Earticle

미셸 푸코는 교정에 대한 인문학적 논의에서 매우 중요한 인물이다. 이는 두 가지 이유 때문이다. 첫째는 『광기의 역사』(1961)에서부터 사후 출간된 유고들에 이르기까지 그가 집요하게 몰두했던 국가권력에 의한 형벌의 역사 연구 때문이다. 특히 푸코는 자신의 대표작 『감시와 처벌』(1975)에서 근대적 감옥의 등장과 함께 형벌이 배제에서 규율로 전환되는 역사를 분석했으며, 이후 이 저작은 감옥과 형벌 시스템의 연구자들이 반드시 참조해야하는 주요 문헌이 되었다. 교정의 인문학적 논의 과정에서 푸코가 언급되는 대부분의 경우는 바로 이 첫 번째 이유 때문이다. 여기서 푸코는 오로지 감옥과 형벌 시스템의 비판자로서 설명되고, 그의 저작들은 근대적 교정 시스템에 대한 가장 격렬한 비판으로 간주된다. 따라서 푸코는 교정의 인문학적 논의를 시작하기 위한 비판적 단초를 제공해주는 인물로 자리매김될 뿐이며 그의 이론은 현실적으로 교정, 그 자체와는 절대 양립할 수 없는 것처럼 이해된다. 물론 『광기의 역사』에서 『감시와 처벌』에 이르기까지 푸코가 근대적 교정 시스템에 비판적이었다는 사실은 부정할 수 없다. 하지만 우리가 흔히 ‘후기 푸코’라고 부르는, 즉 『감시와 처벌』 이후의 푸코는 이전과는 약간 다른 모습을 모여주고 있다. 물론 근대적 교정 시스템에 비판적이던 태도가 변했다는 것은 아니다. 그보다는 단순한 비판에 그치지 않고 그 이상의 이야기를 하려고 했다는 의미이다. 단순한 비판을 ‘거부’라고 한다면 그 이상의 이야기는 ‘변화’에 대한 시도라고 할 수 있겠다. 우리가 만일 『감시와 처벌』에서 멈춘다면 푸코는 근대적 교정 시스템에 맞서는 비판자일 뿐이겠지만, 후기 푸코에 주목한다면 푸코를 매개로 ‘변화’를 위한 생산적인 논의가 가능해질 것이다. 여기서 푸코가 교정에 대한 인문학적 논의에서 중요한 인물인 두 번째 이유가 나온다. 푸코는 교정의 인문학적 논의 전개에 기여할 수 있는 이론적 요소들을 제공한다. 그 이론적 요소가 무엇인지를 살펴보는 것이 이 글의 목적이다.

This article examines the major work of Michel Foucault, and find the possibility of dialogue between correction and Michel Foucault. He is particularly concerned with the relations between political power and the body, and describes various historical ways of training the body to make it socially productive. The body is an element to be managed in relation to strategies of the economic and social management of populations. Discipline is a mechanism of power which regulates the behaviour of individuals in the social body. This is done by regulating the organization of space, of time and people's activity and behaviour. It is enforced with the aid of complex systems of surveillance. Michel Foucault uses the term 'disciplinary society', discussing its history and the origins and disciplinary institutions such as prisons, hospitals, asylums, schools and army barracks. The theory of Michel Foucault is often regarded as criticism of modern system of correction. But Michel Foucault is critic of discipline power as well as philosopher of self-subjectification. He analyzes the self-government and subjectification in ancient Greece and Rome in the History of Sexuality and his works in 1980's. The object of this paper is to quest the possibility that utilize the study of Michel Foucault in the humanities corrections.

