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This article aims at exploring and discussing the concepts of immigrant literature and immigrant author in Sweden. The author Jonas Hassen Khemiri and his novel Ett öga rött (One Eye Red) form the basis for my study and discussion. The Swedish Immigrant Institute defines an immigrant author as a writer who was born abroad or who has at least one parent not born in Sweden. In book reviews the terms immigrant literature and immigrant writer are not used in a consistent way. It is evident that this categorization is very wide and some authors, for example Jonas Hassen Khemiri, opposes to the usage of the term immigrant author.

스웨덴을 비롯한 여러 서구 국가에서 제2언어 학습에 관한 많은 연구가 상당히 오랜 기간 동안 이루어져 왔다. 본 논문의 주요 목적은 최근 스웨덴에서 활발하게 진행되고 있는 제2언어 학습에 관련된 중요한 세 연구 분야를 소개하는 것이다. 첫 번째 분야는 제2언어 학습과 상호작용 (interaction)의 상관관계를 연구하는 분야로 학설에 의하면 제2언어 학습자들이 자신의 언어 사용을 관찰, 분석하기 위해서 다른 학습자들과 상호작용을 할 필요성이 있다는 것이다. Lindberg (2000)의 연구에 따르면 제2언어 학습자들 간의 소그룹 상호 협력이 학습자들로 하여금, 예를 들면, 학습 언어의 형태 (즉 문법)에 더욱 주목하게 하며 또한 자신뿐만 아니라 다른 학습자들의 언어 사용을 관찰, 분석할 수 있는 기회를 준다고 한다. 두 번째 분야는 제2언어 학습의 최적 시기의 유무를 연구하는 분야이다. 이 분야의 학자들에 의하면 정해진 연령 (예를 들면 사춘기) 이전에 새로운 언어를 학습할 경우에만 원어민과 같은 언어수준에 도달할 수 있다고 한다. 스웨덴어가 제2언어인 성인 학습자들의 스웨덴어 언어능력을 연구한 Hyltenstam & Abrahamsson은 제2언어 학습자들은 제1언어 학습자들과 같은 언어수준에 도달할 수 없다고 한다. 이들의 연구에 의하면 유아기에 스웨덴어를 학습한 제2언어 학습자들에게서도 제1언어 학습자들에게서 찾아 볼 수 없는 (제2언어 학습자들만의) 특징들이 나타난다고 한다. 마지막 분야는 제2언어 학습과 제1언어 학습을 비교하는 연구 분야이다. Håkansson (2000)은 스웨덴어가 각각 제1언어와 제2언어인 유치원 아동을 대상으로 이들 학습자들이 동일한 언어 발달 단계를 거쳐 스웨덴어를 학습하게 되는가를 조사하는 연구이다. 연구 결과에 따르면 제2언어 및 제1언어 학습자들이 유사한 형태학 발달 단계를 보이나 문장 순서 발달 단계의 경우 커다란 차이를 보인다는 것이다: 제2언어 학습자는 문장순서 발달이 단계적으로 진행되나 제1언어 학습자는, 예를 들면 주어가 아닌 부사어구로 문장이 시작되는 경우 ‘부사어구+주어+동사’의 순서를 거치지 않고 바로 문장을 도치 (즉, ‘부사어구+동사+주어’) 한다는 것이다.

Societies of today are more opening to one another than ever before by trading human- and material resources. But in the trend of so called ‘globalization’, the main focus of attention of policy makers and scholars is placed on how a society can be developed without being lagged behind other society. What they agreed on was a fact that varieties in a society can be worked both as a driving force for developing the society and as a basic source of conflict in the society. On such a theoretical ground, policy makers and scholars have developed different kinds of models which can increase varieties in different societal areas and integration of their members according to their historical, social, economical and political conditions. In Sweden, a multi-cultural model has been applied for the social integration, which means that they accept different cultures, languages, religions and identities of different groups of people. Furthermore, the Swedish government has been developing institutional welfare systems under a long period of time. On such ways, they prevent the society from being broken up and consequently integrate social members with different ethical backgrounds.

