Earticle

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the sport confidence of elementary school students participating in cheer leading sport clubs on their physical self-concept and exercise adherence. The subjects in this study were the students who were selected by convenience sampling from the fourth, fifth and sixth graders in elementary schools located in Seoul as of 2014. The selected students engaged in cheer leading sport club activities. After a survey was conducted, the answer sheets from 300 students were gathered, and the answer sheets from 284 respondents were analyzed except for 16 ones that seemed to include unfaithful answers or that seemed not to be analyzable due to incomplete answers. As for data analysis, a statistical package SPSS WIN 21.0 was employed to make an exploratory factor analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the sport confidence of the elementary school students who participated in cheer leading sport club activities were found to have exerted an influence on their physical self-concept. Second, the sport confidence of the elementary school students who participated in cheer leading sport club activities were found to have exerted an influence on their exercise adherence.

This study aimed at considering the changing phase of management environment of Taekwondo gymnasium extending as a business type day by day and resulting other emphasis management program. Data acquired by front-line leasers through in-deep interview were processed through inductive analysis, whose findings are summed up as follows. The features related to the changing phase of management environment of Taekwondo gymnasium are can be summarized as follows. It can be categorized as “First, in the past, Taekwondo gymnasium played a proper role as the chapter of martial arts initiation. Second, leaders’ authority was high. Third, training Taekwondo itself was the main purpose of signing up for the gymnasium. Fourth, current Taekwondo gymnasium makes a lot of personal, material and temporal investment in external factors. Fifth, current Taekwondo gymnasium is recognized as educational service. Sixth, without quick response to educational service trends, it is impossible to survival as a business.” Next, the features related to the changing phase of emphasis management program of Taekwondo gymnasium are can be summarized as follows. It can be categorized as “First, Taekwondo gymnasium pursues variety. Second, it changes according to trainees’s and parents’ demand. Third, specialized program of Taekwondo technical training is positively being executed. Fourth, Taekwondo gymnasium program stress inducement of interest primarily in the content. Fifth, program development shall be considered and planned as a competitive composition to other competitive Taekwondo gymnasia and academy business categories. Thus what this study hints to Taekwondo gymnasium business is summarized as follows. First, Taekwondo gymnasium in modern times has been fixed as a kind of educational service. So if the basis of Taekwondo technical system is not impaired, then an effective Taekwondo gymnasium management and marketing technique for the purpose of distributing Taekowndo should be developed fitting for domestic Taekwondo gymnasium. Second, if looking at Taekwondo gymnasium from an educational service viewpoint, parents and trainees should be properly treated as customers. So leaders will have to create a product and service to faithfully play a role as a producer.

The purpose of this study was to derive the theoretical ground for consumer fields related to the participation in paragliding by analyzing the effect that the participation motive of two-seat paragliding flight experience would have on the satisfaction and re-participation, and provide basic data for stimulating the sports tourism based on the use of paragliding. For this study, 172 participants in two-seat paragliding, as of 2014, were surveyed in relation to the motivation for participation, degree of satisfaction, and willingness for re-participation. The collected data were processed by using the SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 8.0 for frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability verification, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results of analyses led to the following conclusions: First, the effective use of leisure had a positive effect on psychological satisfaction, physical satisfaction, and social satisfaction among the sub-variables of participation motive for paragliding flight experience. The physical health had a positive effect on physical satisfaction and social satisfaction. Meanwhile, the natural experience had a positive effect on social satisfaction, and the sports development had a positive effect on psychological satisfaction and physical satisfaction. Second, in relation to the effect of participation motive on re-participation, it was found that the physical health, social interchange, and sports development has a positive effect on the re- participation. Third, it transpired that only social satisfaction had a positive effect on re-participation in connection with the effect of satisfaction on re-participation.