This study focuses on chotto among the adverbs that are interjectionally used and describes the process of how the meaning and function of adverbs has derived from adverbial usage to interjectional usage in case of increased subjectification. (1)Chotto precedes the predication and indicates low degree or small quantity. (2)The acquisition of affective meaning by chotto is probably enabled by contexts in which speaker’s negative feelings or attitude to the addressee. In such uses, it appears to have lost its original meaning, small extent as an adverb. Chotto occurs without a predicate as a response but it is not procedural with interjectional meaning. (3)Chotto is used as an interjection to call someone casually. It occurs in clause-initial position. Moreover, it can stand alone as an utterance. It functions at a discourse expressive level. As addressed above, chotto illustrates increased subjectification; originating in a clause-internal degree modifier (i.e. propositional function), it comes to show the speaker’s emotional involvement as an interjection (i.e. expressive function).

현대중국어에 빈번하게 사용하는 ‘V到’구조의 그 의미기능에 대하여 본고는 Langacker (2002)와 Traugott(2002)의 주관성(subjectivity)과 주관화(subjectification) 개념을 도입하여 설명하고자 하였다. 본고는 ‘V到’구조의 의미기능을 하위사건구조에 의거하여 크게 두 가지로 나누었다. 하나는 ‘V到’구조가 두 개의 하위사건으로 나누어지는 경우이고, 다른 하나는‘V到’구조가 두 개의 하위사건으로 나누어 질 수 없는 경우이다. 본고에서는 전자의 보어‘到’ 를 ‘到1’로, 후자의 보어‘到’를 ‘到2’로 지칭하였다. ‘到1’는 대상이 술어동사V이라는 <방식(manner)>을 통해 공간에서 물리적으로 이동한 순간을 나타내며, 이러한 표현은 화자가 ‘무대 밖(off-stage)’에서 관찰 대상의 이동을 묘사한 것이다. 이에 ‘到1’구문은 해당상황에 대하여 객관적인 해석으로 이루어져있다. 반면 ‘到2’는 ‘到1’와 같이 물리적 이동 순간에 대한 객관적 해석이 아니다. 오히려 ‘到2’는 그 의미기능이 문장을 발화하는 ‘화자에 연관(speakerrelated)’ 되어 있다. ‘到1’의 표현이 관찰 대상이 이동하는 상황을 객관적으로 묘사했다면, ‘到2’ 는 화자 자신의 판단에 따른 주관적 의견 즉 해당 상황이 ‘성취(achievement)’됨을 표현한다. 따라서 ‘到2’의 표현은 ‘到1’의 표현보다 ‘주관화’되어있다.

The complement construction of V-dao is frequently used in mandarin Chinese. In this article, V-dao is explained by the subjectivity and subjectification, especially in the concept of Langacker(2002) and Traugott(2002). The semantic function of V-dao is classified into two types by sub-event structure. Some of V-dao have two sub-events, but some of V-dao is unable to be separated into two sub-events. In this article, The former of Dao is called Dao1, the latter of Dao is called Dao2. Dao1 describes a moment of physical movement in space through the predicate verb V that is a <manner> of movement. In this sentence, the speaker describes the movement of object at the ‘off-stage’. Thus, the construction of Dao1 the ‘objective’. However Dao2 cannot be regarded as the ‘objective’, and does not describes a moment of physical movement. The semantic function of Dao2 is more ‘related with speaker’ than Dao1. While the construction of Dao1 describes the movement of object, the construction of Dao2 describes the ‘achievement’ of situation. In this case, ‘achievement’ means the subjective opinion from the speaker’s judgment about the situation. Thus, the construction of Dao2 is more ‘subjectivity’ than the construction of Dao1.

This paper is aimed at demonstrating that a panchronic approach to the study of synchronic grammatical units and constructions will lead to more significant linguistic generalizations than a synchronic approach alone can. This will be accomplished by examining a wide variety of synchronic grammatical phenomena and distributions involving the Korean visual perception verb po-. For the analysis of the evolutionary aspects of the phenomena, various putatively universal principles, hypotheses, and constraints, both theoretical and methodological, that have been advanced in the framework of grammaticalization will be extensively referred to.

