Earticle

Power converter devices require a high level of quality because they have a high direct connection with vehicle operation. Therefore, structural bonding was carried out by friction stir welding with excellent mechanical properties. Friction stir welding can cause structural deflection depending on the load of the welding tool, so it is important to control this for high quality flatness. In this study, pre-welding was performed before welding to minimize deflection generated during welding. And deflection reduction data according to the location of pre-welding were analyzed through dynamic analysis. As a result, based on computerized data rather than experimental data an optimized position of pre-welding was secured to minimize the deflection that occurs during friction stir welding. Through this, a process guide that enables high quality structural bonding was presented.

This study proposes the compensation method for the mechanical deflection error of a SCARA robot. While most studies on the related subject have dealt with the development of a control algorithm for improvement of robot accuracy, this study presents the control method reflecting the mechanical deflection error which is predicted in advance. The deflection at the end of the gripper of SCARA robot is caused by the self-weights and payloads of Arm 1, Arm 2 and quill. If the deflection is constant even though robot’ posture and payload vary, there may not be a big problem on robot accuracy because repetitive accuracy, that is relative accuracy, is more important than absolute accuracy in robot. The deflection in the end of the gripper varies as robot’ posture and payload change. That’ why the moments ,  and  working on every joint of a robot vary with robot’ posture and payload size. This study suggests the compensation method which predicts the deflection in advance with the variations in robot’ posture and payload using neural network. To do this, I chose the posture of robot and the payloads at random, found the deflections by the FEM analysis, and then on the basis of this data, made compensation possible by predicting deflections in advance successively with the variations in robot’ posture and payload through neural network learning.

A computer based iterative algorithm for one-way GFRP concrete members is developed to the member thickness required to produce a computer deflection that satisfies maximum permissible deflections over a range of design conditions. The algorithm accounts for effects of cracking and long-term deflection due to creep and shrinkage. The calculated are compared with minimum thickness values based on ACI 318-05 allowable span-depth ratios based on the deterministic model. Recommendation are made for modify the current ACI 440.1R-01 provisions for minimum thickness.

중국이 확립한 강제집행의 파산전환 제도의 취지는 채무자의 무재산(부족액)이 청산의 이행문제를 해결하기 위한 것이다. 이 제도가 과도한 실리적 목 표를 제시하고 있어 채권자와 채무자의 이익관계를 고려할 수 없어 실제 실 현에 있어 예설적 효력에 어려움이 있다. 하나의 독립된 시스템으로서 강젲ㅂ 행의 파산전환시스템은 해심개념, 목표설정, 기본원칙, 관련제도를 포함하고 각 부분의 상호협조와 작용을 통하여 효과를 발휘한다. 이러한 이유로 각 당 사자의 권익, 효익과 공평의 중시, 내외 관리감독 병행, 준직권(准职权)을 고 려하여 확립하여야 한다. 또한 채권자의 공평한 청산을 보장하고 채무자가 회 생할 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 한편 파산제도 자체의 착수라는 면에서 보면, 개인파산제도의 확립이 법인기업의 파산절차에 관한 기본적 이념을 유지할 필요가 있으며, 시행 메커니즘의 다원화를 명확히 할 필요가 있다. 즉, (1) 시행신청을 원칙으로 하여 직권을 예외로 하여야 한다. (2) 집행기구는 전면 적 조사의무를 부여하여 당사자의 시행상 적극성을 유도함으로써 채무자의 신청제한을 가하여 당해 파산신청절차로의 전환을 감독한다. (3) 입안, 집행, 파산재판 부문에 법관의 예심혼합식 합의정을 설립하여 강제집행의 파산전환 안건에 대하여 전문적으로 미리 심리를 하여 기한 내에 예심의견을 도출하게 한다. (4) 목표액, 당사자 수, 채권채무관계의 상태 등 사건의 복잡성 정도에 따라 보통절차와 간이절차를 구분한다. 사건의 분배방식의 간소화, 심리기한 의 단축과 채권자회의의 융통적 적용으로 사건의 조사가 빨리 진행되게 하여 야 하여, 간이절차의 편리성을 명확히 하여야 한다. 이를 위하여 더 나은 집 행행위를 규범함으로써 강제집행의 파산전환 시스템의 규범과 과학적 운영을 추진한다.

