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Within the newly conceived framework of MERGE (Chomsky, Gallego, and Ott 2019), this study deduces the Adjunct Condition, which dictates that sub-extraction from adjuncts is strictly banned. However, the Adjunct Condition is empirically challenged by exceptional cases where extraction from non-finite adjuncts becomes legitimate. Given this background, the current paper proposes that adjuncts in general are immediately sent to Transfer to resolve a labeling conflict (i.e., problem of projection (POP)) that arises upon their insertion to the syntactic derivation; accordingly, the adjuncts at hand become inaccessible for further syntactic operations, effectively deriving the Adjunct Condition. However, there are exceptional cases where the island-hood of adjuncts is voided. We propose that such adjuncts are properly labeled in the mode of syntactic restructuring (cf. Choe 1988; Wurmbrand 2001) forming larger complex verb phrases with sister main verb phrases, which eventually meets the Single Event Condition (Truswell 2011) (cf. Kim and Park 2022a). Sub-extraction out of now one single event straightforwardly follows. All in all, this study explicates the peculiar property of extraction out of adjuncts by resorting to Transfer, Labeling, and Restructuring.

This article analyzes the current conditions of participation in the investment banks in the CIS security processes of restructuring of joint- stock companies. The advantages and risks associated with the implementation of complex functions of banks as institutional investors, investment brokers and asset managers for modernizing companies are considered. It’s given the specific features of using by banks several methods of equity and debt finance in restructuring programs of joint stock companies through securities.

This article analyzes the current conditions of participation in the investment banks in the CIS security processes of restructuring of joint-stock companies. The advantages and risks associated with the implementation of complex functions of banks as institutional investors, investment brokers and asset managers for modernizing companies are considered. It’s given the specific features of using by banks several methods of equity and debt finance in restructuring programs of joint stock companies through securities.

본 연구는 독일에서 행정개혁의 변화와 방향에 초점을 두어 분석하였다. 1990년 이후 독일에서의 행정개혁은 다양한 방법으로 논의되었고, 행정과정에서 행정의 효율성과 효과성을 높이기 위한 방법으로 민간관리기법을 행정에 도입하였다. 그러나 2000년 이후 독일의 행정개혁은 정보통신기술(IT)의 접목과 함께 행정내부의 변화와 방향을 새롭게 논의하게 된다. 이에 따른 핵심요인은 정치적·재정적·경제적·사회적 것으로 분석되었다. 즉, 행정개혁은 정치적인 결정과 재정적인 요인이 크게 작용하고 있으며, 또한 행정비용과 사회적 비용 증가에 따른 경제적·사회적 요인 등도 행정개혁의 변화에 상당한 영향을 주고 있는 것으로 보인다. 그 대표적인 행정개혁의 사례로 브란덴부르크 주정부의 행정개혁에서 찾아 볼 수 있었다. 예를 들면, 브란덴부르크 주정부는 행정개혁의 새로운 모형으로써 대폭적인 조직개편과 조직축소를 통해서 행정의 단순화를 시도하였다. 여기서 행정개혁의 핵심적인 역할은 정치적인 지지와 지원을 바탕으로 이뤄졌고, 개혁과정에서 많은 토론과 다양한 의견수렴을 통해서 개혁의 갈등을 최소화 하는 것으로 분석되었다.

This study is an analysis of the changes and the overall course of the administrative reform process in Germany. Since the reunification in 1990, administrative reforms in Germany have been discussed in various ways. Mainly, private management methods were introduced as a strategy to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the government in the administrative process. However, since 2000, the transformations and the general procedure of internal administrative matters in Germany have been newly discussed in collaboration with challenges related to the information and communication technology (IT). Mainly, the key questions such as political, financial, economic and social factors have been analyzed. The financial and political factors largely determined action in the administrative reform process, but also economic and social factors may increase administrative costs and social costs, and therefore appear to have a significant impact on the course of the administrative reform. A typical case of an administrative reform can be found in the State of Brandenburg. For example, the provincial government of Brandenburg sought to simplify the administration through drastic organizational restructuring and contraction as a new model for a possible administrative reform. In this case, the key elements of the administrative reforms were implemented on the basis of political support and assistance. Despite many challenges such as the outflow of a large part of the populace in Brandenburg, the government of this province succeeded to minimize conflicts resulting from the restructuring process of the municipalities and administrative districts through many discussions and various meetings to exchange opinions of the political leaders who are responsible for the administrative process.