이 논문은 국어 관형사에 대한 역사적 연구의 기초가 되는 사항을 논하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 논의의 대상이 되는 단어 부류가 갖는 특성을 상세히 논하고 몇몇 사례를 통하여 분석의 과정을 제시하였다. 이러한 논의와 분석을 통하여 이 논문에서는 다음과 같은 잠정적 결론을 제시하였다. 첫째, 명사구 전부 요소의 역사적 연구와 관련하여, ‘단어임의 위상 변화’, ‘형태 변화’, ‘단어/접두사로서의 자격 획득 여부’, ‘명사구 핵과의 논항 관계 상실/획득’ 등이 논의될 수 있다. 둘째, 관형사 문법사는 고유어 관형사와 한자어 관형사로 구분하여 진행되어야 한다. 셋째, 관형사의 문법사 논의는 구성 양식별로 그 변화 양상을 추적하여야 한다.

This paper aims at drafting the basis of arguments for the historical research on adnominal word class in Korean. For the purpose, it is suggested that the object of arguments is analysed in detail, and the course of arguments is followed by that analysis. Through the arguments and analysis, this paper has the result as following: 1. The arguments on historical research on adnominal word class are related with ‘becoming word’, ‘morphological change’, ‘gaining the status of word’, ‘gaining/losing the argument relation with the head of NP.’ 2. The arguments must be treated in separation in one hand the pure-Korean determiner, in the other hand the Sino-Korean determiner. 3. The research must be revolved around the change in the constructional pattern.

본 논문은 최근 20여 년간 성별분업 관념이 약화되어 온 이면에 대중매체를 통해 기혼여성을 여전히 가사책임자로 정체화하는 주부 호명이 증가하고, 주부가 가정의 CEO로 재현되는 현상에 주목한다. 이러한 현상이 어떻게 가능하였는지를 보기 위해 1990년부터 2006년까지의 6개 주요 일간신문 기사와 논설의 주부 담론 계보를 분석하였다. 1990년대부터 주부는 가부장제 구조에 의한 억압적 위치가 아니라 여성의 선택에 의한 위치이자, 전문가이며 하나의 직업으로 재현되었다. 이러한 주부 전문가 담론은 가사노동 가치 인정론을 담고 있지만, 그것은 중산층 전업주부의 소비능력, 취향, 경험에 기초한 소비자 권력에 시장가치를 부여한 것이다. 이러한 담론에서 기층 여성의 가사노동 경험은 배제된다. 페미니즘의 사회주부 담론도 전업주부를 가사노동자와 동일시함으로써, 시장 권력에 기초한 주부 전문직 주체화 담론과 대결하지 않았다. 2000년대 이후 투기/투자에 기초한 재테크가 강조되는 등 일상의 경영화 현상이 일어나면서 주부를 가정 경영자로 재현하고 계몽하는 주부 CEO 담론이 나타났다. 신자유주의 경영 담론의 지배 하에서 주부가 경영자 주체로 만들어지고, 가사노동의 가치는 시장권력에 의존하여 평가되며, 투기와 투자의 재산불리기 노동이 주부의 일상 노동이 되었다. 이렇게 신자유주의 경영 담론은 주부를 가정의 경영자로 주체화시킴으로써 여성과 가족을 신자유주의 시장질서에 종속시킨다.

While the gendered division of labor has allegedly weakened, representation of housewife identifying married women with primary domestic workers have also strengthened in mass media for the last twenty years. This article traces the genealogy of the ‘housewife discourse’ in mass media by analyzing articles and editorials of six major daily newspapers between 1990 and 2006, and examines changes in the representation of housewives in Korea. A discourse depicting the housewife not as a status that women are compelled to take by the patriarchal social structure but as a status chosen by an individual will and even as a profession appeared as early as 1990. Although this professional housewife discourse seems to recognize the value of housewives as domestic workers, the analysis reveals that what it actually recognizes is the market values of purchasing power, taste and experience of middle class full-time housewives. In this discourse are excluded working class married women and their experiences of domestic work. The ‘social housewife’ discourse of feminists did not confront with this marketing discourse, as it also identified housewives with full-time housewives. Since 2000, as neo-liberal entrepreneurship discourses invaded everyday life, full-time housewives have been represented as domestic CEOs, who should be capable not only of domestic work but also of managing money through financial investment and risk management. The ‘housewife CEO’ discourse makes housewives neo-liberal subjects and incorporates women and family live into neo-liberal social orders.