This paper analyses child poverty policies of Britain and Denmark in a comparative perspective. Britain, representing the residual welfare state, experienced the growth of the child poverty rate by 5 times during the rule of the conservative government, the highest in OECD, whereas Denmark, one of the social democratic welfare states, showed the lowest level of child poverty. The Labor Party of Britain pledged to abolish child poverty as a part of social investment state. In Britain, the child poverty policy has been concerned with the poor family only. In contrast, there is not child poverty policy in Denmark because family policy for balancing family and work contributes to lower the level of poverty in general. In other words, the higher the rate of women’s labor force participation, the lower the level of child poverty. Thus family policy for promoting women's work has been emphasized in Denmark. However, in spite of the big difference, both countries have experienced the new poverty due to the rise of immigrant workers and the change of family structure. The rise of new poverty becomes a new challenges to both countries in the 21st century.

Angered is a suburb to the North East of Gothenburg in Sweden, constructed as part of the ‘Million programme’, a housing initiative taken by the Social Democratic government in the 1960s. The suburb has recently been acknowledged by investors for its increase in economically strong households and for its strategic location in the larger Gothenburg region. Municipal planners and politicians have jointly chosen Angered, among four other strategic spots, as developmental nodes in a ‘smart growth’ urban process. The municipality together with private developers will make heavy investments in Angered to revitalise the shopping centre and to construct a sports arena and a new hospital. At the same time existing entrepreneurs notice that their local trade organisation no longer engages its members and some businesses are moving out. Other entrepreneurs are more confident but wouldn’t mind minor changes to services and built environments. The objective here is to map whether the private investors and the municipality include local citizens and entrepreneurs in the ongoing revitalisation process. The discussion will refer to debates on urban revitalization, smart growth and urban density issues. Additionally, the paper will problematize the issue of top down programmes and their relation to local communities and local initiatives. In Sweden there has been an extensive questioning of such welfare programs because they tend to ‘put everything in its proper place’, as viewed from above, to the citizens involved. The new private-public investment project for Angered will be analysed in this paper from the same position: Are we seeing just another help-project on its move or does the new program empower the local community too? The analysis is based on interviews with private and municipal actors, as well as investigations of written documents on the planning process.

The increasing numbers of elderly people live in all geographic parts of our countries and in all kinds of houses, enjoyment forms and ages of housing constructions. They are parts of all economic, social and cultural layers of the community. Most of the elderly are healthy, active and enjoy life. However, many elderly will need some kind of support, sooner or later, for a short time or long-term. Functional disabilities, diseases and disorders as well as insecurity, loneliness and lack of meaningful activity have to be considered primarily in the general environment where people live. A minor number of the severely disabled and those in need of terminal care will get priority to services in special housing units. This paper provides a concentrated picture of the current conditions for elderly people in Sweden. The paper is based on a book project in progress for the Swedish ARKUS Foundation, providing basic knowledge for architects and designers. The paper is focused on concepts and trends, motives and proposals for immediate as well as long-term ventures. Five main tracks are enhanced. Public environments including the service sector and cultural establishments are delightful for the elderly. Housing environments and interiors are critical for the elderly and can be improved by small input as well as by comprehensive renovations. The quality of the special housing units has to be secured. There is today a great interest in new senior housing models. Architects and designers are key actors. They have to be well-informed to be able to develop environmental issues and accomplish projects for the future. They can contribute comprehensively to quality of life for the elderly in sustainable housing solutions with good economy.

An approach to capture how requirements in construction-projects are developed, to overcome identified restrictions of briefing processes. It aims to develop practical tools that support and facilitate understanding and implementation of client’s requirements, collaboration between actors and create innovative briefing-processes. Emphasis is on strategic briefing; processes starting in corporate strategy. The base is empirical investigations, interviews and a questionnaire among client-organisations. One of the findings is that meetings is the far most used method in briefing. There is a lack of practically useful tools. Need for flexibility increases. Persons answering have huge experiences of briefing and most of them regard briefing as a continuously ongoing process. Techniques/tools for management of briefing-processes and projects, effective meetings and decision-making, are investigated as well as existing digital programs and internal digital programmes now being formed in some client-organisations.