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The study investigated the individual coaching effect on TOEIC learning among college students. The participants were the 145 college students in Incheon who had taken TOEIC reading comprehension classes for two semesters. Two series of simple TOEIC tests were executed to measure the students’ English proficiency on the first day of each semester. Individual coaching was conducted through counseling and learning guidance for 25 students with the lower scores (3~7 points out of 25 based on the first simple TOEIC test). Among them, eight students participated in the in-depth interview at the beginning of each semester. When comparing the simple TOEIC test results of the two groups, the difference between the averages of the two groups was clear only with regard to the first semester. The t-test showed no proven statistical differences in the second semester outcomes. The results of paired-sample t-test on the change in the simple TOEIC scores before and after individual coaching in the individual and class coaching mixed group was also statistically verified. Individual coaching in this study was to find an appropriate learning process for the students with low language fluency, and it took place for a relatively long time. The interaction between the students and the professor in individual coaching created a special rapport between them.

For nearly two years, virtual learning has been employed by most Korean university instructors and students in online teaching environment. A major negative result of prior research on this issue has been a feeling of isolation and desire for more interactions by students. Therefore, this study was conducted to elicit student insights and feelings related to their satisfaction, self-ratings, and advantages and disadvantages of online Teacher-led (TL) versus Student-led (SL) team activities in their online learning environment. A total of 53 freshman students in two general English classes took part in four Zoom group meetings. The surveys and reflection essay were analyzed through qualitative methods. Major findings included: students from both the TL and SL groups reported relatively higher satisfaction and self-ratings of English skills through the four team activities. However, the TL group indicated that there was a lack of emphasis on reading skills, and an overreliance on teacher interventions led to a lack of team cooperation. While the SL group reported that a lack of teacher interaction led to confusion, poor time management, increased Korean use, and fewer listening comprehension opportunities. Implications and a discussion of team activity use in general English programs are included.

Based on the multilingual perspective that emphasizes that non-native variants of English need to be recognized as having values equivalent to the native speakers’ English, this study aimed at discovering elementary school teachers’ perceptions and beliefs of native-speakerism, multilingualism, and monolingualism in English education, and the contradictions and questions they had as they reflected on the language ideologies. Nine elementary teachers participated in the study, and two written reflections on language ideologies and two follow-up group interviews were used as the data source. The findings were as follows. First, the teachers confirmed, consolidated, or realized how native speakerism and monolingualism were deeply rooted in English teaching and learning. However, they showed that they had agency in their own teaching, and also showed changes in their perception through reflecting on their experiences. Last, the teachers had questions and contradictions about implementing a multilingual approach in teaching English, which provides the issues and challenges to be solved for the transformation of English education in the multilingual world. This study has implications for primary English education.

This study investigates the claim that task-induced involvement load has an effect on vocabulary learning and examines the effect of task types and word concreteness on intentional vocabulary learning in the Korean EFL context. This study aims at testing whether productive word-focused tasks lead to equally effective vocabulary learning when the total involvement load index is equal but the distribution of index levels of each component (need, search, and evaluation) is different. The three productive word-focused task types are gap-fillig, sentence writing, and gap-filling through word transformation. In addition, in order to investigate the effect of word concreteness on vocabulary learning, two groups of target words were selected based on the level of word concreteness. In sum, the results of this study generally supported involvement load hypothesis (Laufer & Hulstijin, 2001) and test types and proficiency levels proved to be important variables that affect vocabulary learning. Moreover, the findings also indicated that word concreteness was not a major factor in vocabulary learning. The pedagogical implications and further suggestions are discussed.

This study aims to analyze the types of cognitive process required to perform vocabulary learning activities in Middle School English textbooks. For this purpose, 26 middle school English textbooks were examined, including 13 for the first year and another 13 for the second year of middle school. The results indicated that vocabulary learning activities emerged in the phase of reading, and then were categorized into pre-reading vocabulary activities and post-reading ones. Eight types of cognitive process emerged in the pre-reading phase and three types in the post-reading phase. That is, the number of vocabulary activities in pre-reading phase was larger than that in the post-reading phase. In addition, the diversity of vocabulary activities in the pre-reading phase was higher than that in the post-reading phase. Based on these results, this study suggests a new model of vocabulary learning activity in middle school English textbooks. A few implications on how to teach new words in English classrooms are discussed.