Die vorliegende Studie ist eine Analyse der Veränderungen und der allgemeinen Ausrichtung der Verwaltungsstrukturreformen in Deutschland. Seit der Wiedervereinigung 1990 wurden die Verwaltungsreformen in Deutschland auf verschiedene Weise betrachtet. In erster Linie wurden unternehmerische Organisationsmethoden in den Verwaltungsprozess eingeführt, die als eine Strategie um die Effektivität und Effizienz der Regierung zu erhöhen, vorgesehen sind. Jedoch wurden seit den 2000er Jahren die Veränderungen und die allgemeine Richtung interner Verwaltungsfragestellungen in letzter Zeit zunehmend zusammen mit den Herausforderungen der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie diskutiert. Politische, finanzielle, ökonomische und gesellschaftliche Fragen standen dabei im Mittelpunkt der Analyse. Die finanziellen und politischen Faktoren bestimmten größtenteils den Verwaltungsreformprozess, aber im Rahmen der Erhöhung der Verwaltungs- und Sozialausgaben scheinen andere ökonomische und soziale Faktoren einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf den Gesamtverlauf der Verwaltungsreformen und auf deren Veränderungen zu haben. Ein typisches Beispiel einer Verwaltungsreform kann im Land Brandenburg gefunden werden. Die Landesregierung Brandenburgs versuchte ein neues Modell für eine Verwaltungsreform zu etablieren, dass durch drastische Umstrukturierung und Verkleinerung des Organisationswesens zur Vereinfachung der Verwaltungsabläufe beitragen sollte. In diesem Fall wurden die Kernelemente der Verwaltungsreformen auf der Grundlage politischer Unterstützung und Bestrebungen verwirklicht. Trotz vieler Herausforderungen wie zum Beispiel der Wegzug großer Teile der Bevölkerung nach Westen, gelang es der Landesregierung durch zahlreiche Diskussionen und Treffen, bei denen die Meinungen der politischen Kontrahenten, die Verantwortung tragen, ausgetauscht wurden, die Konflikte zu minimieren, die aus dem Umstrukturierungsprozess der Gemeinden und Verwaltungseinheiten resultierten.

세계 석유화학산업이 공급과잉된 상태에서 선진국 및 중동국들은 경쟁력 우 위를 확보하기 위한 전략적 제휴 내지 기업결합 등을 도모해왔다. 이러한 세계 석유화학기업들의 움직임은 경쟁력 확보를 위해 우리나라 석유화학업체들로 하 여금 중장기적으로 범용제품에서 고급제품으로의 제품구조 변화를 모색할 필요 가 있으며, 우선적으로는 범용제품의 경쟁력 강화를 위한 국내외 기업간의 전략 적 제휴 및 기업결합 등이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. 그러나 그간 진행된 한국의 석유화학산업 구조조정은 그 필요성에 비해 실제적으로 완결된 수준은 미흡한 상태이다. 석유화학산업의 경쟁력 강화 차원에서 추진되고 있는 구조조정문제와 관련하여 규모의 경제효과를 얻기 위한 기업결합이 중요한 경쟁력 강화요인이 되고 있으며, 이를 위한 기업결합제도의 개선이 요구된다. 석유화학산업의 경쟁 력 강화를 위한 경쟁제한성이 없는 기업결합의 경우는 허용하면서 경쟁제한행 위의 가능성과 관련하여 지속적인 시장 모니터링(monitoring)과 경쟁법의 엄격한 적용, 경쟁제한행위 유발 여건 축소ㆍ제거 등이 요구되고 있다.

Under excess supply situation of petrochemical industry all over the world, firms in the developed and Middle East countries have pursued strategic alliance and M&A to create competitive advantages. These trends imply that the Korea petrochemical industry may need to replace general products with high value-added ones, that is, specialized ones in the long run but, in the short run, it is required to pursue the strategic alliance and M&A among Korean firms to strengthen competitiveness of general products such as polyethylene(PE) and polypropylene(PP). However, the Korea petrochemical industry seems to have been restructured less efficiently than expected to earn competitiveness. To utilize the effect of economy of scale in this restructuring process, amended rule for M&A would be a key element. Korea Fair Trade Commission is required to allow M&A more positively, that would not hamper the competition in the Korea petrochemical industry. It is strongly recommended for Korea Fair Trade Commission to enforce its competition law more strictly on anti-competitive behaviors in the market and monitor if the market works competitively.