이 글은 ‘나꼼수-비키니시위’ 사건을 통해 뉴미디어와 여성의 정치적 주체화의 상호관련성, 그리고 그것이 함축하는 여성정체성 구성의 반복적 전략위치를 생각해본다. 이 사건은 문화정치적 변동의 과정에서 여성이 여성으로서 정치적인 주체가 된다는 것의 가능성과 동시에 곤란함을 응축적으로 보여주었다. 팟캐스트 나는꼼수다는 격하와 육화의 패러디와 해학을 상연하는 난장이자 놀이화된 정치적 공론장이라고 할 수 있다. 비키니시위 행위는 이러한 새로운 공간에 여성들이 아이디주체의 형태로 참여하는 과정을 보여주었다. 아이디주체란, 인터넷 공간에서 문화적 장에 흘러다니는 기호를 집어드는 행위를 통해 구성되고 주장되는 정체성에 의해 구성되는 존재를 말한다. 비키니시위 여성들은 여성이라는 정체성을 표현하기 위해 격하된 성적 육체라는 기호를 집어 주장하는 아이디-여성주체라고 할 수 있다. 그들의 행위는 성적으로 대상화된 여성 육체라는 기호를 사용하여 정치적 주체로 참여하는 선언이다. 비키니시위는 여성이라는 정체성과 정치의 몫을 둘러싼 불화(不和)와 불일치를 무대화했다. 비키니 사진에 재현된 기호는 사회질서가 여성에게 부여하는 상징적 질서의 구획 방식을 그대로 다시 보여준다는 점에서 가면이자 패러디이다. 여성이라는 아이디를 다시 보여주는 아이디-여성은 이 여성들이 정치적 장에서 주체가 되기 위해 취한, 그러나 지배적 사회질서의 방식에 맞서 취한 이름표이다.

A podcast named ‘Na-neun Ggomsuda’(I’m a weasel or I’m a Ggomsu) was the most influential political commentaries during the president Lee Myongbak’s last term of office in Korea. Starting as a political satire show, the podcast Naggomsu was expanded to a social phenomenon in which new modes of political subjectification had been emerging. This study examines political subjectification of women (re)mediated by changed media ecosystem and the re-partition of the politic in terms of Jacque Ranciere through ‘the Naggomsu-the bikini protest.’ The bikini protest showed the process that women participated in the new form of political field, the networked carnivalesque as ID subjects. I suggest the concept ID subject which means being of identities constructed and protested through performance as taking some of signs floating in the cultural field. Women in their bikini photos are the ID-Woman subjects that protest becoming political subjects through taking a sign, sexualized body. The body sign in the photo is a parody and masque in that it re-presents partition of symbolic order that society imposes on women. It was the bikini protest by which the dissensus and disagreement over part in the public field of women was made a mise-en-scene.

This article describes various meanings and functions of the Japanese adverb betsuni, and discusses the process of the semantic change of that from the point of subjectification. In summary, the semantic change of betsuni can be illustrated as below. Each stage of semantic change is a case of subjectification. Its acquisition of the function as an interjection represents an increase in subjective meaning. 1. Betsuni used with affirmative predicate means “besides”, “in addition”. This adverbial meaning is related to the lexeme betsu “another” and can be noticed that it derives from the adjective betsuno/betsuna as well. In this case, betsuni is synonymous with Japanese adverb hokani. 2. Betsuni used with negative predicate means “particularly”. As a stance adverb, a speaker uses it to emphasize his or her negation. It can be interchanged with Japanese adverb tokuni. 3. Betsuni is used alone as an interjection in response. In this case, betsuni may also carry expressive value as a mild refusal to the addressee. It expresses a negative emotional involvement by speakers as an interjection.