The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of input- and output-based planning (reading a sample passage vs. writing a draft) on the oral performance of L2 learners with low-proficiency. In this study, 16 Korean female junior college students of low English proficiency were divided into two different planning groups. The reading group was required to read a sample passage of the given topic, designed to encourage “noticing” and “focus on form” using input enhancement, while the writing group was asked to write a draft of their speech, using only their own L2 knowledge. After such planning activities, both groups recorded their assigned speaking tasks using Kakao Talk. Eight planning activities and oral performances were completed over the period of the semester. In order to compare the effects of input- and output-based planning on the improvement of overall proficiency, pre- and post-tests, in which the students produced the same narratives, were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Furthermore, this study explored any difference in speaking performance after each type of planning and what the learners were actually doing during planning time. The results showed that output-based planning had positive effects on speaking performance and its repeated practice led to the improvement of overall proficiency.

The objective of this study is to propose metalinguistic verbalization as a way to help Spanish learners as a foreign language convert explicit knowledge into implicit knowledge. In second language classrooms, metalinguistic verbalization is usually carried out by teachers or appears in the textbook. But, in this paper, we will focus on metalinguistic verbalization carried out by learners and analyze its effects on Spanish as a foreign language acquisition. First, we will divide metalinguistic verbalization into three phases (input, restructuring, and output) and introduce the learner’s actions that appear in each phase. Second, we will explain how these actions influence the construction of implicit knowledge based on metalinguistic reflection, grammar consciousness-raising, noticing hypothesis, cognitive constructivism, meaningful learning, and comprehensible output hypothesis. As a result of the study, it has been theoretically proven that metalinguistic verbalization carried out by learners is a useful learning method that helps to form implicit knowledge. However, it should not be forgotten that learners should practice the target linguistic elements so that they can automatically process the acquired knowledge.

El objetivo de este estudio es proponer la verbalización metalingüística como una manera de ayudar a los estudiantes de español como lengua extranjera a convertir el conocimiento explícito en implícito. En las aulas de la segunda lengua, la verbalización metalingüística suele ser realizada por los profesores o aparece en el libro de texto. Pero, en este artículo, nos centraremos en la verbalización metalingüística llevada a cabo por los alumnos y analizaremos sus efectos en la adquisición del español como lengua extranjera. En primer lugar, dividiremos la verbalización metalingüística en tres fases (input, reestructuración y output) y presentaremos las acciones del alumno que aparecen en cada fase. En segundo lugar, explicaremos cómo influyen estas acciones en la construcción del conocimiento implícito, basándonos en la reflexión metalingüística, el aumento de la conciencia gramatical, la hipótesis del reconocimiento, el constructivismo cognitivo, el aprendizaje significativo y la hipótesis del output comprensible. Como resultado del estudio, se ha demostrado teóricamente que la verbalización metalingüística realizada por los alumnos es una manera de aprendizaje útil que ayuda a formar el conocimiento implícito. Sin embargo, no se debe olvidar que los alumnos tienen que practicar los elementos lingüísticos meta para que puedan procesar automáticamente el conocimiento adquirido.

This paper analyses the errors due to Korean interference when writing/translating into Spanish. We claim that, when learners once input into memory a Spanish form “α” that most preferentially corresponds to a Korean form “A,” they tend to equate this correspondence as ‘A = α’ and apply it to cases where such correspondence should not be used. To find out how many learners make this type of error we conducted an experiment with 42 students. In the experiment, we divided the sentences into two groups. The sentences that can produce an appropriate result were placed in group A if we use the correspondence ‘A → α’, whereas those that can produce an inappropriate result were placed in group B if we do the same. Our analysis showed that the most common error in group B is to reuse the correspondence used in group A. Therefore, learners need to avoid an “excessive equation” to reduce errors. Finally, for each sentence, we suggested ways to reduce or avoid errors.

Este trabajo analiza los errores debidos a la interferencia coreana al escribir/traducir al español. Sostenemos que, cuando los alumnos ingresan una vez en la memoria una forma española α que corresponde preferentemente a una forma coreana A, tienden a equiparar esta correspondencia como ‘A = α’ y la aplican a los casos en los que dicha correspondencia no debería usarse. Para averiguar cuántos alumnos cometen este tipo de error, realizamos un experimento con 42 alumnos. En el experimento, dividimos las oraciones en dos grupos. Las oraciones que pueden producir un resultado apropiado se colocaron en el grupo A si usamos la correspondencia ‘A → α’, mientras que las que pueden producir un resultado inapropiado se ubicaron en el grupo B si lo hacemos. Nuestro análisis mostró que el error más común del grupo B es reutilizar la correspondencia utilizada en el grupo A. Por lo tanto, los estudiantes necesitan evitar una “ecuación excesiva” para reducir errores. Finalmente, para cada oración, sugerimos formas de reducir o evitar errores.