고시의 자의적인 해석을 줄임으로써 그동안의 민원인과 식약청 공무원들과의 분쟁을 최소화하고, 상위법과의 상충 등 식약청소관 고시들이 지닌 문제점들을 하나하나 정비해 나가는 사업의 일환으로 수행된 본 연구는 개별고시의 문제점을 정비하는 수준에서 1단계 정비사업을 완료하였다. 앞으로 고시들간의 용어 통일 조정이나, 분야별, 분야간 고시 통일작업이 2단계와 3단계에서 이루어진 다면, 식품, 의약품, 의료기기, 화장품, 건강기능식품의 인허가 및 사후관리 시스템의 선진화가 가능할 것이다. 본 연구계약 당시(2007년 2월 23일) 기준으로 109개였던 고시들은 연구종료시점인 2007년 11월 30일에는 115개로 늘어났으나 2007년 6월 30일까지 개정 및 제정된 112개 고시를 본 연구 검토대상 고시로 삼아 정비작업을 진행하였다. 본 연구사업을 통해, 식약청소관 고시가 지닌 문제점들이 발견되었으나, 본 사업의 대 전제가 기존의 제도 범위 내에서의 고시 정비사업을 진행한다는 것이었으므로 과제수행도중에 수렴되었던 관련 업계에서 요구하는 제도개선 건의 사항들은 본 연구에 반영하지 않았다. 그러나, 쉬운 고 시, 뚜렷한 고시, 반듯한 고시, 자연스러운 고시를 만들고자 하는 의지는 충분히 반영되었다. “알기쉬운고시만들기”정비기준은 앞으로 식약청관련 고시의 개정 및 제정에 유익한 지침이 될 수 있을 것이라 판단되며, 규정에 사용된 단어들의 목록집, 근거법령을 추출한 자료, 수정전후 용어집 등은 후속연구에 매우 유익한 기초자료로 사용되어 식약청 소관 고시의 발전에 큰 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

By decreasing the arbitrary interpretation of KFDA regulations, the present research intends to minimize the existing dissention between civilians and public servants of the KFDA and solve conflicts found in the KFDA Regulation that clash with the Supreme Law. The present effort is considered to have cleared the level 1 improvements successfully. With the level 2 improvement of establishing a uniform terminology between regulations and the level 3 task of unifying the regulations of each specialty and between each other, it will become possible to upgrade the approval and post-management system of food, drugs, medical devises, cosmetics and functional foods. The 109 regulations in motion at the time the present research was initiated (Feb. 23, 2007) have increased their numbers to 115. However, the present research only investigated and improved the 112 regulations modified or enacted up to June 30. The research has identified several regulatory problems of the KFDA Regulations. However, as the present research was limited to the regulations already in place, the demands received from diverse related industries regarding regulatory improvements were not included in the final report. Nonetheless, we believe that we have sufficiently expressed the current need for easier regulations, clear regulations, honest regulations and natural regulations. We expect that the criteria for“ Creating easy to know Regulations”proposed will be great aids for future modifications and enactments of KFDA regulations. We anticipate that the regulatory terminology list, the data from evidence-based laws and ordinances, the terminology handbook before and after modifications, and other data provided by the present research will serve as basic tools to assist in subsequent efforts to improve current KFDA Regulations.

본 논문은 M&A가 재무부실기업을 구조조정하는 수단으로서 유효한지 여부와 인수 및 합병(M&A)의 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대하여 연구한다. 이를 위해 1998년 1월 1일부터 2003년 3월 31일까지 구조조정기업 중에서 M&A를 통하여 정상화된 기업을 대상으로 분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과를 보면, 우선 M&A의 구조조정수단 유효성에 관한 분석결과 구조조정대상기업에 대한 투자계약 체결일을 기준으로 공시일 전에는 지속적인 양(＋)의 누적초과수익률을 보이고 있다는 사실을 발견하였는데 이는 M&A방식이 구조조정수단으로 효과가 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 한편 자발적 구조조정에 관한 공시효과는 개시신청일 기준으로 공시일을 전후하여 음(－)의 누적초과수익률을 지속적으로 보이고 있다. 이러한 결과는 선행연구결과와 일치하는 것으로서 부실기업의 구조조정신청은 파산가능성을 높여준다는 정보효과를 보여주고 있다. 구조조정 M&A의 성공요인을 검증하기 위하여 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 기업고유특성변수는 유의한 영향을 미치지 못하지만 구조조정수단변수들은 지급수단변수를 제외하고는 모두 유의한 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 감자비율과 인수유형은 유의한 양(＋)의 영향을, 채무감면비율과 신주발행 할인비율은 유의한 음(－)의 영향을 미치고 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 M&A가 부실기업을 구조조정 하는데 유효한 수단으로 입증된 반면 법정관리제도는 기업회생에 신뢰할 만한 수단이라고 보기 어렵다는 점을 확인하였다. 따라서 부실기업을 구조조정하기 위해서 M&A를 보다 활성화시키는 것이 필요하며 법정관리제도의 개선이 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 보인다.

