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With growing cross-border exchanges between Korea and China, people in the two countries become exposed to translated texts more frequently, which has led to various studies about Korean-Chinese translation. Compared with other languages – especially English, however, corpus- and statistic-based studies about Korean-Chinese translation have not been actively conducted. Moreover, earlier studies are limited in scope, merely touching on translation errors or analyzing the titles of newspaper articles. Corpus- and statistic-based studies have recently begun to draw attention in the field of translation studies as a method making an objective, quantitative analysis possible. This article intends to establish a corpus of original and translated mandarin Chinese texts and explore the simplification hypothesis to see if the hypothesis is applicable to Korean-Chinese translation through the comparison of the aforementioned original and translated texts based on criteria such as lexical diversity, length of sentence, diversity of predicates, etc.

The aim of this study is to present a methodology with which a semantic prosody from a diachronic perspective can be analyzed. To achieve this goal, the analysis period was divided into the late Middle Korean, the Modern Korean, and the Contemporary Korean. It also revealed what criteria ‘더욱(Deouk)’ and ‘점점(Jeomjeom)’ were selected as research subjects, and how they were refined. Furthermore, the predicates collocated with the two nodes were divided into the form of ‘Verb, Adjective, Noun+is’, and the semantic prosody was analyzed in a context-dependent method. As a result, it was confirmed that the semantic prosody of the words is changing over time. In the late Middle Korean period and the Modern Korean period, there was no significant difference in the proportions of positive and negative semantic prosody of ‘더욱(Deouk)’, but it was found that the use of positive semantic prosody of ‘더욱 (Deouk)’ increased in the Modern Korean period. On the other hand, ‘점점(Jeomjeom)’ had a strong positive semantic prosody in the late Middle Korean period, but the ratio used as a negative semantic prosody gradually increased. Furthermore, in the Contemporary Korean period, it could be seen that the semantic prosody of ‘점점 (Jeomjeom)’ was reversed with a strong negative semantic prosody. Finally, it was also possible to confirm the difference in the detailed usage patterns of ‘더욱(Deouk)’ and ‘점점(Jeomjeom)’. These analysis results show that the semantic prosody, which has been mainly studied only from a synchronic perspective, can be sufficiently analyzed from a diachronic perspective, and as such produce results of significance and insight.

The 'subject' has been recognized as an essential element of the sentence in discussions about the Korean grammar. This is attributed to the traditional idea that Korean sentences are analysed structurally as constituting 'subject+predicate'. However, the notion of 'subject' is a mere hypothetical entity, whose validity for the grammar has never been questioned and justified. While many grammarians have taken the notion of 'subject' for granted, they have never provided a clear definition and evidence for it. In fact there is no evidence proving that the subject is a necessary sentential element in Korean; in other words, there is no legitimate marker for the subject. In addition, a closer examination of the previous works on the subject reveals that their discussions contain many logically contradictory statements. The current article claims on these two facts that the syntactic category of subject does not exist in the Korean grammar.

All secondary predicates are within the Vp and follow the generalization that rightward is downward. The distribution of secondary predicates looks entirely positional or syntactic, not semantic. The distribution of secondary predicates: they can be oriented toward the surface subject position, the position of complement of the verb (object position, not the position of object experiencers), and whatever position is responsible for the implied subject of a passive. The depictives predicated of subjects in by-phrases are actually oriented toward, allowing us to maintain the generalization that objects of prepositions cannot host secondary predicates, and moreover accounting for the optionality of placement of the secondary predicate with respect to the by-phrase.

This paper re-examines Jo (2013)'s phrasal movement approach to predicate contrastive topic constructions in Korean and applies his analysis to predicative copular constructions with regard to forming predicate contrastive topic. Jo (2013) proposed a unified analysis of two kinds of predicate contrastive topic constructions, so-called Ha- and R-constructions, and claimed that the two constructions arise as a result of morphophonological variation at the PF/Morphological component via selective PF-deletion process in the lower copy of the moved constituent. By extending his analysis to predicative copular constructions, this paper strongly confirms the validity of his analysis and claim. The analysis of the affix ‘-ki' as a rescue affix along with the dummy verb ‘-ha' is further supported by its morphological distribution in predicative copular constructions. Also the phrasal movement approach to predicative copular constructions makes it viable to assume that the copula is a syntactic head selecting a Small Clause.