Learning Chinese through animation can be of great help to balanced language learning as you can access not only language but also culture. This study extracted and analyzed the vocabulary of the July 8th, 2016 Chinese animation [Big Fish & Begonia] as evaluated by HSK grade. Among the total number of vocabularies and expressions observed, the average proportion of the ‘basic HSK’ grade vocabulary is 53.95% and the average proportion of the ‘modified HSK’ grade vocabulary is 96.98%, which is very meaningful in learning. The composition ratio of HSK grade for each section was generally constant and the difficulty was constant. The animation [Big Fish & Begonia] contains various vocabulary for learning Chinese and is an educational content that embodies the cultural colors and characteristics of China well for children and adult learners in the early stages of learning Chinese. A very positive educational effect can be expected for the development of Chinese language skills, and the possibility of its use is also very high.

通过动画电影学习汉语对平衡语言学习有很大帮助，因为不仅可以接触语言，还 可以接触文化。本研究提取并分析了2016年7月8日上映的中国动画电影[大鱼海棠] 的对话及解说中出现的HSK考试词汇，讨论其作为教育内容的使用可能性。通过分析发现，对话及解说中，“基础HSK”等级词汇的平均占比为53.95%，“修改HSK” 等级词汇的平均占比为96.98%，笔者认为这对汉语学习具有十分重要的意义。 HSK各部分成绩构成比例和难度大体固定。动画电影[大鱼海棠]中出现了丰富的汉语 学习词汇，很适合儿童儿和成人汉语的早期学习者。本电影很好地展现了中国文化 色彩和富有特色的教育内容，对提升汉语水平，可以起到积极的教育效果，同时其 作为教育内容的使用可能性也非常高。

The purpose of this study is to design an instructional model based on CLIL (Content Language Integrated Learning) theory for effective language learning. The study findings reveal the following three points. First, context-oriented foreign language education is possible, if we have well-edited authentic materials that match the level of the students, and implement the relevant materials as classroom activities that covered 4C (Content, Cognition, Communication, Culture) through sophisticated placement of content-language integration methods. Second, changes in evaluation methods can affect the studying style of learners. Since the process of output can only be actively utilized if the input is repeated, if we provide an desirable evaluation method so that the repetition process can focus on acquiring meaningful language information, this will help learners make more active use of the target language. Third, foreign language education could expand learners’ thinking skills. Content-language integrated learning is sufficient to help students to understand other cultures and compare/analyze the educational contents based on respect for cultural diversity. Through this all learning activities based on CLIL theory, language learners can also develop their critical thinking skills.

本稿の目的は、効果的な言語学習のためCLIL（内容言語統合型学習）理論に基づ く教育モデルを設計することにある。研究の結果は以下の3つのポイントでま とめられる。第一、学習者のレベルに合った内容中心の教材を効率的に編集し、 洗練された配置を通じて4C（内容、認知、意思疏通、文化）をカバーする教室活 動を授業に導入すれば、CLIL基盤の外国語教育は可能である。第二、評価方法の 変更は、学習者の学習スタイルに影響を与える。出力のプロセスは、入力が繰り 返される場合にのみ活性化するため、繰り返しプロセスが意味のある言語情報 の取得に集中できるように学習方法を提供する場合、学習方法は学習者におい てターゲット言語をより効果的に活用するのに役立つと言える。第三、外国語 教育は学習者の思考スキルを拡張させることができる。内容言語統合型学習 は、学習者が他の文化を理解し、文化の多様性を重んじる気持ちに基づいて教育 コンテンツを比較/分析するのに特化されている。CLIL理論に基づくこのすべ ての学習活動を通じて、言語学習者は批判的思考スキルを身に付けることがで きるのである。

The purpose of this study is to analyze the research trends in Korean education for learners in the Arab region. This paper also suggests directions for the future research on the field of Korean education for these learners. To conduct this study, a process of collection and sorting of research papers was held as the first step. Consequently, 64 papers were chosen. Among 64 papers, 31 academic journals and 33 theses were included. The study then reviewed the research trend by years, publishing types, and topics. Although there were very few studies in the 2000s, the number of studies has steadily increased after 2010. This was related to the Korean Wave in Arab countries and the increase in Arab students who study in Korean from 2013. In the topic analysis by the topics, ‘Teaching and Learning’ accounted for the largest proportion. The second largest proportion was ‘Korean Education Content’. Next was ‘Korean Education in general’, followed by ‘Contrastive Analysis’. Overall, there have been many studies based on contrast or error analysis between Arabic and Korean languages. In terms of contents, there were many studies on phonetics and culture. However, it was found that there are many studies that need to be addressed in each sub-topic. Lastly, based on the analysis in this study, the characteristics and limitations of research trends were analyzed, and future research directions were suggested.