This paper examines whether M&A is effective as a means of restructuring financially distressed firms. This paper also examines the effectiveness of voluntary restructuring. Moreover, the paper studies determinants for the success of restructuring by analyzing information effect of M&A for restructuring. The empirical test results are as follows. First, results on effectiveness of M&A as a means of restructuring indicate that it shows continuing positive CAR before announcement (event) date around investment contract conclusion date. For the announcement effect on voluntary restructuring in case of filing for legal bankruptcy, however, it shows continuing negative CAR before and after announcement date around application date. The result is similar to those of prior studies. Second, result on determinants of success of M&A for restructuring indicates that firm-specific variables do not influence significantly but variables of restructuring except a payment method variable influence significantly M&A. The effects of capital deduct ratio and acquisition type are significantly positive, but those of debt deduct ratio and discount rate of new stock issuance are significantly negative. The findings in this paper indicate that we need to revitalize M&As to restructure financially distressed firms and to improve institutions of legal management continuously.

The privatization and competition of electricity restructuring in the public sector was regarded as a solution for future investment and efficiency in the electricity infrastructure. However, by 2004, privatization interruption caused to people a lot of trouble, the occurrence of blackout, Korean electric power corporation’s deficit and the debt increase. At this point, what change can the electricity of korea do? To find this out, this study is to explore the development of Korean electricity restructuring through derogation in the existing state of things. Then, it suggests plan for critical electricity restructuring to consider profit structure improvement, to realize limitations to the conventional “cheap and abundant” electricity supply. It suggests 4 scenario in the light of active and passive supply and demand to normalize power system focusing on profit structure change prediction. The scenario comparison result, active supply plan is desirable in case of privatization. Furthermore, passive demand plan is desirable in case of privatization. Finally, considering crisis of electric power, it emphasizes the overall profit structure through the reform of tax system and a raise of the charge.

교사가 학생 수준에 맞게 교육과정을 재구성하여 교과서를 자유롭게 재구성하여 학생들에게 배포할 수 있어 야 한다. 그러나 현행 서책 교과서는 일부 내용을 수정하거나 편집하여 학생들에게 나눠주기 어렵고, 현행 디지 털교과서 역시 단원 단위로 묶여 있어 교과 내용의 순서나 자료를 재구성할 수 없다. 또한, 외부 링크나 최신 자 료를 업데이트하는 데 어려움이 있고, 용량 제한으로 다양한 멀티미디어 자료나, 고화질 실감형 콘텐츠를 담기가 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 교사들이 디지털교과서를 활용하여 학생들에게 수준별 맞춤학습을 제공할 수 있 도록 교수·학습 및 평가 기능, 자료 검색 및 공유 기능, 학습 기록 및 분석 기능, 화면 출력 및 인쇄 기능을 제 시하였다. 또한, 전문가 델파이 조사를 통해 영역별 세부 기능을 교사용과 학생용으로 구분하였다. 아울러, 디지 털교과서를 다양한 교과로 확대하여 개발하고, 디지털교과서를 활용한 다양한 교수·학습 모형을 개발하여 보급 할 것을 제안하였다.

Teachers should be able to reorganize the curriculum according to the student level, reorganize textbooks freely, and distribute them to students. However, current paper-textbooks are difficult to modify or edit some contents and distribute them to students, also current digital textbooks are grouped into units, so the order or educational resources cannot be reconstructed. In addition, The digital textbooks are difficult to update external links or the latest resources, and to contain various multimedia materials or high-definition realistic content due to capacity limitations. Therefore, this study presented functions: teaching and learning and evaluation functions, resources search and sharing functions, learning records and analysis functions, screen showing and printing functions, so that teachers can provide customized learning by level to students using digital textbooks. Through the expert Delphi survey, detailed functions for each area were divided into teachers and students. We proposed expanding and developing digital textbooks to various subjects, and distributing various teaching and learning models using digital textbooks.