The implementation of the transfer-to-bankruptcy established in China is aimed at solving the problem of the execution of the debtor's (total) property. As the system give too many utilitarian goals, and the interests of creditors and debtors are insufficient, it is difficult to achieve its present effect. As an independent system, the transfer-to-bankruptcy system includes core concepts, goal setting, basic principles and relevant systems, and coordinate the various parts, play the role of efficiency. Therefore, the correction of partial rail, both parties need to establish the interests of the parties, both efficiency and fairness, internal and external supervision, and the promotion of the quasi-authority so as to safeguard the fair discharge of creditors and promote the debtor's regeneration if possible. At the same time, starting from the bankruptcy system itself, establishing the personal bankruptcy system, need to keep pace with the basic idea of the legal person enterprise bankruptcy procedure, clarify the diversification of the starting mechanism: taking the application to start as the principle, the power to start as the exception; the establishment of the implementation of a comprehensive survey agency obligations, stimulate the enthusiasm of the parties, and supplemented by the debtor for limited obligation, and urge its application for the transformation of the bankruptcy procedure; the establishment of a pre-trial mixed collegiate panel composed of judges in charge of filing, execution and bankruptcy, specializing in the implementation of the pre-examination of the transfer of bankruptcy cases and the deadline issued pre-trail opinion; the amount of the subject, the number of parties, the state of the debt and debt relationship, and other considerations of the complexity of the case, distinguish between ordinary procedures and summary procedures. The formula simplified case, shorten the trial period and the creditors meeting is flexible, fast and convenient to expand the investigation of cases, demonstrate the convenience of summary procedure, in order to better regulate the execution behavior, promote the regulation of the operation mechanism and the purpose of scientific operation.

我国确立的执行转破产制度旨在化解债务人无(足额)财产可供清偿的执行 问题。由于该制度赋予过多的功利性目标, 而对债权人、债务人利益关照不 足, 难以实现其预设功效。作为一个独立系统, 执行转破产系统包括核心理 念、目标设定、基本原则和相关制度, 且通过各部分相互协调、作用发挥功 效。是故, 修正上述偏轨, 需要确立兼顾各方当事人权益、效益与公平并 重、内外监督并行以及准职权依法推进的理念, 以保障债权人的公平清偿、 在可能情形下推进债务人再生。同时, 从破产制度本身入手, 建立个人破产 制度, 需与法人企业破产程序基本理念保持同步, 明确启动机制的多元化： 以申请启动为原则, 职权启动为例外；建立执行机构全面调查义务, 激发当 事人的启动积极性, 并辅以债务人有限申请义务, 督促其申请破产程序的转 化；建立由立案、执行、破产审判部门法官组成的预审混合式合议庭, 专司 执行转破产案件的预先审查, 并限期出具预审意见；以标的额、当事人人 数、债权债务关系状态等考量案件复杂程度, 区分普通程序与简易程序。简 化案件的分配方式、缩短审理期限和债权人会议的灵活适用, 快速展开案件 调查, 以彰显简易程序的便捷化, 以期更好地规范执行行为, 促进执转破运行 机制的规范、科学地运作。

본 연구에서는 지속하중에 의한 장기처짐으로 손상될 수도 또는 안 될 수도 있는 비구조요소들을 지지하 는 1방향 고강도철근(fy = 690MPa) 콘크리트 슬래브에 대하여 설계기준의 최대허용처짐을 초과하지 않는 최소두 께 값을 l/h로 계산할 수 있는 결정론적 모델을 개발하고 변수분석을 수행하였다. 결과로서 현 설계지침의 최소두 께는 가장 보수적인 설계범위 조건에서 얻어진 결과값과 비교해서 평균적으로 최대허용처짐 l/240의 경우 약 37%, l/480의 경우 약 8% 과대평가 되어있다. Ie/Ig의 범위는 l/240의 경우 0.3∼0.35, l/480의 경우 0.34∼0.46으 로 처짐제한이나 지지조건에서 큰 차이는 없었다. DL/LL에서는 l/240의 경우 1.08∼2.44, l/480의 경우 1.39∼2.86 으로 나타내고 있는데 처짐제한을 보다 엄격하게 제한하는 경우와 양단의 강성이 약한 지지조건에서 상대적으로 최소두께의 증가로 이어져 고정하중이 다소 커지는 것을 알 수 있다.