The ditransitive verb 'give' has three arguments Agent, Recipient, and Goal in terms of their semantic roles. Interestingly, these arguments have certain sequence types: Agent>Recipient>Goal and Agent>Goal>Recipient. From a syntactic perspective, these two sequences have different syntactic structures, though they have the same meaning. From a functional perspective, they can be described as a certain frame of the predicate (Dik 1989). According to the predicate frame, ‘give’ has two sequence patterns: Recipient+Goal and Goal+to+Recipient. Moreover, these sequence patterns can be explained via several theories from functional grammar. In this regard, the researcher would like to focus on three factors from the theories presented by Siewierska (1988): formal hierarchies, dominance hierarchies, and familiarity hierarchies. Additionally, two more theories are discussed: phonological and psychological factors (Bock 1982; Kreidler 2003). Even though these theory-based factors describe the linear order of the two sequence patterns, they are not empirically tested on the basis of corpus data. In other words, it is necessary to investigate how these two sequences are actually used in real utterances. For this, the study descriptively analyses corpus data focusing on frequency patterns for the two sequences (Recipient+Goal and Goal+to+Recipient). According to these results, the study finds that the two sequences based on certain theory-based factors are different from those of corpus data

본 연구는 한국어 용언 어절 시각 재인에서 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 효과가 명사 어절 재인과 동일하게 나타나는지를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 3음절 어절 151개, 4음절 어절 150개를 사용하여 시각 어절 판단 과제를 시행하였으며, 첫음절 토큰 빈도, 어간 빈도, 어절 빈도를 선형 혼합 모형에 투입하였다. 분석 결과, 3음절 어절에서 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 촉진 효과가 유의하였으며, 어절 빈도의 효과 또한 유의하게 나타났다. 그러나 4음절 어절에서는 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 효과가 유의하지 않았으며, 어근 빈도만이 유의한 촉진 효과를 보고하였다. 이러한 결과는 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 촉진 효과가 품사에 제한되지 않는 현상임을 부분적으로 지지한다고 볼 수 있으며, 음절 수 길이에 따라 용언 어절 역시 처리 전략이 달라질 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study was conducted to examine whether the effect of the first syllable token frequency in visual recognition of Korean predicate Eojeol is similarly reported as noun Eojeol recognition. A total of 151 tri-syllabic Eojeols and 150 quad-syllabic Eojeols were used in lexical decision task. The linear mixed-effect model included variables of the first syllable token frequency, stem frequency, and Eojeol frequency. The analysis results showed a significant facilitative effect of the first syllable token frequency in tri-syllabic Eojeols, as well as a significant effect of Eojeol frequency. However, in quad-syllabic Eojeols, the effect of the first syllable token frequency was not significant, while only stem frequency showed a significant facilitative effect. These results partially support the notion that the facilitative effect of the first syllable token frequency is not restricted to specific parts of speech. Additionally, it suggests that the influence of the first syllable may vary depending on the level of morphological changes in predicate Eojeol.

This study contemplates that the usage of the perfect have in タ形 of a predicate noun and a predicate adjective also. Originally, because a predicate noun and a predicate adjective conceptualize stativity, the usage of the perfect like タ形 of a predicate verb would been not accept. But, タ形 of a predicate noun and a predicate adjective includes the case related to “the perfect” that was different from “the past”, so the perfect was classified in this study the usage of タ形 of a predicate noun and a predicate adjective could divide into 3 usages as follows 1. the case that the completion of a chain of events was reflected in conversations ･(the greeting of a clerk after that shopping was finished)｢ありがとうございました｣ ･(after finishing a meal)｢おいしかった｣ 2. the case that the outcome of the confirmatory act was reflected in conversations in the situation informing a counterpart ･(when making a report after looking at a bulletin board)｢明日の講義は休講だったよ｣ 3. the case the outcome of the speaker’s guess was reflected in the sentence to be confirmed ･(Watching that the person who enters the hot water first in the hot spring makes a hot expression)　｢熱かった?｣