본 연구는 국립대학 통폐합을 과감하게 추진한 핀란드와 노르웨이의 정책 사례를 비교 분석하여 우리나라의 국립대 구조개혁에 필요한 시사점을 도출하기 위해서 수행되었다. 이를 위해 다양한 온라인/오프라인 문헌 자료들을 토대로 양국의 대학 통폐합의 추진 배경과 전략, 성과 등을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 양국은 국립대간의 상보성 강화, 특성화 분야 발굴, 대학운영의 효율성 제고 등을 위해 국립대 통폐합을 과감하게 추진한 공통점이 있는 반면에, 추진전 략 면에서는 차이가 있었다. 핀란드는 국립대학의 자율적 운영과 책무성 강화를 위해 법인화를 대대적으로 추진한 후 ‘대학 자율성 기반’의 통폐합을 진행하고 성과기반 재정지원을 통해서 그 효과를 강화해온 반면에, 노르웨이는 초기에는 정부주도형으로 국립대 통폐합을 추진하였으나, 대학들의 반발에 부딪히면서 자율적 통폐합으로 선회하였다. 양국 사례 는 대학 수 및 입학정원 감축 등과 같은 ‘고등교육 규모의 양적 축소’ 보다는 ‘고등교육의 경쟁력 및 질 향상’이 국립대 통폐합의 궁극적인 목적이 되어야 하며, 이를 위한 선결요건(대학운영의 자율성 보장, 거버넌스 개혁, 재정지원방식 혁 신 등)이 충족되어야 통폐합의 취지가 제대로 살아날 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study analyzed the process of university mergers that took place in Finland and Norway in order to present policy implications for the Korean government considering university merger as an effective policy instrument for restructuring of the Korean higher education system. Based on reviewing the previous literature and related documents, researchers conducted a comparative case study on the context, strategies, and outcomes of the implementation of university merger policies of the two countries. The results of analyses suggested that combination of government’s clear direction-setting and enhanced autonomy of merging institutions was essential for successful mergers. Considerations on upgrading the structure of the whole higher education sector to meet new needs of the future society were also suggested.

The purpose of this study is to examine the current status of beauty related departments and look for future plans in 2017 Korea. Currently, each of the universities and colleges are suffering from the common difficulties of restructuring due to the decrease in the schooling population in Korea. experienced a bigger change than expected in one cycle, and we feel a sense of crisis that there are no safe universities or departments in preparation for two cycles. In addition, trends in the beauty industry and some prospects that beauty companies are currently saturating in Korea are calling for a new focus on the survival and future potential of the beauty department. To date, there are a total of 12 schools that have been closed down among the colleges. These include 10 universities, and 2 colleges. Some Universities are scheduled to be closed soon. In the beauty department, the number of vocational colleges is decreasing more. But according to recent statistics and research, the beauty industry is a specialized field with potential for future convergence such as beauty and tourism, beauty and medical care, beauty and health, and the beauty and advanced countries such as USA, UK. And Korea's cosmetics sales have surged more in recent years due to the beauty of the Korean Wave, and the target countries of the beauty industry such as education are increasing explosively due to the expansion of SNS. And Beauty Korea has not been staying in neighboring Asian countries, also has been expending American and French . In addition, present day is focusing on quality of life and is a pioneering era in which not only women but also men are seeking well-being beyond well-dying. Therefore, we will follow up on ways to enhance industries and occupations that can bring out the characteristics of each school. We hope to contribute on an individual level as well as on a national economic level.

기술의 발전과 경영환경의 변화는 산업구조와 일하는 방식을 변화시키고 있다. 최근에 경영환경의 급속한 악화로 금융권, 조선업, 해운업, 제조업 등 다양한 업종으로 확산되어 구조조정이 진행되고 있다. 기업은 구조조정의 방법으로 ‘경영상해고’를 활용하고 있다. 하지만, 현행 근로기준법상 경영상해고는 그 요건이 엄격하고 장기간 소요되며 사후분쟁의 발생 가능성이 높다. 이에 기업은 구조조정의 적기를 놓치고, 근로자도 직업전환의 적기를 보장받지 못해 노사 모두가 부담이 크다. 이에 기업은 구조조정의 원활한 방안으로 노동조합과 협력해 ‘희망퇴직’의 운용을 확대하고 있다. 최근에 희망퇴직은 고용조정 수단으로 (ⅰ) 경영상해고의 사전 단계, (ⅱ) 대상근로자에게 일정한 추가 보상금을 지급해 양적 활용이 증가하고 있다. 이에 희망퇴직은 근로관계의 종료사유로서 그 상황이 일반화되어 ‘해고’ 및 ‘사직’과 같이 독자적인 영역을 구축하고 있다. 희망퇴직은 노동법상 합의해지의 한 유형이면서도 이미 해고 및 사직과는 다른 독립된 근로관계의 종료 방식으로 사용되고 있다. 하지만, 희망퇴직은 현행 근로기준법에 명문 규정이 없고, 판례에서는 합의해지의 일부라고 판시하고 있다. 이에 전적으로 사용자와 근로자의 의사에 달려있어 사용자의 경제적인 우월한 지위로 강제할 수도 있다는 점에서 근로자의 진정한 의사를 객관적으로 판단하는데 제약이 있다. 판례에서는 희망퇴직의 경우 개별 사건에서 근로자의 진정한 의사를 객관적으로 판단해 해고와 구별하고 있지만 불안정성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 희망퇴직의 활용에 따른 고용정책이 필요하고, 사용자와 근로자의 의사를 담보할 수 있는 다양한 방안을 검토할 필요가 있다.

