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In 1921, Konan Naito, a Sinologist, delivered a lecture titled “On the Onin War.” In the lecture, he argued that the war completely destroyed the social order at that time and led to a new era, making a parallel between the Onin War and the Xinhai Revolution. In his 1914 article, “On China [Sina Ron],” Naito compared the Xinhai Revolution, which took place in 1911, with the Meiji Restoration, expecting that China would revolutionize itself from within. However, “My Second Thought on China [Shin Sina Ron],” published in 1924, claimed that China would not change unless the existing social order would be destroyed by Japan’s pressure from without. Naito was disappointed with the disorder after the Xinhai Revolution, and began to hope that China would be democratized and modernized, not by the voluntary reform as in the Meiji Restoration, but through “destruction and rebirth” as in the Onin War.

今年5月27日のオバマ大統領による広島原爆死没者慰霊碑訪問は、ジョン・ケリー国務長官の働きか けによるものとされている。ケリーは若き日に、将校として参加したヴェトナム戦争で女性と子供13 名を殺害した罪業感に病み、自殺未遂を30回以上、経験している。本報告では、あまり知られていな いケリーの若き日のトラウマと｢反戦ヴェトナム帰還兵会(VVAW)｣指導者の一人としての過激な活動 を会員の諸先生方に提示し、オバマ外交にもたらした影響あったのかを議論したい。

On May 27, 2016, US President Barack Obama paid a visit to Hiroshima to offer respects to the victims of the atomic bomb the United States dropped on the city in 1945. It is said that this brief but historic visit was made possible by the efforts made by US Secretary of State John Forbes Kerry. Young Kerry, who served as a military officer in the Vietnam War, went through the traumatic experiences of killing 13 children and women. He even attempted to kill himself more than 30 times, suffering from overwhelming feeling of guilt and repentance. My presentation is to talk about these less well-known episodes of his experiences and trauma and his seemingly extreme activities as one of the leaders of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), and thereby to examine how such experiences and activities of his own influenced Obama’s foreign diplomacy.

The presenter cannot help indicating that YOKOTA Saburô (1923-2010), one of the top leaders of the theorists of dôwa education after WWII, failed to make solid theories. This study shows that there were the circumstances of pre-war countryside of Kagawa Prefecture as the backbone of Yokota’s ideas. One point is that the economics of the area was ruled by a few great landowners, and the other point is that the main religion of the area was the old-fashioned Buddhism which was on the traditionalism.

Recently, Japanese media talks about “SHOKUIKU” and it is becoming a new fad. What is this “SHOKUIKU?” The word “SHOKUIKU” has been in use since the early Meiji era in Japan. It is the roots from which the “Intellectual Education, Moral Education and Physical Education” bear fruits. It creates country’s culture and the coinage of it was influenced by Western culture. Hiratsuka Raichou who was an activist in women's liberation movement wrote an essay “IN-YOU NO CHOHWA” (1949) which overlaps with “SHOKUIKU” that became common later on. Her “SHOKUYOU” was based on the real life from the viewpoint of women and on Oriental thoughts. I won’t examine whether the dietary method written in “IN-YOU NO CHOHWA” is true or not, but I am convinced that the thought was born out of her experience of the World War II. It seems that she was also searching the way for Post-war Japan to take.

This presentation aims to discuss girls’education in rural areas in Japan during the 1930s. Previous studies on rural education during the modern period in Japan mostly discussed the cases of schools for boys; there are hardly any discussions on girls’ education in previous studies. This presentation discusses the case of “Kasei-Jogakko” (home economics girls’school) established by Chiba Prefecture Agricultural Association. The purpose of establishing this school was to educate girls in ways different ways from those employed in conventional education for girls, such as in girls’ high schools, and to train them to become capable wives who could cooperate with their husbands for the improvement of rural life. Such education made them criticize their longing for city life and the students of other schools, and they wrote about their determination to continue living in a rural society. Rural education for girls was started as the antithesis to rapid urbanization and the expansion of secondary education, which was unsuitable for rural people. During this period in Japan, girls who lived in rural society were expected to work towards rural development and to restrain their passion and desire for city life, and admiration for people with a higher educational background.

This research bases an analysis of Korean college students’ perception of the relationship between Korea and Japan and of Korean foreign policy toward Japan, collected from 719 college students (effective sample size of 658). The result is that 70 percent of them view them negative; 50.5 percent perceive that academic exchanges, e.g. a collaborative research of history, and active political exchanges on the governmental level are necessitated; and 94.4 percent of them indicate that they need student exchanges and appropriate educations on the historical Issues between the two countries. Additionally, the majority of the students, considering national interests, share their common opinion that Korean diplomacy toward Japan should foster future-oriented and sagacious approaches, not politicalize their nationalistic emotions, and overcome propensity diplomacy to China/a strong foreign policy toward Japan.

The purpose of this study is to consider the course where it is changed to the existence which is symbolic than the strong ethnic identity of the Japanese-Korean. Moreover, it examined whether it was the Spontaneous change whether the identity was Japanese immigration policy of the assimilation or not. In conclusion, the ethnic identity was exposed to be in the implementation process that it is the identity of the Korean residents in Japan, identity of the foreigner, and identity of the Japanese-Korean citizen.