Subject-predicate predicate structure is Chinese special sentence patterns, due to using defferent criteria, for the classification and scope of the subject-predicate predicate structure scholars have different opinions, according to the standard of the difference between topic and subject, we can verify the subject-predicate predicate structure’s subject and the topic of the sentence is partially overlap, and futher discuss that sentence which after refers to the topic, most of subject-predicate predicate structure’s little subject not only by nominal composition as, but also can be act as verbal components. This paper discusses and analyzes the relationship between the subject and the topic of the whole sentence in the subject-predicate sentence of modern Chinese, the main point is that the components of the minor subject in subject-predicate sentence can be played by the nouns and the verbs, The minor subject in subject-predicate sentence of the verbal component which is limited and needs to satisfy the following three conditions: first of all, VP2 can not form a relationship of statement and be presented with NP. secondly, VP1 can't be omitted. thirdly, VP1 can not go into "in the aspects of" framework.For international students in the process of learning this structure appearing grammatical errors, semantic errors and pragmatic errors,The reasons for the analyses are interlingual transfer, intralingual transfer, learning context, communicative strategy and cultural transfer, and put forward the coping strategy, When teaching the grammatical knowledge of the subject predicate sentence, we should pay attention to the proper teaching method, different teaching strategies are formulated in view of the characteristics of different learners. In general, we use the method of looking for topics, adding speech pauses and modifiers to determine subject-predicate predicate sentence, in addition, we need to pay attention to the following three points, that is the topic function of the main subject of the subject-predicate predicate structure, explain the semantic relationship between subject and predicate of a sentence, the constrant conditions for the syntactic components of the subject and predicate. Context teaching, Cultivate language sense teaching, pay attention to culture teaching and appropriate contrast teaching can be combined with specific strategies, this paper analyzes the specific errors produced by different learners, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and using various teaching strategies properly, which will help us to improve teaching activities with Chinese as the second language more perfectly.

본 논문은 일본어의 주관성 및 간주관성의 성질을 고찰하는 것으로 술어의 생략 현상 및 명시현상을 대상으로 분석한다. 또한 주관성의 정도성을 측정하는 것으로 분석을 진행한다. 술어의 생략현상에 있어서 화자는 청자가 생략부분에 대한 추측과 해석이 가능하 다는 점을 인식한 것으로 보인다. 또한 청자는 자신이 추측 가능한 것이라고 판단하 고 해석하는 인지작용을 행한다. 술어의 생략현상에는 화자와 청자가 공동주의를 일 으키며 서로의 인지를 의식하는 것으로 보아 간주관성의 지표가 강하게 나타난다고 판단된다. 술어의 명시현상에서는 화자의 발화의도가 나타나는 술어를 명확하게 명시함으로 써 화자의 의사가 강하게 표출되는 것으로 판단된다. 또한 화자는 술어의 명시현상 을 통해 화자가 의사를 명확하게 나타내기 위한 언어 표출을 하는 것으로 분석된다. 이에 따라 술어부의 명시현상에서는 화자가 일방적으로 사태를 파악하고 이에 따른 의식표출을 하는 주관성이 강하게 나타난다고 분석하였다. 각 현상의 분석 결과를 바탕으로 관련성이론으로 재분석한 결과 청자를 의식한 언어표출이 보이는 발화에서는 관련성 또한 존재하는 것으로 나타난다. 그러나 화자 와 사태의 이항관계에 집중한 발화에서는 청자가 기대하는 관련성이 존재하지 않는 것으로 나타난다.

This purpose of the current study is to explore subjectivity and inter-subjectivity from ellipsis and explicit phenomenon of Japanese predicate. To this end, an analysis was conducted by measuring the degree of subjectivity. In the ellipsis of the predicate, the speaker recognizes that a listener can guess and interpret the ellipsis. Furthermore, the listener performs a cognitive function that indicates that he can guess. In the ellipsis of the predicate, the speaker and listener raise a commonality. It was also found that the indicator of inter-subjectivity was strong. In the predicate explicit, it was identified that the speaker's intention was strongly expressed by clearly specifying the predicate that indicated the speaker's intention to speak. Analysis revealed that the speaker clearly expressed his intention through the explicit phenomenon of the predicate. Accordingly, in the explicit of the predicate, the speaker showed a strong subjectivity to determine the situation unilaterally and express his consciousness accordingly. Based on the analysis results of each of the phenomenon, re-analysis was done using the relevance theory. Such re-analysis demonstrated that relevance also exists in statements which carried conscious speech expressions. However, in the statement focused on the relationship between the speaker and the situation, the relevance that the listener expected was not present.