Development of technology and changes in the business environment are transforming the industrial structures and the way people work. Recently due to the rapid deterioration of business surroundings, restructuring has been proceeding in various industries including financial business, shipbuilding industry, shipping industry, and manufacturing industry. As a way of restructuring, companies are choosing 'dismissal for managerial reason.’ Under the current Labor Standards Act, however, the requirements of dismissal for managerial reason are strict and it takes a long time to be done as well as there is a high possibility of post–dispute. Thus it is often not the best option for both labor and management in that companies lose the right time for restructuring and employees are not guaranteed the right time to find other jobs. As a result, more companies are operating "voluntary retirement" in cooperation with the labor union as a means of smooth restructuring. In recent years, the voluntary retirement has been increasingly used as a means of adjusting employment (i) in the preliminary stage of dismissal for managerial reason, and (ii) by giving certain additional compensation to the employees. Voluntary retirement is getting generalized as a reason for termination of employment relations, building its own sector along with ‘dismissal’ and ‘resignation.’ Even though voluntary retirement is a type of termination by agreement under the Labor Law, it is already utilized as an independent way of terminating labor relations, which is different from dismissal and resignation. However, voluntary retirement is not stipulated in the current Labor Standards Act, and it is considered as a part of the termination by agreement according to the judicial precedent. Since it is entirely dependent on the will of an employer and an employee, there is a limitation in objectively judging the true intention of the employee in that the employer can give pressure to the employee with his/her economic superiority. According to the court ruling, voluntary retirement is distinguished from dismissal by judging objectively employee's true intention in the individual case, but still, it's unstable. Therefore, we need employment policies based on the utilization of voluntary retirement and it is necessary to examine the various ways of securing the will of an employer and an employee.

이 연구는 글로벌 금융위기 이후 한국 조선산업의 구조조정 가능성을 검토하고, 이를 바탕으로 조선 노동자의 일자리 감소에 따른 정책 대안을 제시하기 위한 것이다. 이를 위해, 장기 불황에 직면 하고 있는 세계 조선산업을 검토하는 한편 한국 조선산업의 구조적 변화와 대응양상을 논의한다. 이를 바탕으로 2000년 이후 한국 조선산업 노동시장의 특징과 최근 일자리 감소 문제를 검토한다. 이상의 분석을 통해 본 논문은 현재는 물론 중장기적으로도 조선산업 노동시장의 일자리 수요의 감소가 지속될 수 있음을 추정한다. 이런 점들은 조선부문에 있어서 적절한 일자리 대책이 필요하다 는 것을 의미한다. 한국 조선산업에서 요구되는 일자리 대책은 대기업의 정리해고에 대한 규제의 강화, 일자리 보호 및 숙련 향상 프로그램, 재취업과 같은 일자리 이동 프로그램 등이다.

This study attempts to suggest the necessity of the job policy in the shipbuilding industry in post financial crisis era. To this end, I examine world shipbuilding industry that faces a period of “protracted sluggishness.” and analyses korean shipbuilding industry. And then, this study analyses job characteristics and the recent job problems of labour market in the korean shipbuilding industry after 2000. This study estimates that the possibility of job decreasing is very high in the long period. To improve this, this paper suggests high-skill program, job turn-over program, the regulation of mass-layoffs, job maintaining program.