The purpose of this study was to examine service quality of Horse Gala Show by using IPA in order to provide its improvements and suggestions. For this study, Study subjects were horse gala show visitors, They were sampled with the convenience sampling as a sampling method among nonprobability sampling methods. Finally questionnaire survey of them was carried out and the data of 198 respondents (79.2%) were used in study analysis, except the data of 52 respondents whose reliability was problematic. The questionnaire was reorganized by referring to the study from Go & Kim(2009) and Ji(2011) and Go(2009). Cronbach's alpha was .921-.775, and reliability was verified through factor analysis. The data was analyzed by using SPSS 18.0, and frequence analysis, factor analysis, and IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) were conducted. The results of this study were as follows; The first quadrant have 9 factors of service quality - kindness of staff, atmosphere of show, knowledge of staff, comfortable seats, entertainment and ooo of show, advance publicity of show, staff's knowledge of show, event hall guide sign, behavior(conduct) of staff. The second quadrant showed 3 factors - convenience of parking facilities, brochure of show, convenience of rest-room. The third quadrant showed 5 factors - convenient for places to relax, accessibility to event hall, conformance of indoor movement(walking line), the number of staff, manner of staff The fourth quadrant showed 3 factors - providing event for visitor, conformance as horse gala show's place, degree of visitor participation.

This study aimed to examine the effects of an exercising program using a sling on spinal cord injury patients' upper extremity muscle strength, function, and activity ability. Before and after application of the exercise program using a sling, the subjects' muscle strength, CUE, and SCIM Ⅲ were measured. The subjects were 14 spinal cord injury patients with chest pain and randomly and equally assigned to a sling exercise group(SEG) and a general physical therapy group(GPTG). The exercise method was that the subjects performed exercise maintaining its intensity at third or fourth grade using ratings of perceived exertion; They conducted their exercise three times per week, 30 to 40 minutes per each time, for a total of 8 weeks. The SEG carried out three sets of exercises, 10 times per each set. The sling string and the table's height were adjusted to be suitable for the subjects' physical condition. A therapist assisted the subjects enabling them to have a proper posture and perform the exercise. The GPTG performed passive joint exercise, muscle strengthening exercise, and stretching. All the subjects prepared for their exercise for five minutes before the initiation of the intervention and took a rest for 10 seconds between exercises. Comparison between the SEG and the GPTG before and after the intervention resulted in the following outcomes. After the intervention, upper extremity muscle strength of the shoulder joints increased in all test items of the SEG and in the other items of the GPTG except for the extensor and adductor muscles, with statistically significant differences between the two groups. After the intervention, upper extremity muscle strength of the elbow joints increased in all test items of the sling group and in the other items of the GPTG except for the flexor and pronator muscles, with no statistically significant differences in both groups. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups. After the intervention, upper extremity muscle strength of the shoulder joints increased in all test items of the SEG and in the other items of the GPTG except for the extensor and adductor muscles. There were differences in all the muscles between the two groups except for the extensor muscle. According to the result of measuring CUE to evaluate the subjects' upper extremity function, CUE improved in both groups with no differences between them. The result of measuring SCIM III to assess spinal cord injury patients' functional changes was that there was increase in the scores of both group after the intervention with no differences between them. The above results suggest that a sling exercise program can improve spinal cord injury patients' upper extremity muscle strength and diverse activities of daily living like general rehabilitation programs applied to them in the clinical field. Therefore, an upper extremity exercise program using a sling is considered recommendable as an effective rehabilitation intervention exercise program for spinal cord injury patients.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 16-week resistance exercise on body composition, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory markers in obese middle-aged males. For 16 weeks, physical activity of obese middle-aged men was increased by public transportation, walking, and resistance exercise, and their influence on body composition, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory markes was examined. The results are as follows: First, regarding body composition, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body fat percentage were reduced in public transportation group(p<0.05) when compred with owner-driver group, and there was change in steps among public transportation group(p<0.01). Second, regarding factors of metabolic syndrome, there were changes in belly, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure (p<0.05) and Glucose (p<0.01) among public transportation group. Third, regarding inflammatory markers, there was change in IL-6 among public transportation group(p<0.05). However, there were not significant differences in TNK-a and CRP between public transportation group and owner-driver group. In conclusion, it is considered that using public transportation to increase steps regularly and doing resistance exercise are effective for body composition, risk factors of metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory marker IL-6 in obese middle-aged white-collar male workers.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of shoes insole height on the gait parameters in male college students. The Subject were 10 male college students without orthopedic problems, vestibular damage and visual impairment. After an analysis of gait pattern according to 0cm, 2cm, 3cm and 5cm shoes insole, the following results were carried out: 1. Support time, swing time, stride and stride length were no statistically significant different in insole height in walking. 2. Velocity of COG was no statistically significant different in insole height in walking. 3. It showed the higher leaning upper body angle in 5cm insole height. 4. It showed significantly smaller extension and flection of thigh in 5cm insole height during most of walking. 5. It showed significantly higher knee angle in 5cm insole height at right and left heel contact. 6. It showed significantly higher plantar ankle flection in 3cm and 5cm insole height at right toe off. The results of this study implicated to be reduced the ability of lower body in 5cm insole height.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the kinetics of reactive oxygen species and total antioxidant capacity during acute moderate treadmill running. Twelve healthy men ran treadmill at a intensity of 70% of the participant’s VO2max for 90 minutes. Blood samples were taken from finger in pre-exercise, 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes of exercise for measuring the blood lactate, derivatives of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (d- ROM), and biological antioxidant potential (BAP). During the treadmill running, respiratory gas analysis was also performed. independent t-test and one-way ANOVA were performed to compare the differences. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The differences between pre and post training were significant in reactive oxygen and total antioxidant capacity(p<.05) 2. The changes of reactive oxygen were significantly increased by aerobic training, and there were significant differences among exercise durations(p<.05). 3. The changes of total antioxidant capacity were not significant differences between training intensity groups(p>.05), and there were significant differences among exercise durations(p<.05). As shown above, the occurrence of reactive oxygen and total antioxidant were altered by exercise duration. In other words, the occurrence of reactive oxygen species were significantly increased in 30 minutes of exercise and total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased in 60 minutes of exercise. In conclusion, within 60 minutes of exercise might be suitable for the beginners in the point of the defending the cell against reactive oxygen by exercise.