본 논문은 일본군 ‘위안부’ 피해자인 이용수의 주체화 과정을 개인적, 민족적, 인권적 서사를 중심으로 분석하며, 운동과정에서 피해 당사자의 주체성과 자기결정권이 충분히 보장되지 못한 점을 FPIC 관점에서 비판적으로 고찰하였다. 이용수는 초기피해자로서 수동적 위치를 벗어나 증언과 활동을 통해 능동적 주체로 변모하였다. 그녀는 자신의 경험을 통해 억압적인 역사 담론에 저항하며 운동의 중심에 섰고, 과거사를 넘어 현재와 미래를 위한 윤리적 실천의 장으로 확장시켰다. FPIC 관점에서 볼 때, 일본군 ‘위안부’ 운동은 피해 당사자의 자유의사와 사전동의를 충분히 반영하지 못한 채 진행된 측면이 있다. 정대협과 한국정부는 운동의 방향과 방식을 일방적으로 결정했으며, 피해자들의 목소리를 온전히 존중하지 못했다는 비판이 제기된다. 이용수는 이러한 한계 속에서도 독립적인 활동을 통해 자신의 목소리를 국제적 인권 담론으로 확장하고, 민족적 피해를 넘어 보편적 인권 문제로 재구성하는 데 기여했다. 정대협과의 거리를 유지하며 주체적 운동을 전개한 그녀의 사례는 피해자 중심의 접근과 자기결정권 존중의 중요성을 보여준다. 결론적으로, 일본군 ‘위안부’ 운동은 국제적 공감과 성과를 얻는 데 성공했으나, 당사자의 권리와 주체성을 충분히 반영하지 못한 한계를 안고 있다. 따라서 향후 유사한 문제해결에는 FPIC 원칙에 기반한 당사자 중심 접근이 필수적이다. 또한, 이용수 이외의 다른 피해자들의 증언과 서사를 심층적으로 분석하여 피해자 중심의 연구와 결론 도출이 이루어지도록 하는 추가적인 연구가 필요함을 시사한다.

This paper analyzes the subjectification process of Lee Yong-soo, a victim of the Japanese military “comfort women” system, focusing on her personal, national, and human rights narratives. It critically examines the lack of respect for the subjectivity and self-determination of victims during the development of the movement, using the framework of FPIC (Free, Prior, and Informed Consent). Lee Yong-soo initially occupied a passive position as a victim but transformed into an active agent through her testimony activities. She resisted oppressive historical discourses, positioned herself at the center of the movement, and extended the issue beyond “a matter of the past” to a realm of ethical practice for the present and future. From the perspective of FPIC, the Japanese military “comfort women” movement shows aspects where victims’ free will and prior consent were not adequately reflected. Both the Korean Council (formerly the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan) and the Korean government unilaterally determined the movement’s direction and methods, without fully respecting the voices of individual victims. Despite these structural limitations, Lee Yong-soo actively expressed her voice through independent activities, contributing to reframing the issue as a universal human rights matter beyond the confines of national grievances. By maintaining a critical distance from the Korean Council, she exemplified the importance of a victim-centered approach and the respect for self-determination. In conclusion, while the Japanese military “comfort women” movement successfully garnered international sympathy and achieved signifi cant results, it also revealed limitations in fully incorporating the rights and agency of the victims. Therefore, future efforts to address similar is sues must prioritize victim-centered approaches rooted in the principles of FPIC.