The environment of the domestic and international economy is being changed more rapidly than has ever been. There are two strategies that corporations may take to adjust themselves to the economic environment; one is about a business strategy for adjustment to the market condition and the other about corporate organization strategy to control the internal operation; the latter is very important to increase the corporate efficiency. The inefficient organization may make the corporation lose the ability to adjust to the market, and even more the future of the corporate be threatened. In America the term ‘restructuring’, meaning a vast reformation, has been used since 1980s with the recognition of the importance of corporate organization and it was introduced to Japan and Korea. Restructuring means merger of corporations, corporate division,establishment of the holding corporation and the subsidiary, and effective reorganization of internal work. The Commercial Code of Korea reflected the international trend in the 1998 revised version. The code rules the corporate division system with the name of division and division-merger. Restructuring, on the ground of financial states of corporations and corporate efficiency, is imperative and corporate division will play a great role in restructuring. Corporate division, including the division of the corporate body and the division of positive property and passive property, will affect the positions of stockholders and creditors of the divided corporations. Corporate division is a influential change which makes stakeholder adjust themselves to the new condition when stakeholder, including stockholders and creditors, have predicted the existing conditions and have had the legal relations. It is natural that this change affects the positions of stockholders and creditors. In most cases of division the decision is made by major stockholders, but to protect stockholders' and creditors' profit the opinion of the miner stockholders and creditors should be reflected in the process of making the decision to protect their interest. This thesis aims to search for the ways to prevent the small stockholders and creditors from getting damaged by the division, and through the study to discuss the defects of the code and to suggest the alternatives.

한국어 음절구조 (C)V(C)에서는 초성과 종성에 자음이 올 수 있다. 그런데 현대국어에서 ‘ㅋ’으로 시작되는 어휘나 ‘ㅋ’말음을 갖는 어휘의 수는, 다른 자음과 비교해 볼 때 불균형적으로 적게 나타나고 있다. 그 이유를 고찰하고자, 본고에서는 한국어의 음소 ‘ㅋ’의 양상을 역사적으로 살펴보았다. 고대국어시기에 한국어의 자음체계에 들어온 유기음 계열은 전기중세국어를 거쳐 후기중세국어에 이르면서 ‘ㅋ’을 갖는 어휘가 늘어나게 되었다. 15세기에는 ‘-’(採), ‘크-’(大), ‘키’(箕), ‘콩’(大豆) 등에 에 불과하였는데 16세기에 ‘ㅎ’종성체언이었던 어휘들이 어두‘ㅋ’을 갖는 어휘로 재구조화되면서(곻>코<1588소학언,02,007a>, 갏>칼<1565순천김,073>) 그 수가 늘어났다. ‘ㅋ’을 어간말자음으로 갖는 어휘는 16세기에 비로소 나타나게 되었다.(녁>녘<1565순천김,085>) 근대국어에 이르러 다양한 합성어가 형성되고, 현대국어에 이르는 동안 신조어와 외래어가 유입되면서 ‘ㅋ’으로 시작되는 어휘의 수가 급격히 늘어났다. 어간말음으로 ‘ㅋ’을 갖는 ‘부억>부엌<1922녯날은,003>’의 변화도 20세기에 나타나 오늘에 이르고 있다.

A consonant may be placed at the initial consonant and final consonant in the Korean syllable structure (C)V(C). However, the number of vocabularies starting with 'ㅋ‘ or having 'ㅋ’ as final sound in Contemporary Korean is shown in a disproportionately small number, when compared with other consonants. To look into the reason, historical changes of the Korean phoneme 'ㅋ‘ were examined in this study. In the series of aspirate incorporated into the Korean consonant system in Old Korean, vocabularies having 'ㅋ‘ had been increased from Late Middle Korean through Early Middle Ages Korean. Although the vocabularies were merely ‘-’(採), ‘크-’(大), ‘키’(箕) and ‘콩’(大豆) in the 15th century, they were increased in the 16th century as the vocabularies that had been h-final nouns were restructured into those having the initial of ‘ㅋ’(곻>코<1588소학언,02,007a>, 갏>칼<1565순천김,073>). Vocabularies having ‘ㅋ’ as final consonant appeared in the 16th century.(eg 녁>녘<1565순천김,085>) As a range of complex words were formed in Modern Korean and newly coined words and loan words have been introduced in Contemporary Korean, the number of vocabularies starting with ‘ㅋ’ has been sharply increased. The change of ‘부억>부엌<1922녯날　은,003>’ having ‘ㅋ’ as final sound of the stem has been continued since it first appeared in the 20th century.