In this study, the deterministic model which can calculate minimum thicknesses as l/h, not exceeding the maximum permissible deflection, for one-way concrete members with high-strength bars (fy = 690MPa) supporting to nonstructural elements likely or not likely to be damaged by long-time deflections due to the sustained load was developed and the parametric study was performed. As a result, the minimum thicknesses of current design guide are, on average, overestimated by about 37% for l/240 and about 8% for l/480, which are the maximum allowable deflections, comparing to the results from the most conservative range of design conditions. The range of Ie/Ig is 0.3∼0.35 for l/240 and 0.34∼0.46 for l/480 which the big difference is not shown in the conditions of deflection control and support . The ratio of DL/LL presents 1.08∼2.44 for l/240 and 1.39∼2.86 for l/480, which are resulted in a little increment of dead load from the increase of minimum thickness in the tighter deflection control and weaker support condition.

In this study, we analyzed the structural safety and vibration characteristics of rotational drive in 3D CT scan equipment using finite element analysis. The analysis results showed a safety factor of 9.2 and a left and right vertical deflectional deviation of 0.24mm from the maximum equivalent stress. After applying weight compensation of 27.7kgf, the structural analysis reduced the safety factor to 7.6, but the deflectional deviation of the left and right structure was reduced to 0mm. Also, we presented the optimum design of rotational drive through the vibration analysis.

In accordance with the national trend, although research about deflection of reinforced concrete that use nature aggregate in domestic research had been studied, they have prescribed to use the recycled aggregate compulsorily in case of over construction scale as an applicable construction of "Law about contract that the nation should be a contracting party" since 2005. However, although it has still obligated to use the recycled aggregate based on "Recycled aggregate quality standard" by Construction and Transportation Ministry, actually its study on long-term deflection of recycled aggregate is an unsatisfied situation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to resolve the technical problems for cycling concrete through its experiment and analysis of long-term deflection by the substitution rate of recycled aggregate.

ACI 440.1R-15에서는 장기처짐을 ACI 318 기준에서 사용된 시간종속계수에 0.6을 곱하여 계산하도록 제시하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 상수로 제시된 수정계수는 장기처짐에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다양한 변수들을 적절히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 단면형태별로 각각 한 개씩 의 철근콘크리트 비교시험체를 포함하여 4 개의 장방형보와 4개의 T형보로 구성된 총 8개의 시험체를 제작하여 1년간 4점 가력 장기 휨실험을 수행하였다. 결과로서 즉시처짐에 대한 1년 후 총장기처짐의 비는 1.7∼2.6의 범위에서 FRP-보강근보다는 철근이, 장방형보다 는 T형단면에서 크게 나타났다. FRP-보강근 시험체의 경우 ACI 440 장기처짐 제안식에 의해 계산값은 실험값에 비해 과소평가 되어 나타났는데, 특히 T형단면에서는 매우 과소평가된 결과로 인하여 제안식을 직접 적용하기 어려울 것으로 판단된다.

ACI 440.1R-15 design guide provides the formulation which can be computed the long-term deflections with the time-dependent coefficient multiplied by 0.6 in ACI 318. However, a modification factor recommended as a constant was not reflected many variables affected to long-term deflections. The work presented herein includes the results from 8 beams composed of four rectangular beams and four T-beams reinforced with FRP bars tested for a year under four-point bending. It was investigated that over a year period, the ratio of total long-term deflection to short-term deflection was represented in the range of 1.7∼ 2.6 which is larger steel-reinforced specimens than FRP-reinforced specimens and T-shaped specimens than rectangular specimens. For FRP-reinforced specimens the results calculated by the equation of ACI 440 were underestimated comparing to the experimental results. Especially, it is hard to use it for T-shaped beams directly due to underestimating much more than rectangular beams