(연구목적) 본 연구는 한국 이주가사돌봄노동정책에서 30년여 년간 ‘저임금 노동력 확보’ 담론 속에 진행된 노동 자의 지위의 제한적 공식화가 이들의 목소리, 노동 경험 및 저항 양식에 미친 영향을 탐구한다. 1980년대 말부 터 ‘비공식 노동자’였던 조선족(1세대)과 2024년 시범사업으로 공식 정책 대상이 된 필리핀 노동자(2세대)를 비 교함으로써, 정책이 노동자 주체성 발현에 미치는 효과를 분석한다. (연구방법) 본 연구는 정책적 지위 변화를 독립변수로 설정하고, 조선족 17명(2013년)과 필리핀 노동자 21명 (2025년)을 대상으로 노동생애사 인터뷰 및 FGI에 기반한 비교 분석을 수행했다. 연구의 핵심 개념인 ‘통제되 지 않은 목소리’를 통해 공식 정책 담론 외부에서 발화되는 노동자 자신의 노동 아비투스와 경험에 기반한 주체 적 발언을 포착했다. 인식론적 분석 틀로는 Spivak의 서발턴 이론, Kergoat의 공동실질성, Bourdieu의 아비투 스, 그리고 Ibos 외의 돌봄의 관점을 유기적으로 결합했다. (연구결과) 30년간 정책 논리는 ‘저렴한 노동력 확보’에 고착되어, 두 세대 모두에서 저임금, 무한 업무 확장, 위계 적 고용이라는 착취 메커니즘을 반복 재생산했다. 1세대 조선족은 사회주의 노동 아비투스를 바탕으로 착취를 자 본주의의 구조적 모순으로 인식하여 개별적으로 저항했으나, 사적 고립이라는 장벽에 부딪혀 집단화에 실패했다. 반면 2세대 필리핀 노동자는 정책 공식화가 제공한 토대 위에서, 축적된 이주돌봄노동 아비투스와 시민사회 연대 를 동력 삼아 제도화된 불안정성에도 불구하고 개별 경험을 집단적 권리 요구로 정치화했다. 이러한 정치화 과정은 노동자의 개별 경험을 공적 담론의 영역으로 끌어올렸으며, 돌봄 체계 내 권력관계 변화의 필연성을 드러냈다. (결론 및 제언) 이주가사돌봄노동자의 정책적 지위 변화는 개별적 저항에서 집단적 권리 요구로의 ‘목소리의 진 화’를 견인했다. 이러한 목소리에 응답하기 위해, 우선, 돌봄의 상호성 원칙에 입각하여 정책 전 과정에 노동자의 의사결정 참여를 구조화해야 한다. 둘째, 고용허가제 하의 체류권 종속성을 해소하여 실질적 노동권 행사를 보장 해야 한다. 끝으로 돌봄 가치에 대한 사회적 재평가를 통해 지속 가능한 돌봄 체계로의 근본적인 구조적 전환이 필요하다.

(Purpose) This study explores how the limited formalization of migrant domestic care workers‘ status—occurring within three decades of ’securing low-wage labor‘ discourse in Korean immigration policy—has affected their voices, labor experiences, and modes of resistance. By comparing Korean-Chinese workers (first generation) who were ’informal workers‘ since the late 1980s with Filipino workers (second generation) who became ’official policy targets‘ through the 2024 pilot program, this study analyzes the effects of policy on workers' agency manifestation. (Research methods) This study established policy status change as the independent variable and conducted comparative analysis based on labor life-history interviews and focus group interviews with 17 Korean-Chinese workers (2013) and 21 Filipino workers (2025). Through the core concept of ’uncontrolled voices,‘ the study captured workers’ subjective articulations grounded in their own labor habitus and experiences, which emerge outside official policy discourse. The epistemological framework organically integrates Spivak‘s Subaltern theory, Kergoat’s Consubstantialité, Bourdieu’s ‘Habitus’, and Ibos et al.’s Perspective du Care. (Findings) Over the past three decades, policy logic has remained fixed on ‘securing cheap labor’ perpetuating exploitative mechanisms—low wages, unlimited work expansion, and hierarchical employment—across both generations. The first-generation Chaoxianzu, grounded in socialist labor habitus, recognized exploitation as capitalism’s structural contradiction and resisted individually, yet confronted insurmountable barriers to collectivization imposed by workplace isolation. By contrast, the second-generation Filipino workers, drawing on both the foundation created by policy formalization and their accumulated migrant care labor habitus along with civil society solidarity, transformed individual experiences into collective rights demands despite institutionalized precarity. This politicization process raised workers’ individual voices to the public sphere and revealed the necessity of fundamental change in power relations within the care system. (Conclusion and recommendations) The shift in policy status has driven an ‘evolution of voice,’ transitioning from individual resistance to collective demands for rights. To address this, first, worker participation in policy-making must be institutionalized based on the principle of care reciprocity. Second, residency status must be decoupled from employment to guarantee the practical exercise of labor rights. Finally, a fundamental structural transition toward a sustainable care system is required through a comprehensive social revaluation of care work.