What kind of event was the Russo-Japanese War for Korea? Not only was Korea not a direct cause of the war, but it was not directly involved in the fighting. Research on the Russo- Japanese War in Korea to date has focused on its role in Japan’s wider encroachment on the peninsula and there has been no work directly linking the country with the conflict itself. The first purpose of this article is to re-exam the Russo-Korean relations toward the Russo-Japanese War. This paper considers these points to re-evaluate the relations between Korea’s perception and Japanse policies in the Russo-Japanese War. To this end, an attempt will be made to present a logical framework rather than a detailed historical narrative.

This report deals with the ‘folk’ concept during the early days of the Korean Art Exhibition, which was held during the colonial period. The word ‘folk’ comes from the word ‘Heimat- Kunst’, which came into existence in Germany during the 19th century. In the 1910s, many young Koreans came to Japan and saw the process of young Japanese receiving the western culture for the modernization of Japan. After they returned to Korea, they took the modern western culture that they had learned in Japan into their literary activities, which is when the concept ‘folk’ was born in the Korean art world.

The purpose of this presentation is to suggest the necessity to explain the Japanese political history of the Late Tokugawa Shogunate from the East Asian perspective, through an understanding of the term ‘Kokuze(National Policy)’. In the late 19th century, unprecedented political campaign took place in Japan. The term ‘Kokuze’ was used with the specific political concept and performed the certain political role.

Security cooperation between Korea and Japan has been emphasized because of the threat of North Korea and the needs of the US, which is the most important ally with Korea and Japan respectively. Many scholars argue that the security cooperation between Korea and Japan has been stalled because of the historical antagonism between two countries. However, this presentation argues that the security cooperation between two countries has been steadily developed since the end of the Cold War in spite of the historical antagonism between two countries and Korean decision makers has tries to decouple the security cooperation with Japan from the historical issues in order to achieve their strategic goals in the international politics around the Korean Peninsula.

This presentation, pointing out the existing research on the Jeongjo period can't stay away from ‘inland-centered’ point of view, aims to propose to review the Jeongjo period from the perspective of ‘maritime history’ to supplement this shortcoming. To this end, this presentation would like to examine the existing research outcomes related with the ocean and based thereon suggest what kinds of research could be conducted in the future. Maritime trade theory as suggested during the Jeongjo period needs to be considered along with Jeongjo's maritime point of view. The King thought that people could go to China and Japan through the ocean, while he continued to maintain the policy of prohibiting foreign ships from entering the country's ocean. Meanwhile, there was point of view asserting that navigation and shipbuilding during the Jeongjo period advanced as shown by the example of Anheung, along with the view that those were left behind based on frequent sinking of transport ships. Related with this, the presenter, assuming that occurrence frequency of ocean accidents during the Jeongjo period might be far higher than those during other king's reigns, asserts that the cause for that should be found from unique characteristics of the Jeongjo period. And this study points out that discussion in favor of using warships for marine transportation as well during the Jeongjo period didn't mean the weakened position of the navy but rather was suggested from the perspective of reinforcing the defence of the ocean, and asserts there emerged new socioeconomic problems related with the ocean called Haepye (harmful consequences arising from the ocean).

Military exercises in the Joseon period can be largely divided into three: exercise conducted on land, one conducted on holy grounds and one conducted in the water. Here, a military exercise means to control the troops and inspect them in training grounds. And Sujo (military exercise of the naval forces) can be said as a military exercise of the naval forces. To date, not small amount of research on the naval forces has been carried out and yet there is indeed a lack of direct research on Sujo. Sujo in the former part of Joseon emerged, while the Joseon government maintained and strengthened the naval system to cope with the invasion of Japanese raiders. And yet, it was not made in a systemic way. Then the naval system underwent a great change by the government's 'reinforcement of awareness on the ocean defence' and accommodation of the Ming period's books on military strategy like the Jixiao Xinshu, following Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592. The 17th Century, in particular, was at the center of such a change and Sujo followed in the footsteps of such a revolutionary flow. Unlike in the former part of Joseon, the situations of Sujo during this period can be grasped relatively in details through Bibyeonsadeungnok, Sujoholgi and diverse books on military strategy. While study on Sujo - sort of research on unexplored area - must accompany much difficulty, this study believes such research on Sujo is likely to draw a diverse range of unheard-of research subjects related with marine humanities and history of the naval forces in the Joseon period. For this, it's important to examine how such contents originated and how they were specified. This study believes that after going through such a process in due course, researchers are quite able to supplement the existing research and draw new subjects at the same time.

