectus abdominal muscles (RA), as well as the area of the diaphragm using ultrasonography. Gross motor function measure-88 (GMFM-88) was used to confirm motor function. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, foot pressure, and joint angle of lower extremity were measured during gait using GAITRite and Dartfish soft ware program. All data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for Windows. The results were as following. In the Vojta Approach treated group, there was a significant difference in the trunk stability (RA, EO, and diaphragm)(p<.05), but no significant difference was shown gross motor function (p>.05). Also, there was a significant difference in the gait parameters (step length, step width, functional ambulation profile, swing time, stance time, single support % of cycle)(p<.05). There was a significant difference in the hip, knee, and ankle joint (p<.05) in the Vojta Approach group. In addition, there was a significant difference in foot pressure (rare foot, fore foot)(p<.05). Our results suggest that Vojta approach can be an effective treatment for the improvement of trunk stability, gait in children with spastic CP.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related disorder that can be caused by witnessing or experiencing life-threatening events such as war, natural disaster, terrorist attack, major accidents, and assault. PTSD is caused by hippocampal malfunction and could result in problems with brain functions such as anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. In contrast, exercise is known to positively affect brain functions especially in the hippocampus. In this study, we investigated the effect that aerobic exercise has on the mitochondria function in the hippocampus and neuroplasticity as well as behavioral changes in animal models with PTSD. Sever stress such as PTSD resulted in impairments in mitochondrial functions in the hippocampus including the dysfunction of Ca2+ homeostasis, increase in ROS such as H2O2, and decrease in quantity of O2 respiratory. Moreover, mPTP-related proteins VDAC, ANT, and Cyp-D were overexpressed. These dysfunctions in the mitochondria of the hippocampus resulted in increased anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment due to dysfunctions in neuroplasticity of the hippocampus such as increase in apoptosis in mitochondria and cytoplasm and decrease in BDNF and neurogenesis. Exercise improved mitochondrial functions in the hippocampus and the nerve plasticity of the hippocampus, which resulted in the alleviation of anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairments. In particular, the improvement in BDNF due to exercise can change the mitochondrial functions, neuroplasticity, and apoptosis of hippocampus which has important prevention and treatment effects on the pathobiology PTSD. Therefore, we suggest that our findings will contribute to using non-pharmaceutical physiological stimulations such as exercise preventing or protecting from stressful events.

