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There are only five pure color words in Korea. They are haying(white), gumjung(black), parang (blue), balgang (red), and norang(yellow). The etymology of these five colors is han, gum, pal, bal, and nal. This ironically has to do with the five languages used to refer to the body in Korean. It is the gama (hair whorl), son (hand), pal (arm), and bal (foot) at the end of the head. Since ancient times, there have been five gods that represent the five gods of Yin and Yang: a black tortoise representing the north, a red bird representing the south, a blue dragon representing the east, a white tiger representing the west, and a yellow dragon in the center that governs the four gods of the east, west, south, and north. Through this study, we aim to find out that Korean color and body languages are related to these five ancient gods. If we apply these characteristics to Korean color and body language, pal (arm) is an organ of the body that can be stiffened upward towards the sky, and it has the etymology of parang (blue). The bal (foot) is an organ that allows the body to move in all directions, and it has the etymology of the word balgang (red) and is located at the bottom of the body. A son(hand) is an organ of the body that can pick up and collect objects, and it has the same etymology as hayang. The gama is hidden in deep hair, located at the highest point of the body, and is derived from the word gumjung (black). I have central control over everything and have the etymology of yellow. Through these studies, it can be seen that the five pure color and body words of Korea have a correlation with the orientation of the elements of yin and yang.

AI-driven image generation has transformed digital creativity but remains fundamentally limited in adhering to explicit design rules. Unlike traditional creative software, which incorporates structured validation and editing processes, AI-driven creative systems operate without real-time analytical refinement, leading to significant limitations in precision and accuracy. This study identifies a key issue: the disconnect between image analysis AI and image generation AI, resulting in persistent errors in numerical accuracy, spatial consistency, and stylistic adherence. Through a systematic evaluation of DALL·E 3, MidJourney, and Stable Diffusion 3.5, we demonstrate that even after 100 iterations, AI-generated outputs exhibited critical errors in fundamental concepts such as facial features (e.g., eyes, nose, and mouth) and numerical constraints (e.g., generating exactly three teeth), revealing AI’s inability to process structured and quantitative instructions reliably. To address these challenges, this study proposes a bidirectional feedback mechanism that integrates analytical validation layers into generative models, enabling real-time refinement. By establishing an AI interoperability framework, we bridge the gap between generative AI and analytical AI, allowing for real-time validation and iterative improvement of generated outputs. Additionally, we emphasize dataset optimization for geometric and minimalist structures and advocate for human-AI collaborative refinement to improve output accuracy. These findings highlight the necessity of structured analytical feedback in AI-driven creative systems, which we expect could contribute to the development of more adaptive, user-controlled design workflows.

AI-Based UX Design for Mitigating Psychological Barriers in Early Autonomous Vehicle Users This study proposes a UX strategy that applies AI-driven affective UX and fatigue management systems to alleviate psychological anxiety and build trust among early autonomous vehicle users. A preliminary survey, in-depth interviews, and virtual interaction tests were conducted with 30 elderly drivers and individuals with disabilities to evaluate the effectiveness of human-machine interface (HMI) design and personalized feedback systems. The findings indicate that implementing AI-based affective UX increased user trust by 35% and reduced psychological anxiety by 27%. Notably, the affective stability UI within the HMI played a crucial role in enhancing user trust during initial adoption. Based on these insights, this study proposes an onboarding process and participatory education program as key UX design strategies. The onboarding process consists of information provision, safety emphasis, real-time feedback, affective stability support, and drowsiness prevention system integration. The AI system continuously learns from the driver's responses to provide personalized feedback. The participatory education program comprises theoretical and practical training. The theoretical component covers technical principles, safety measures, and psychological reassurance, while the practical training includes experiential onboarding, VR-based simulations, and real-time feedback systems to enhance user adaptation. This study experimentally demonstrates that user-centered UX design can improve trust and acceptance of autonomous driving technology. The findings provide a foundational direction for future AI-based interface design improvements and the development of personalized UX systems.

The background of the study is a study that presents UI/UX elements of autonomous vehicle display for elderly drivers due to the increase in traffic accident rates among elderly drivers. The research method is to analyze the characteristics of elderly drivers and autonomous vehicle technology, and to propose based on previous research and in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews, personas, journey maps, affinity diagrams, and Kano analysis were used to derive UI/UX requirements for autonomous vehicles for elderly drivers, and the UIs of Samsung and Kia were compared. As a result of the study, typography as a UI/UX design element in terms of utility, intuitiveness, ease of learning, and usability is 34pt for emphasized text, 16-18pt for general text, and 14-15pt for secondary text, using gothic and sans-serif fonts, and expressing it clearly with bold fonts. The color is set to gray 800 for the background, blue for hyperlinks, and amber for caution information. Icons and buttons should promote intuitive understanding and present clarity for each element. The layout is designed to have quick and accurate operation functions, the graphics are designed with simple menus and a familiar structure, important information is visually emphasized, and the layout is adjusted at appropriate intervals to make it easy to achieve the information purpose. It is proposed to include a flashy graphic transition when changing the drive mode.