The twin process of globalization and localization leads to a question of whether the Korean case fits to the regulationist claim on structural coupling and localization of governance. In this paper, I demonstrated that Korea has strategically selected the Keynesian workfare strategy in order to accommodate the crisis resulting from its national post-Fordist accumulation structure. I also showed that the localization process of welfare governance can be understood as a refined state-building strategy in the era of more expedited capital mobility, and that it can lead to the condensing-in, rather than the hollowing-out, of the state. Based on the findings, I argued that the delegation of authority to advocate local client groups to local-level welfare offices and welfare bureaucrats is critical to the success in the localization of welfare governance and the empowerment of the client groups.

글로벌 공급 사슬 관리는 최근 기업의 생존과 지속가능 경쟁우위를 획득하는데 중요한 요소로 자리매김하였다. COVID-19 팬데믹으로 인하여 글로벌 공급 사슬 관리의 취약점이 부각되었고, 지리적 긴장과 국가의 산업정책 등의 변화도 기업의 글로벌 공급사슬 관리 전략에 대한 변화를 요구하였다. 이 연구는 COVID-19 이후 4개의 다국적 기업의 사례를 통해, 글로벌 공급 사슬 관리의 변화 양상을 리쇼어링, 니어쇼어링, 프렌드쇼어링, 그리고 다각화 같은 전략이 지속 가능한 성장과 글로벌 경쟁력에 어떻게 기여하는지 탐구한다. 문헌 검토와 사례 연구를 통해 오프쇼어링으로부터 공급망의 근접화 및 다각화로의 전환을 분석한다. 그 결과 기업의 글로벌 공급 관리 전략의 변화는 비용 우위뿐만 아니라 시장접근성, 리스크관리, 정부의 정책과의 일치성 등 보다 다양한 동기가 작용하는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 점점 더 복잡해지고 예측 불가능한 글로벌 시장 환경에서 기업의 전략적 변화가 기업의 생존과 성장에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써, 기업인 및 정책입안자 등 관련인들에게 인사이트를 제공할 수 있다.

Purpose : This study aims to investigate changes in the global supply chain in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and explore how changed strategies can contribute to sustainable growth and strengthening global competitiveness of the firm. Research design, data, methodology : We explain the evolution of global supply chain management in terms of academic perspectives and investigate the effects of COVID-19 pandemic, geographical tensions, and national policies on the global supply chain. Next, we introduce the concepts of reshoring, nearshoring, friend-shoring, and supply chain diversification, and learn about the impact of these strategies on firm performance in previous studies. Finally, we examine what factors currently affect global supply chain strategies through in-depth case studies using four multinational enterprises. Results : Companies are restructuring their global supply chain to have sustainable competitive advantage by considering various factors such as reduced dependence on a single supplier, geopolitical risk management, market accessibility, and alignment with national policy directions, in addition to cost advantages that were previously focused on in global supply management strategies. Conclusions : The existing global supply chain strategy, represented by offshoring, has revealed its vulnerabilities through external environment changes. Therefore, in the global value chain allocation, companies are now considering survival and competitiveness by addressing various factors in addition to cost reduction. Accordingly, managers should strive to expand more flexible and resilience supply chain strategies, and policymakers should take into account policies aligning the nation's strategic sectors with the company's global supply chain strategy, benefiting both the companies and the country. Purpose : This study aims to investigate changes in the global supply chain in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and explore how changed strategies can contribute to sustainable growth and strengthening global competitiveness of the firm. Research design, data, methodology : We explain the evolution of global supply chain management in terms of academic perspectives and investigate the effects of COVID-19 pandemic, geographical tensions, and national policies on the global supply chain. Next, we introduce the concepts of reshoring, nearshoring, friend-shoring, and supply chain diversification, and learn about the impact of these strategies on firm performance in previous studies. Finally, we examine what factors currently affect global supply chain strategies through in-depth case studies using four multinational enterprises. Results : Companies are restructuring their global supply chain to have sustainable competitive advantage by considering various factors such as reduced dependence on a single supplier, geopolitical risk management, market accessibility, and alignment with national policy directions, in addition to cost advantages that were previously focused on in global supply management strategies. Conclusions : The existing global supply chain strategy, represented by offshoring, has revealed its vulnerabilities through external environment changes. Therefore, in the global value chain allocation, companies are now considering survival and competitiveness by addressing various factors in addition to cost reduction. Accordingly, managers should strive to expand more flexible and resilience supply chain strategies, and policymakers should take into account policies aligning the nation's strategic sectors with the company's global supply chain strategy, benefiting both the companies and the country.