스턴트 치어리딩 경기는 정해진 시간 안에 텀블링(tumbling), 점프, 던지기(toss), 쌓기(pyramid)등 고난이도의 퍼포먼스를 수행하는 팀스포츠이다. 고난이도의 기술 수행은 가벼운 타박상부터 치명적인 부상까지 지난 몇 년간 지속적으로 증가하고 있어 경기력 향상뿐만 아니라, 부상예방을 위한 트레이닝 프로그램이 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 12 주 복합트레이닝이 남자 스턴트 치어리딩 선수들의 기능성 움직임 검사와 등속성 근력에 미치는 영향을 구체적으로 분석하는데 있다. 연구 대상은 스턴트 치어리딩 선수로 활동하는 남자 15 명을 선정하여, 트레이닝집단 8 명, 통제집단 7 명으로 구분하였다. 복합트레이닝 프로그램은 서킷 웨이트 트레이닝과 기능성 움직임 개선을 위한 트레이닝 프로그램을 스턴트 치어리딩 선수들에 적합하게 수정 및 보완하여 구성하였고, 각 집단은 12 주 동안 주 3 회, 약 90 분간 실시하였다. 기능성 움직임 검사, 등속성 근력 측정은 트레이닝 전·후에 동일한 방법에 의해 측정하였다. 기능성 움직임 검사는 Cook G 등에 의해 개발된 측정 방법으로 deep- squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push up 그리고 rotary stability, 총 7 가지 동작을 3 명의 측정자에 의해 점수를 기록하였다. 등속성 근력을 측정하기 위해 Biodex system pro3 (Biodex, Medical System, Inc., USA)를 이용하여 허리, 어깨의 근력을 부위별 측정 자세에 맞추어 각속도 60°/sec 에서 실시하였다. 자료 처리 방법은 window SPSS 21.0 을 이용하여 반복측정 이원변량분석과 종속 t-검정을 실시하였다(p.〈05). 기능성 움직임 검사 분석결과, 트레이닝집단의 평균 총 점수는 13.83±1.23 점에서 17.33±0.86 점으로 향상 되었으며, 각 항목의 시기별 동작에 대한 평균 점수 모두 유의하게 상승한 것으로 나타났다. 복합트레이닝 프로그램이 운동성, 이동성, 안정성 등을 향상시켜 기능성 움직임 검사 점수를 향상 시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 등속성 근력 분석결과, 어깨 각속도 60°/sec 의 두 독립변인인 집단과 시기에 대한 상호작용효과는 우성의 어깨 외회전의 peak torque(%BW)(p=.04)와 내회전의 avg. power (watt)(p=.05)에서 유의한 효과를 보였으며, 열성의 어깨에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 동일 집단에서의 시기별 평균 차이 t-test 결과, 트레이닝집단의 양쪽 어깨 외회전, 내회전에서 모두 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났으며, 트레이닝집단의 시기별 등속성 근력에 대한 평균 수치 모두 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 허리 각속도 60°/sec 등속성 근력의 두 독립변인인 집단과 시기에 대한 상호작용효과 분석 결과, 신전근에서 peak torque(p〈.001), avg. power(p=.002)에서 유의한 효과를 보였으며, 굴곡근에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 동일 집단에서의 시기별 평균 차이 t-test 결과, 트레이닝집단의 신전근에서 peak torque(t=-2.91, p=.022), avg. power(t=-3.47, p=.010)에서 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 굴곡근에서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 등속성 허리 근력에 대한 평균 수치는 모두 유의하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 복합트레이닝은 남자 스턴트 치어리딩 선수들의 기능성 움직임 검사 점수의 증가와 등속성 근력 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치기 때문에 경기력 향상과 부상예방을 위한 트레이닝 방법으로 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

현대인들의 늘어난 여가시간에 생활체육에 참가하는 것은 스트레스, 심신의 건강과 삶의 의욕에 긍정적인 영향을 준다. 여가태도, 사회적응은 각각의 하위요인간의 영향을 주며, 생활체육 참가가 변인간의 영향력을 더욱 높일 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 하지만 생활체육 참가를 통한 여가태도, 사회적응의 변인을 함께 다룬 연구가 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구는 생활체육 참가자의 여가태도가 사회적응에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 연구대상은 서울과 경기지역에서 주 1 회 정기적으로 생활체육에 참가하고 있는 300 명의 표본을 추출하였다. 표집된 설문자료 중에서 설문의 내용이 불성실하게 작성된 것으로 판단되거나 일부 내용이 누락된 14 명을 제외한 286 명의 설문자료를 분석하였다. 설문자료는 인구통계학적 특성 4 문항, 여가태도 24 문항, 사회적응 6 문항, 생활만족 9 문항으로 총 43 문항으로 구성하였다. 설문자료의 신뢰성과 타당도를 확인하기 위해 SPSS 21.0 을 이용하여 탐색적 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석을 하였다. 설문자료의 자료처리는 연구참여자의 일반적 특성은 기술통계분석을 하였고, 생활체육 참가자들의 여가태도, 사회적응, 생활만족은 상관분석과 표준중다회귀분석을 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 생활체육 참가자들의 여가태도의 하위요인 중 인지적 태도, 행동적 태도는 사회적응의 하위요인 중 직장요인에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또, 여가태도의 하위요인 중 인지적 태도, 행동적 태도, 정의적 태도는 사회적응의 하위요인 중 여가 및 문화적응에 영향을 주며, 여가태도의 하위요인 중 정의적 태도는 사회적응의 하위요인 가정적응에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 생활체육 참가자들의 여가태도의 하위요인인 인지적 태도, 행동적 태도, 정의적 태도는 생활만족에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 생활체육 참가자들의 사회적응의 하위요인 중 직장적응, 여가 및 문화적응, 가정적응은 생활만족에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 생활체육 참가를 통하여 다양한 사람들과 함께 여가를 즐기는 것이 긍정적 여가태도를 이끌 수 있다. 그리고 궁극적인 삶의 질 향상이라는 목표를 이루는데 있어서 긍정적인 여가태도가 바탕을 이룰 때 사회적응 및 생활만족을 높일 수 있다.