This study aims to reconstruct the Japanese emotional vocabulary extracted from Kunio Sato’s Taste Scale into Korean and develop a systematically validated emotional vocabulary framework. Given the inherently subjective and complex nature of emotional vocabulary, this research employs a scientifically grounded methodology to ensure both academic validity and practical applicability. The study was conducted in three key phases. First, 22 representative emotional vocabulary terms from the Taste Scale were translated into Korean, and their semantic accuracy and cultural appropriateness were refined through in-depth expert interviews. Subsequently, a systematic analysis and reconstruction of emotional vocabulary data were carried out based on existing research and literature reviews. During this process, redundant expressions were eliminated, and semantically similar terms were consolidated, resulting in a more refined and structured emotional vocabulary system. This led to the identification of 28 representative emotional vocabulary terms. In the final phase, the translated vocabulary from the first stage and the reconstructed vocabulary from the second stage were systematically organized and categorized, with expert evaluations conducted to validate their practical applicability in real-world design contexts. The findings indicate that the restructured emotional vocabulary system enhances accuracy, consistency, and applicability, making it a valuable tool in design research, emotional marketing, and UX design. This study goes beyond simple translation and reconstruction by formalizing emotional expressions into a structured and systematic model, significantly improving their practical utility. Furthermore, by integrating expert insights and interdisciplinary perspectives, the framework ensures applicability across branding, UX/UI development, and strategic design planning. Future research should focus on quantitative validation of the developed emotional vocabulary system and its applicability across diverse cultural contexts. Additionally, integrating this framework into global design standardization efforts will not only facilitate cross-cultural communication in emotional design but also position it as a strategic tool for enhancing global market competitiveness.

Recently, immersive simulation such as mixed reality (MR) in nursing education has increasingly been used as an educational strategy. Immersive simulation can enhance learning combined with debriefing and reflection. Due to the increasing use of immersive simulation, nursing educators need to find effective formats for debriefing. Thus, this study aimed to explore South Korean nursing students’ experiences of self-debriefing followed by group debriefing in MR-based Holopatient simulation, using the Gibbs’s reflective cycle-based self-debriefing activity. This study used a qualitative descriptive study through individual semi-structured interviews. The simulation consisted of a 4-step process incorporating pre-beriefing, MR-based Holopatient simulation running, self-debriefing and group debriefing and was implemented at one private College of Nursing during December 2021. The semi-structured interviews were individually conducted in Korean approximately one week after the MR-based Holopatient simulation. Ten female 3rd year nursing students reported that self-debriefing activity in MR-based Holopatient simulation was useful to be actively involved in group debriefing, which enable them to maximize the gain from experiential learning. In terms of their perspectives on positive effects of self-debriefing followed by group debriefing in MR-based Holopatient simulation, three themes were identified: learning clinical reasoning skills, academic endeavour and safe learning environment and future plan of care action.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the university life adjustment types of freshman students at a local private university. To achieve this objective, a survey on the level of university life adjustment was conducted among first-year students in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Natural Sciences and Engineering, Arts and Physical Education, and Education from June 10th to 14th, 2023, and a total of 202 students responded to the survey questionnaire. The survey data was analyzed using the two-step cluster analysis. According to the level of freshman students’ adjustment factors, five clusters were identified as follows; cluster 1: borderline group with good interpersonal relationships, cluster 2: borderline group with poor interpersonal relationships, cluster 3: severe maladaptation group, cluster 4: mild maladaptation group, cluster 5: adaptation group. Specifically, the adaptation group (cluster 5) accounted for 15.8%, the borderline groups (clusters 1 & 2) were 48.5%, and the maladaptive groups (clusters 3 & 4) were 35.6%. Based on these analytical results, this study raises the urgent need for personalized guidance and counseling to help first-year students’ adjustment to university life. It also suggests the development of tailored intervention plans that consider the specific challenges different groups of students face in adjusting to university life, both at the university and department levels.

In recent years, the field of fashion design has seen the integration of generative AI, leading to groundbreaking design outcomes. Companies that have adopted AI in fashion have not only reduced the time and costs associated with the planning and design phases, but also significantly shortened production and distribution cycles by more accurately predicting consumer preferences, thereby streamlining the overall production process. However, concerns have arisen regarding whether the insights derived from vast, preexisting data sets have been fully validated. As a result, it is anticipated that creative works and designs involving AI will continue to face disputes related to copyright, ownership, and plagiarism. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of generative AI software and provide foundational insights into the efficient use of generative AI in the fashion design industry, which is expected to become a cornerstone of future industrial developments.