The purpose of this study is to present basic data for management of metabolic syndrome and health improvement in elderly male population through 6-month walking exercise program. Walking exercise was conducted 4 times per week for total 6 months, and its influence on body composition and risk factors of metabolic syndrome in elderly men. The results are as follows First, regarding body composition, there were differences in weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and fat- free mass between exercise group and control group. Second, regarding risk factors of metabolic syndrome and serum lipid, there were diffrences in HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, SBP, DBP, and belly between exercise group and control group. In conclusion, walking exercise improves body composition, serum lipid, and factors affecting blood pressure in elderly men, and it is considered that doing 60-minute walking exercise four times per week at the intensity of 40~60%HRmax is an effective exercise method for elderly males to improve risk factors of metabolic syndrome.

본 연구는 우울증 유도의 모델을 유도하기 위하여 임신 중에 학습된 무력감(learned helplessness)과 같은 부정적인 환경에의 노출에 따른 태아의 5-HT 및 TPH 발현에 대한 운동의 영향을 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 특히 학습 무력감에 노출될 경우 뇌 기능의 저하를 가속화되는데 운동이 이러한 영향에 어떠한 작용을 하는지에 대한 연구는 미흡하다. 5-HT는 뇌에서 신경의 활성의 지표로 알려져 있으며 뇌의 발달을 조절하는데 있어 핵심적인 역할을 수행하는 인자로 써 알려져 있다. 우리들은 본 연구를 위해 임신중의 학습된 무력감을 처치한 집단과 처치를 하지 않은 어미쥐로 부터 태 어난 새끼 쥐를 4집단으로(통제군, 학습된 무력감을 받고 태어난 군, 학습된 무력감으로 태어난 새끼쥐의 중강도 운동 군, 학습된 무력감으로 태어난 새끼쥐의 고강도 운동군)으로 불류를 하였다. 트레드밀 중강도 운동은 2m/min(5min), 5m/min(5min), 8m/min(20min)으로 하였으며, 고강도 운동은 8m/min(5min), 11m/min(5min), 14m/min(20min)으로 실시하였다. 뇌의 봉선핵에서의 5-HT 및 TPH 발현은 면역조직화학법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 학습 무력감에 노출된 어미 쥐로부터 태어난 새끼 쥐의 경우 봉선핵에서의 5-HT 합성 및 TPH의 발현이 유의하게 감소된 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 트레드밀 운동을 적용한 결과 감소된 5-HT 합성 및 TPH 발현이 유의하게 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과에 비추어볼 때, 트레드밀 운동은 임신 중 학습 무력감에 노출된 어미 쥐로부터 태어난 새끼 쥐에게 있어 항우울성 효과를 유도하는 유용한 방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.