이 논문은 남성 고령자를 대상으로 고강도 저항성 운동과 저강도 저항성 운동을 실시하여 산화 스트레스와 총 항산화능력에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 연구집단은 통제 집단 (7 명), 저강도 저항성 운동집단 (9 명)과 고강도 저항성 운동집단 (9 명)으로 구분하였고, 주 3 회, 8 주간의 저항성 운동 프로그램 (저강도 저항성 운동집단 1 RM 의 40%, 고강도 저항성 운동집단 1 RM 의 80%)을 실시하였다. 이 연구에서 8 주간 저항성 운동 후 통제집단의 체중은 증가하였고 저강도와 고강도 운동집단의 체중은 감소하였으나 집단 간 저항성 운동 시기에 따른 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 체중 대비 골격근량의 비율은 세 집단에서 증가하였고 특히 저강도 저항성 운동집단에서 체중에 대한 골격근 비율의 상당한 증가 (p=.062)를 보였다. 체지방량은 통제집단에서는 변화가 없었으나, 운동집단에서는 유의한 감소(p<0.05)를 보였다. 체력은 통제집단은 모든 항목에서 유의한 차이가 없었으나 (p>.05) 저강도와 고강도 저항성 운동집단은 심폐지구력 (p<0.01, p<0.001), 근기능 (p<0.05), 유연성 (p<0.05)에서 유의하게 증가하였고, 집단 간에도 근기능 (p<0.01)에서 유의한 차이가 있었다. 산화 스트레스 측정에 있어서는 8 주간 저항성 운동 후 실시한 1 회성 운동 전·후 malondialdehyde (MDA)는 모든 집단에서 증가하였고 통제집단과 고강도 저항성 운동집단에서 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx)는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 (p>0.05) superoxide dismutase (SOD)는 고강도 저항성 운동집단에서 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가하였다. 총 항산화능력은 8 주간 저항성 운동 후 실시한 1 회성 운동 전·후 통제집단에서는 차이가 없었으나 저강도 저항성 운동집단 (p<0.05), 고강도 저항성 운동집단 (p<0.01)에서 유의하게 증가하였고 시기 x 집단 간의 상호작용 효과가 있었다. 따라서 남성 고령자의 저항성 운동은 운동 강도의 차이를 불문하고 체력의 증가를 가져오고, 저항성 운동의 강도가 활성산소의 발생을 증가시키는 측면이 있으나 항산화 효소의 활성도를 동시에 증가시킴으로써 결국 총 항산화능력이 증가되기 때문에 고령자의 산화 스트레스에 대한 민감성을 감안 하더라도 활성산소의 초과 발생을 우려하여 고강도의 저항성 운동을 기피할 이유가 없다고 하겠다. 그러므로 남성 고령자의 고강도 저항성 운동은 총 항산화능력 을 증가시킴으로써 산화적 스트레스를 경감시킬 수 있는 치료적 대안이 될 수 있다. 이 연구는 남성 고령자를 대상으로 실시한 저항성 운동을 8 주로 제한하여 실시하여, 통상적으로 변화가 나타나는 12 주에 미치지 못하였고, 운동중재는 한국의 6 월에서 시작하여 고온 다습한 8 월까지에 걸쳐 진행되어 운동 중재 전후의 기후 변화의 영향을 배제하지 못하였다. 추후 연구에서는 8 월에서 11 월에 걸쳐 12 주간의 저항성 운동을 고령자를 대상으로 실시하여, 기후 변화의 영향이 남성 및 여성 고령자의 항산화 능력에 미치는 영향을 검증하고자 한다.