This study, comparing the antique maps in the former and the latter parts of Joseon that had described the sea in details, conducted analysis on the research state of how national perception on the ocean, and its social value had changed. In the former part of Joseon, islands and coastal areas were rarely inhabited because of the invasion of Japanese raiders and the Joseon government's evacuation policy for island inhabitants. But in the latter part of Joseon, the appearance of illegal boats from the China's Qing and the invasion of Japanese raiders urged the Joseon government to find ways to protect the islands and coastal areas along the Yellow Sea and the country's southern part, and further national use of islands as forest-protecting area and ranches increased their economic values, making them the object of attention and interest. In step with changed national perception on the sea and islands, marking of coastlines on the antique maps became gradually complicated, while locations and shapes of the seas became more obvious. Along the way, the study was able to find that the maps had started to contain various ocean-related information comprehensively and that sea and islands had become as important as inland, given the appearance of separate maps focused on coastal bays. Interestingly, the study could identify such specific perceptual change through information contained on the antique maps.

In the mid-19th century, Japan became the target of survey for its coast by the Western powers, and the Shogunate regime strongly resisted it but in vain. Japan's Meiji government, recognizing the importance of coastal survey, established Eoyonggwae at the Ministry of the Military in 1869 (Meiji 2nd year) to promote waterway survey project. At the time, Japan was not able to prepare nautical charts even for its own coasts and near seas by itself and so began the survey in collaboration with British destroyer HMS Sylvia in 1870. In 1871, Department of Navy was established at the Ministry of the Military together with Office of Waterways. The following year, the Ministry of Navy was established, while Office of Waterways was renamed Department of Waterways in 1886. This Department played a key role in making maps and charts for foreign countries called Oebangdo. In 1875, Japan's gunboat Unyo, approaching Ganghwa Island in Joseon, provoked Joseon's firing, eventually leading to the country's opening. And this time, the ostensible purpose of the boat's sailing was to survey Joseon's coasts. As Japan accepted the demand for survey by Britain and the United States, which was based on public law of all nations, Japan likewise approached Joseon's coast following the logic of the Western powers and conducted survey arbitrarily. And some nautical charts were inserted in several parts of Korean Fishery Chronicle(Hankuk Susanji). Comparing nautical charts inserted in Volume 3 of this Chronicle with nautical chart No. 320 of the Japanese navy, this study found that while there was no difference in borderlines of coast, the latter described the landform of coasts - observable from the seashore - in details whereas the former described the related landform very simply. Perhaps, it's because as nautical charts were principally related with military information, the producer of the nautical charts might have judged it was not proper to contain such information in Korean Fishery Chronicle read by ordinary people.

As the terms of ‘Dragon King rite in folk religion’ and ‘Buddhist's ritual for Dragon King’ are different, they have apparently distinct contents and forms, though their ultimate goals may be similar. The differences can be summarized as follows. A dragon in Sea God rites in folk religion is a king of dragons with absolute charisma who governs the family and social system as god at its own underwater palace. On the other hand, Buddhist's belief in dragon is for just one of such Dragon Gods out of so many groups of Buddhism-protecting gods, though it has the same hierarchy with Dragon King rite in folk religion. The purpose of Dragon King rite in folk religion is to bless, and save the souls of those drowned in the sea, and exorise evil sprits absolute dependence on Dragon King. However, Buddhist's the Sea God ritual is a ceremony of self-repentance. While Dragon King in folk religion plays a role as the highest god taking charge of overrall life and death, Dragon God in Buddhism plays an assistant role in the system of Avalokitesvara belief.

This presentation, above all, deemed Mao Zedong's Marine thought as one of the ideological backgrounds for the emergence of the China's 21st Century's ocean silk road policy called ‘One Belt, One Road’ - in pursuit of advance into continent. And it conducted analysis of the relevant state of research. In doing so, this study examined the state of research, dividing the period into two of the former and latter parts based on 2013 when Chinese's leader Xi Jinping had suggested ‘One Belt, One Road’ policy. As a result, the study found most of studies had assumed Mao Zedong's Marine thought as the origin of China's Marine thought regardless of the period. Compared with research prior to 2013, research afterwards had more studies by certified government journals like CSSCI. This implies that research seeking the origin of China's Marine thought emerged as the national discourse and at the same time that research on Mao Zedong's Marine thought contained the nature of national ideology to a certain degree.

The purpose of this article was to examine research results of the Chinese academic circles on pirates during the Qing dynasty and suggest research subjects in the future. We have three contents as below. First, the study examined research results of the Chinese academic circles on pirates. Second, it classified and examined research results of the Chinese academic circles on pirates during the Qing dynasty by selecting the most-studied three sub subjects out of these results. Third, this article discussed about what were problems found in the state of research and how these could improve in the future.

This research presentation consisted of formation background, process and decline of the Atlantic pirates who had pioneered Golden Age of pirates in the early 18th Century. This presentation summarized the research state based on the fact that there were largely two different views on them, which was found during the study on the pirates. While examining two large distinct points of view whether they had been victims of the colony-seeking nations in a sense or had caused social problems by evoking troubles in marine order, the study was able to shed light on specific culture of pirate groups with anarchic nature. These days, research on pirates in the past tends to be made mainly by depicting them as persons having led marine culture, in contrast to those having sought romanticism as represented by mass media. In tune with people's higher interest in the ocean, research on pirates becomes a key to understand the ocean at the time.