The Five Hundred Arhats housed in Daitoku-ji Temple is a significant set of Buddhist paintings from the Southern Song Dynasty, showcasing profound cultural connotations and exceptional artistic techniques. This work vividly portrays the Buddhist narrative of the Five Hundred Arhats, reflecting the religious beliefs and social life of the era, and holds immense research and artistic value. However, due to historical circumstances, some paintings were lost or fragmented during their circulation. This study examines the artistic style, creators, and transmission history of The Five Hundred Arhats through the analysis of historical documents and visual references, offering fresh perspectives on the religious and cultural landscape of the Southern Song Dynasty. In order to trace the origins of Buddhist cultural beliefs, this thesis emphasizes the importance of considering the creative transmission process of these paintings. Thus, a systematic analysis of their stylistic characteristics, authorship, and historical dissemination is conducted.

This study analyzes the moderating effect of expectation discrepancy in academic satisfaction between parents and adolescents on the relationship between adolescents' depression and aggression. Adolescent aggression, a major behavioral issue, hinders developmental tasks such as identity formation, academic achievement, and interpersonal relationships. Depression, a representative internalized issue among adolescents, often manifests as overt aggression. Discrepancies in academic satisfaction between parents and Adolescents significantly impact adolescents' emotional stability and behavioral problems. Using data from the 2018 Korean Adolescents and Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS), this study examines how discrepancies in academic satisfaction between parents and adolescents affect depression and aggression. Results indicate that depression significantly influences on aggression in adolescents. Furthermore, discrepancies in academic satisfaction between parents and Adolescents moderate the pathway from depression to aggression, with lower levels of discrepancy mitigating aggression caused by depression. This study underscores the importance of relational factors for the psychological stability and positive development of adolescents and provides practical implications for reducing academic satisfaction discrepancies between parents and Adolescents.

The rich history of Chinese painting spans thousands of years, giving rise to numerous renowned artists and timeless masterpieces. Over time, a distinct Chinese aesthetic philosophy and artistic ideology have taken shape, leaving a profound impact on contemporary Chinese painting. With ongoing cultural exchanges between China and the world, oil painting—an art form rooted in the West—has gradually integrated Chinese aesthetic principles. Today, the influence of traditional Chinese art philosophy is deeply embedded within the medium of oil painting. This paper explores the transmission of Chinese artistic philosophy and aesthetics, focusing on key concepts such as "moderation" and "analogy" in traditional aesthetics. It examines their impact on contemporary Chinese oil painting, particularly in subject selection, creative techniques, and compositional design. We further reflect on how these principles drive innovation and the evolution of Chinese oil painting, underscoring its significant academic value.

This study examines the usability of self-checkout (SCO) systems in South Korean hypermarkets, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Employing observational studies, interviews, and qualitative analysis at Lotte Mart, six participants' SCO interactions were analyzed using Hierarchical Task Analysis and link analysis, with interview data processed via NVivo. Results indicate general user engagement with SCO, but highlight critical usability issues, notably age verification requiring staff intervention, and potential interface information overload. The research proposes integrated ID scanning or mobile authentication for age verification, and streamlined interface designs to enhance SCO efficiency. This study, while limited by sample size and exclusion of elderly participants, provides actionable insights for improving self-service systems in South Korean hypermarkets.

To explore the interaction effect of perceived control and perceived value on boredom, an experimental study was conducted. A total of 186 university students participated in the study, where perceived control and perceived value were manipulated in the context of a boring task. The results revealed that for tasks perceived as meaningless, lower levels of perceived control led to increased boredom, whereas higher levels of perceived control tended to alleviate boredom. In contrast, when tasks were perceived as meaningful, the presence or absence of perceived control did not have a significant impact on boredom. These findings suggest that the interaction between perceived control and perceived value can either induce or reduce boredom and highlight the critical role of perceived value in mitigating boredom. This study extends the theoretical foundation of the control-value theory by applying it to generalized human emotions beyond achievement contexts and offers practical implications.

This study focuses on the strategic adjustments and countermeasures of BYD Company under the background of Sino-US trade friction. This study adopts SWOT analysis and Porter's Five Forces Model, combined with BYD's financial data and overseas market sales data from 2018 to 2024, to systematically evaluate the impact of trade friction on corporate strategy. " The study found that the Sino-US trade friction has led to an increase in tariffs, which has directly increased the operating costs of enterprises and reduced the international competitiveness of products. At the same time, affected by export controls and technology embargoes, the threshold for Chinese technology and manufacturing companies to enter overseas markets has increased, especially in the US market where there is great uncertainty. These challenges force companies to re-examine their global layout and adopt a diversified strategy to resolve the impact. This article further explores the long-term strategic adjustments of enterprises under the background of global economic integration and trade protectionism, and provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the strategic decision-making of similar enterprises.