Mood disorders such as depression result enormous personal distress. Intrinsic depression has not fully verified, but is deliberated to from molecular and cellular singularities. Available antidepressants have significant limitations. Regular exercise reduces depressive-like behavior activation. The aim of the present study is to review the possibility whether exercise regulates depression-associated antidepressant effects in the brain. Increased hippocampal neurogenesis with exercise has potential significance for depression. Exercise promotes brain health in the molecular levels in the hippocampus and also affects behavior in a similar way to chronic antidepressant treatment. The neurotrophic/plasticity hypothesis of depression is now supported by multiple studies focused on the role of intracellular-signaling cascades that regulate neuroplasticity and neural proliferation. The neuroplastic changes of the brain linked to antidepressant effects promoted by exercise. Wnt and Fz signaling system plays an important role in cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation during development. Our results demonstrate complicated, differential effects of antidepressants on Wnt signaling system, and assume a role for selected signaling molecules in the neurogenic activity of antidepressant care. The present study showed evidences suggesting that exercise-induced enhancement in neuroplasticity and neurogenesis are linked with treatment of depression in the brain. Our review suggests that exercise may preserve brain function by increasing neurogenesis through activating Wnt signaling pathway in the psychiatric disorders, such as depression.

Intro/purpose: Childhood obesity is strongly associated with the pathophysiology of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is necessary to combat the unfavorable outcomes of obesity at a young age by utilizing effective interventions, such as exercise programs. Therefore, we sought to examine the effects of a jump rope exercise program on CVD risk factors, including body composition, vasoactive substances, inflammation, and vascular function in prehypertensive adolescent girls. Methods: Forty girls (age 14-16) were recruited and randomly assigned to either a jump rope exercise group (EX, n = 20) or control group (CON, n = 20). The EX group exercised 5 days/week. Body composition, nitrate and nitrite levels, endothelin-1 (ET-1), c-reactive protein (CRP), blood pressure, and arterial stiffness were measured before and after 12 weeks. Results: There were significant group by time interactions following the 12-week jump rope exercise program. Body composition, central adiposity, blood pressure, and brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity, an indicator of arterial stiffness (baPWV), all significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after 12 weeks. Nitrate and nitrite levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) along with a significant reduction in CRP levels (P < 0.05). There were no significant changes in ET-1 (P = 0.22). Conclusion: These findings indicate that jump rope exercise may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention to improve body composition, vasoactive substances, inflammation, and vascular function in prehypertensive adolescent girls. Jumping rope is an easily accessible and enjoyable exercise modality that may have important health implications for the prevention of CVD and other metabolic diseases at an early age.

Intro/Purpose: Aging is associated with progressive decreases in arterial health and function as well as overall fitness. It is crucial to prevent or reduce the negative effects of aging on vasculature and fitness components by implementing appropriate lifestyle interventions, such as exercise training. We examined the effects of a swimming (SWM) regimen on arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV), blood pressure (BP), wave reflection (AIx), muscle strength and aerobic capacity in postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension. Methods: Using a parallel experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to either SWM (n=52) or non-exercising control group (n=48) for 20 weeks. Participants in the SWM group trained 3-4 days/week, progressing in duration from 25 to 45 min. Participants’ carotid to radial PWV (crPWV), BP, AIx, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory capacity were measured at baseline and after 20 weeks of their assigned intervention. Results: There was a significant group x time interaction (P<0.05) for crPWV, AIx, and systolic and diastolic BP, which significantly decreased (P<0.05); and strength and cardiorespiratory capacity, which significantly increased (P<0.05) following SWM compared to no changes in control. Conclusions: SWM led to reductions in arterial stiffness, wave reflection and BP while increasing strength and aerobic capacity in postmenopausal women with stage 2 hypertension. SWM may be an effective intervention in the prevention and treatment of age-related vascular complications as well as declines in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory capacity.