구조물의 내진보강방법 중에서 가장 널리 이용되는 방법인 강재 이력형 감쇠장치는 반복하중에 대한 응력-변위 곡선을 이용 하여 지진 에너지를 소산시키는 방법인데, 이 경우 편심하중 등에 의해서 부재가 면 외 방향으로 거동하여 응력-변위곡선이 불 규칙하여 그 결과의 신뢰성이 떨어지는 경우가 있다. 이러한 형상을 방지하기 위해서는 레일(Rail)이나 별도의 채널(Channel) 을 시공하는 불편함을 감수해야 하며, 또한 수평력이 반복적으로 작용할 때 그 효과를 장담할 수 없는 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 강재 스트립에 중앙 처짐을 부여한 감쇠장치를 고안하여 규칙적인 좌굴하중을 유도하며, 좌굴 후에는 강재의 변위에 의한 에너지의 소산도 고려하여 강재의 탄성좌굴 하중과 강재의 소성변위에 의한 댐퍼의 감쇠성능을 평가하고자 한다. 또한, 이 감쇠장치는 지진이 작용하는 초기에 인장력이 작용하더라도 곡율로 굽어진 부분이 직선화되면서 강재 스트립의 늘음 을 어느 정도 방지하여 댐퍼의 안정성도 기대할 수 있다. 강재 스트립은 일정한 폭과 두께를 갖게 하고 곡율을 변화시되, 동일한 처짐을 가진 스트립(Strip)을 댐퍼 1개당 3개씩 정삼각형으로 배치하여 3개의 댐퍼를 제작하여 반복하중에 의한 실험을 수행하 고, 이 실험결과를 예제 구조물에 배치하였을 때의 에너지 소산량과 부재력을 이론적, 해석적으로 검토하여 댐퍼의 감쇠성능을 검증하였다.

본 연구는 장거리 육상 선수를 대상으로 Conconi 테스트를 통한 심박수 역치, 젖산 역치 및 환기 역치를 측정하여 관계를 알아보고 필드에서 측정한 심박수 역치로부터 예측한 5km, 10km의 기록과 관련성을 조사하고자 실시되었다. 목적을 위해 평균 운동경력 10년 이내의 남자 대학 장거리 육상 선수 11명을 대상으로 하였으며, 각각 실험실 검사로 LT 및 VT를 측정하고, 필드 검사로 5km 및 10km 달리기를 실시하였다. 실험결과, 실험실 검사의 HRDP에서 VO2는 실험실 검사의 LT와 VT 간에 높은 상관 관계를 나타내었으며(r=0.66 r=0.64, p <0.05), 필드 테스트에서 HRDP의 HR은 HRDP에서 HRDP와 높은 상관 관계를 보였다(r=0.87, p<0.01). 또한 필드 테스트의 HRDP에서 러닝 타임은 수학적 예측 시간과 5km, 10km의 실제 주행 시간과 높은 상관 관계를 보였다(r=0.88 r=0.82, p<0.001, p<0.01). 이 상의 결과, 운동장에서 측정한 심박수 역치는 장거리 운동 선수의 훈련교육을 위한 무산소역치 추정에 유용한 방법이며, 그 심박수 역치에서의 주행속도는 실제 경기에서의 주행기록을 예측하는데 타당한 변수라고 생각된다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of heart rate as a new method to determine anaerobic threshold for training education of long distance runners. The subjects of 11 long distance runners whose average career under 10years respectively were examined to determine their LT, VT in laboratory test and HRDP in 5km·10km field test. VO2 at HRDP in lab test showed high correlation with VO2 at LT and VT in lab test(r=0.66 r=0.64 respectively. p<0.05). HR at HRDP in field test showed high correlation with HR at HRDP in lab test(r=0.87, p<0.01). Running time at HRDP in field test showed high correlation with, mathematical prediction time and actual running time of 5km, 10km(r=0.88 r=0.82 respectively, p<0.001, p<0.01). The results suggested that the heart rate threshold measured at the athletic field is a useful method for estimating the anaerobic threshold for the training of long distance athletes and the velocity at the heart rate threshold is considered to be a effective predictor of the running record in the real games.

The amount of deflection that affect deflection caused by the load of steel board used to support concrete blocks were analyzed. By eliminating the central area of the cross section of board, it was possible to design a new board that reduces the weight of the board by about 50% while increasing the deflection by only about 10% for 5000N load. Since the deflection of the board is inversely proportional to the moment of inertia for area, it is most important to increase the cross-sectional height of the board to reduce the deflection, followed by the thickness of the upper and lower plates, and the thickness of the internal forming material played the smallest role. The other parts, the side supporting parts and reinforcing parts, were found to play a negligible role in preventing deflection. Applying the results of this study, we can predict the amount of board deflection and find the effective cross-sectional design of board without exceeding the deflection limit.

In this paper we focused on mathematical formulation for capacitive pressure sensor. The most important parameter of every sensor are deflection on the application of applied pressure, variation of capacitance on deflection and sensitivity. Here we mathematically drive equation for every parameter. This article help researcher to develop MEMS based capacitive pressure sensor for particular application. For that purpose we also vary the thickness of sensing diaphragm. Our study in this article is mainly consider only case of pressure sensor in normal mode. Mostly researcher use FEM method for design and simulation of capacitive pressure sensor but using these equation they can easily design any sensor by changing the parameter of equation. The material for diaphragm is Si and for insulation layer is SiO₂ is taken in this article.