This analysis examined semantic, syntactic change on fluke type modal adverbs such as 亏 得, 幸亏, cross-question type modal adverbs as like 难道, 何必 and unexpectedness type modal adverbs as in 居然, 竟然 in modern Chinese. fluke type modal adverbs such as 亏得, 幸亏, the meaning of ‘loss’ has moved to meaning of lack or shortage and it has been filled, and turned into meaning of sufficient. At last it has settled in the meaning of psychological stability by intervening psychological rebound reaction. Cross-question type modal adverb ‘难道’ has been altered to the meaning of ‘difficult to affirm’ from being derived the original meaning in each word ‘difficult’ and ‘refer’, currently is being used in the meaning of ‘at all or ever’ due to somewhat negative psychological mechanism. ‘何’ had already been presented negative meaning of ‘on what ground’ in ancient Chinese, ‘必’ has also been being used in meaning ‘must be done’ with no great change, ‘何 必’ is in use for negative counter-question meaning of ‘on what ground should something to be done’ in modern Chinese. Lastly, unexpectedness type modal adverb ‘居然’ is currently being used in meaning of ‘unexpectedly’ in modern Chinese by setting off from it’s original meaning ‘sit’ to ‘safe’ through psychological mechanism, after extension and differentiation to ‘显然’, ‘竟然’ has been changed to ‘finally’ by going through modification in part of speech with meaning extention from it’s original meaning ‘finish’, is being used the meaning of ‘unexpectedly’ in modern Chinese.

“Ippon no Hana” by Yuriko Miyamoto - as a symbolic image of an independent woman- Lee, Sang-Bok “Ippon no Hana (One Flower)” is meaningful due to Yuriko Miyamoto’s final work in her early period before leaving for the Soviet Union. Despite Asako said she loved Sachiko, the heroine surprised herself because she was mentally disturbed by a proposal of Mr Ohira. However she denied the marriage. Asako understood women always sacrificed on their lives for marriages and their “half-opened flowers” were not able to bloom compleately because of the inertia of the male-centered society. Regarding the jobs for female, she expressed her negative emotion against male supremacy over the society through her experiences with female victims of discriminations in a social welfare cooperation. However she also indicated the diversified advancement through the professionalization of intellectual women, and suggested that women were about to establish their spiritual and internal world views as well as the financial independence. In the later part of the novel the author wrote that Asako had a desire to discontinue her monotonous life with Sachiko and participate in the society. Consequently it can be said that “Ippon no Hana (One Flower)” raised various possibilities of women to seek their own lives, which are based on the issue of women’s self and subjectivity in the contradictive society.