Brain development is a complex process, and stimuli during this development period may modulate the functional maturation of the brain. It has been shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Many human and animal studies have shown that environmental stimuli, such as physical activity habits, have a beneficial effect on brain development. Exercise has many functions not only in the developmental period of the brain but also in adulthood. Exercise is known to have many beneficial effects on brain function and energy metabolism. In the present study, we discussed on two main topics: “exercise and BDNF” and “exercise and energy restriction”. Endurance exercise and prolonged fasting state are known to improve brain function including cognition. The exact mechanisms of exercise on improving brain function are still unknown. However, it can be considered that energy restriction and stressful challenge induced by long-lasting physical exercise might cause direct effect on brain function. Up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ketone body caused by exercise might be considered as the mechanism of exercise on brain function. It is well known that long-term endurance exercise and fasting state improve brain function. Although the precise mechanisms for brain function improvement have not yet been elucidated, ketone body and BDNF have been suggested as the main substances of this action.

The purpose of this study is to enhance health promotion of sedentary workers by examining the impact of the gravitational accelerate vibration exercise on the range of hip joint motion and the reduction of lower back pain, and suggest appropriate exercise treatment to them. For this study, 30 sedentary workers who had been suffering from lower back pain for more than three months were randomly chosen. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group, and each 15 workers’ body composition, level of pain, and the range of hip joint motion were measured. For the experimental group, a 12 week exercise program to reduce lower back pain and improve the range of hip joint motion was applied, while any treatment was applied to the control group. Then, the post-measurement was conducted after 12 weeks. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and the mean and standard deviation were obtained. Also, a paired t-test was performed to examine the difference of pre- and post-analysis in the groups, and an independent sample t-test was performed to examine the difference between the groups. The results revealed that there was a decrease in a statistically significant mean difference (p < 0.05) of body fat in the experimental group. Also, there was an increase in statistically significant mean difference(p < 0.001) of the range of hip joint motion in the experimental group, whereas there was a decrease in the controlled group. In addition, there existed a decrease in significant difference (p < 0.001) of VAS. Also, there was a decrease in significant difference (p < 0.001) of KODI in the experimental group, whereas there was an increase in the controlled group. In conclusion, the gravitational accelerate vibration exercise had a positive effect on reducing body fat of sedentary workers, and it was effective in increasing the range of hip joint motion. Therefore, the gravitational accelerate vibration exercise can be seen as an effective treatment so as to increase the range of hip joint motion and reduce lower back pain. Therefore, this study is meaningful in stating that the gravitational accelerate vibration exercise is an effective treatment for the range of hip joint motion and lower back pain.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combine exercise on blood lipid profiles and IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF in obese elderly women. Twenty, obese elderly women composed of circulation exercise group (EX, n=10), the control group (CON, n=10). The variables of blood lipid profiles and IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF were measured in all the subjects before the start and after the end of 12 week circulation exercise program (40-60%HRR, 3 times per week, 60 mins). The test data were analyzed by paired t-test and 2-way ANOVA repeated measure, and the alpha level of p < 0.05 was set for all tests of significance. Blood lipid and IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF were measured pre and 12 weeks of post exercise training. TC (p < 0.05), LDL-C (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), TNF-α (p < 0.05) was significantly decreased in EX group compared to CON group. VEGF (p < 0.05) were significantly increased in EX group compared to CON group. These results suggest that 12 weeks of combine exercise improves blood lipid profiles and IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF. Thus, this combine exercise can be a useful therapy to improve blood lipid profiles and IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF in obese elderly women.