공용중인 고속철도의 PSC Box 교량의 긴장력 관리는 교량 성능에 있어 매우 중요한 기능으로 교량 유지관리 시 세밀한 관리가 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 열차(활하중) 재하시험 없이 측정한 상시처짐 결과를 이용하여 PSC Box girder 내부의 긴장력 감소 수준과 긴장력 손실에 다른 재긴장 예측 시기를 연구하고자 한다. PSC Box 거더의 긴장력 감소에 따른 재긴장 시기 예측결과, 준공 이후 약 17년 이전에서는 긴장력 감소(Jacking force loss) 곡선이 완만한 것으로 나나낫다. 그러나 17년 이후에서는 긴장력 감소 곡선이 급격하게 변화되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 공용연수 증가에 따라 긴장력이 감소하는 것으로 확인되었고, 구조물의 노후화가 진행될수록 긴장재의 손신을 더 급 격하게 증가되는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 공용중인 PSC Box 교량중에서 준공 이후 18년 이상 경과된 구조물의 경 우 긴장재 및 주변 손상에 대한 정밀조사가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Jacking force loss management inside the PSC Box girder of a common high-speed railway is a very important feature in girder performance, and requires detailed management during the maintenance of the girder. This study aimed to analyze the timing of re-tension prediction of PSC Box girder based on the reduction level of the packing force inside the girder and the results of the tension loss measured without the train load test. As a result of predicting the timing of re-tension according to the level of tension reduction of the PSC Box Girder, the Jacking Force Loss curve was gently analyzed before the structure reached 17 years after confirmed completion, and 17 years later, it was found that the jacking force loss curve progressed rapidly. The results confirmed that the tension of the structure decreases with the service life increase, but considerably decreases as the structure ages. Therefore, more data and research on tension loss of facilities over 20 years are much required.

Needle insertion is the most common procedure of minimally invasive interventions. During insertion into a soft tissue, the needle with bevel tip can deflect due to the asymmetric forces acting on the tip of the needle. In this paper, a mechanics-based model is developed to predict the needle deflection. In the model, the needle is considered as a cantilever beam supported by a series of nonlinear springs each of which has stiffness different from each other. The value of stiffness can be calculated by cutting force acting on the needle tip. Based on the model and the analysis of cutting force and friction force, Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to estimate the amount of needle deflection. Experiment shows that the simulation model can accurately predict the deflection of the bevel-tipped needle.

Deflection routing is an effective way to improve the efficiency and reliability of data transmission in the network. Information theory, which is the foundation of channel communications, has not yet had a direct impact on network communications. In this paper, we study the deflection routing processes of point-to-point networks from an information-theoretic perspective. It is found that the packet routing processes, which can further be divided into path determination and path switching, are quite analogous to channel communications. And such a corresponding relationship makes it possible to analyze routing processes and its performance with models and concepts in the information theory.

Buckling behavior of cylindrical helical springs subjected to axial load has already been illustrated in the past theories. Unlike cylindrical spring, the behavior of conical compression spring has both linear and nonlinear phase. Very little literature on buckling of conical springs can be found in the past. In this paper, an analytical buckling equation with its experimental verification has been proposed by authors and used it along with the existing theories to locate the phase of compression of conical spring at which buckling occurs. Subsequently, a comparison between cylindrical and conical springs has been made at the point of buckling of cylindrical spring in respect of their load and deflection. This would help to decide the suitability of conical springs against buckling failure of cylindrical springs under the given operating conditions.

Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method is presented for the analysis of geometrically linear laterally loaded, rectangular laminated plates. The analysis uses the Mindlin plate theory which accounts for transverse shear deformations. A computer program has been compiled. The convergence and accuracy of the DR solutions of isotropic, orthotropic, and laminated plates for elastic small deflection response are established by comparison with different exact and approximate solutions. The present Dynamic Relaxation (DR) method shows a good agreement with other analytical and numerical methods used in the verification scheme. It was found that: The convergence and accuracy of the DR solution is dependent on several factors which include boundary conditions, mesh size and type, fictitious densities, damping coefficients, time increment and applied load. Also, the DR small deflection program using uniform meshes can be employed in the analysis of different thicknesses for isotropic, orthotropic or laminated plates under uniform loads in a fairly good accuracy.