The purpose of this research suggests the presenting order applying subjectification theory based on the negative evaluation result of present method of conjunctive word '-(eu)myeon' that Korean teaching materials provide. As a result, four 4 kinds of meaning combination between a first caluse and a second clause were found; ‘r-r’, ‘r-p’, ‘p-r’, ‘p-p’. (‘r’- realization, ‘p’- possibility of realization) This research suggests the presenting order of the meaning combinations based on the subjectification theory. The presenting order is followed by ‘r-r’ ‘p-r’, ‘r-p’,’p-p’ and it is expanded from objective cognition to subjective cognition. The result of this research will be helpful for Korean teachers and teaching materials planners to deliver conjunctive word '-(eu)myeon' effectively. (KookMin University)

In grammaticalization studies, the notion of 'subjectification' has attracted much attention as a descriptive term or an enabling mechanism of semantic change contingent upon grammaticalization processes. Subjectification, largely referring to the phenomena where the semantics of a grammaticalizing source lexeme changes into one that describes the speaker's internal state or subjective attitude, is often considered to be one of the strong tendencies attested in grammaticalization processes. The cognitive strategy in the opposite direction is objectification, whereby a more abstract notion is treated as a more concrete object. This paper reviews these notions in grammaticalization studies, and presents examples of typical instances of such cognitive operations. It also presents the cases that can be either interpreted as instances of subjectification or of objectification, and those that do not exhibit such cognitive strategies with a definite directionality. Based on these examples, this paper claims that characterization of grammaticalization processes in terms of subjectification and objectification requires considerations including the levels of analyses, such as the lexical level where the semantics of the grammaticalizing form is focused, or the levels of encoding strategies whereby the language user is treating a target concept in linguistic representation.

This paper aims to explore Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient to find how modern subjectivity and modern art have proved to be exhaustible through modern history and modern art history by closely reading the novel with theoretical scaffoldings including Deleuze and Guattari's idea of nomadism and de-subjecitification and the contextualization between life and book. On the surface level, the novel adopts a detective/war plot but severely maimed face of the English patient, the protagonist, is the focal point in this novel inquiring what the meaning of this erased faciality is. In fact, the English patient's face, a metaphor of the corporeal book and the history, figuratively links to the geography and geology of the Western-centered fascism and resistance. The English patient at first chooses absolute deterritorialization but his nomadic journey fails as he becomes obsessed with possession of Katherine. Yet, the English patient's persistent efforts to disguise himself also opens a way of communication to heal not only his trauma but other characters'. Through these analysis and arguments, this paper intimates that de-subjectification through communicating Others via corporeal metaphor embodies true nomadism.

Literary translation, as a general and typical translation activity, is a process with long term, high dynamic, and incessant updates, which reflects the translator’s subjectivity revealed from the translator’s subjectification in the becoming of literary translation. With the help of paratexts, the translator plays a pivotal part in three phases of translation activity. Taking three Chinese translations of Ulysses as an example, translators firstly lead readers to make an initial impression of the novel in prefaces, and then they tend to take annotations so as to enrich the textual connotations and unveil the literary and cultural implications. In the last period, the translators devoted themselves to interviews or memoirs, extending the academic range and expanding the public reputation. These three types of paratexts corresponding to three translation phases help us analyze the issue of translators’ functions and their roles in the context of translated culture.

The arguments in Foucault’s 1984 book, The History of Sexuality Ⅱ and Ⅲ, contain ethical information about self-care. Discussions of self-care ethics can also be found in Foucault’s lectures from the 1980s. The History of Sexuality, which was published in the form of an ethical genealogy based on classical text, exemplifies deconstructive writing. Despite the instability of the narratives, it is a work that directly identifies what ‘Foucault’s ethics’ is. The present work aims to show that Foucault’s essential signification of ethics is in ‘love’ and ‘freedom’. To this end, I will analyze and reconstruct the discussion on ‘love’ and ‘freedom’. First, I believe that Foucault’s fundamental reason for selecting the issue of love as the subject of ethics is to explain the concept of ‘freedom’ in self-care ethics. In examining this topic, this paper reveals how ethical issues can be organized by the forms of love. The discussion outlined above shows how the meaning of love and freedom is achieved as a result of giving up one’s power. In this way, we will ascertain the meaning of freedom as well as the essence of ‘freedom’ in Foucault ethics. As a result, this article will derive a new interpretation that can overcome the theoretical limitations by formulating love and freedom as the basis of the theory in Foucault’s ethics.