중세시대는 係り結び法則이 붕괴하기 시작하고 終止形과 連体形의 合一化가 진행된 시대로 현대일본어의 기틀이 확립된 시기라 할 수 있다. 본고에서는 鎌倉時代에 성립한 覚一本 『平家物語』와 室町時代에 성립한 天草版 『平家物語』와 狂言集를 중심으로 긍정의 명사술어문에 어떠한 형식이 사용되었는지, 그리고 각각의 형식이 과거 혹은 추량형식을 형성할 때 어떠한 역할을 수행하였는가를 살펴본 것으로 결과는 다음과 같다. 覚一本 『平家物語』 속 명사술어문의 사용형식과 용례수는 ｢なり｣가 압도적이며, ｢にあり｣｢にてあり｣｢であり｣의 세 형식은 보조형식으로 사용되었다. 특히 ｢なり｣의 경우 단독으로 문을 종지하는 경우 주로 사용되어졌음을 알 수 있었다. 한편 天草版 『平家物語』에서는 ｢なり｣가 다수를 차지하지만, ｢ぢゃ｣｢である｣와의 차이가 크지 않았으며, ｢ぢゃ｣가 단독으로 문을 종지하는 경우 다용되어져서, 覚一本의 ｢なり｣의 역할을 대신하게 된 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 경향은 狂言集에서도 확인할 수 있었고 ｢なり｣의 역할은 더욱 축소되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 狂言集에서는 명사술어문의 형식에 ｢ある｣係와 ｢おりゃる｣係의 복합형식이 사용되었으나, 終止法으로 사용된 것은 ｢おりゃる｣係의 ｢でおりゃる｣의 사용이 두드러졌다. 과거형식의 경우 覚一本 『平家物語』에서 ｢なり｣가 대표형식, ｢にてあり｣가 보조형식으로 사용되었으나, 과거의 조동사 ｢た｣가 등장한 天草版 『平家物語』의 경우는 사용형식은 ｢である｣로 통합되었다. 狂言集에서도 명사술어문의 과거형식으로는 ｢である｣의 사용이 수위를 차지했으나 용례수가 많지 않았다. 추량형식의 경우 覚一本 『平家物語』에서 대표형식은 ｢なり｣이고, ｢にてあり｣｢であり｣가 보조형식으로 사용되었으나, 天草版 『平家物語』의 경우 ｢である｣가 대표형식으로 자리 잡게 되었다. 이러한 경향은 狂言集에서도 확인할 수 있으며 명사술어문 형식의 추량표현은 終止法 사용으로 집중되고 収束法 특히 連体句 구성에는 사용된 예가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study is the report of Noun-Predicate sentence about form of use, the number of examples, the past expressions, guess expressions in the Gakuichibon Heike Story, Amakusaban Heike Story and Kyougen. ‘Nari’ is used the most in the Gakuichibon, ‘Niari’ ‘Niteari’ ‘Deari’ are used by Secondary types. ‘Nari’ ‘Dya’ ‘Dearu’ are used by Representative type in the Amakusaban Heike Story. ‘Dya’ ‘Deoryaru’ are used by Representative type in the Kyougen. Noting the past expressions, ‘Nari’ and ‘Niteari’ is used in the Gakuichibon, ‘Dearu’ is used in the Amakusahan and Kyougen. Noting guess expressions, ‘Nari’, ‘Niteari’ and ‘Deari’ are used in the Gakuichibon, ‘Dearu’ is used in the Amakusaban and Kyougen.

中世時代は係り結び法則が崩壊し始めた時期であり、終止形と連体形の合一化が行われた時期でもある。本稿では鎌倉時代に成立した覚一本『平家物語』と室町時代に成立した天草版『平家物語』と狂言集を対象として名詞述語文の形式に関する考察を試みた。 覚一本『平家物語』では｢なり｣の用例数が圧倒的多数であり、｢にあり｣｢にてあり｣｢であり｣は補助形式の役割を担当した。助動詞等を伴わない単独終止に覚一本『平家物語』では｢なり｣が使われる傾向であったが、天草版『平家物語』と狂言集では｢ぢゃ｣が使われる傾向であった。天草版『平家物語』と狂言集でも｢なり｣の用例数は少なくないが、文を終止するには多用されていないのも分かった。一方、狂言集には｢ある｣係と｢おりゃる｣係の二種類の補助形式が使用されたが、終止法に使われたものは｢おりゃる｣係の｢でおりゃる｣であった。 過去形式の場合、覚一本『平家物語』では｢なり｣が主に使われて、｢にてあり｣が二番目であったが、天草版『平家物語』では｢である｣の使用に変化した。狂言集でも過去表現には｢である｣の数が最も多かったが、用例数の減少が見られた。 推量形式の場合、覚一本『平家物語』では｢なり｣が主に使われて、｢にてあり｣｢であり｣の用例も見つかるが、天草版『平家物語』では｢である｣が代表形式として使われた。こういう傾向は狂言集にも同様であったが、推量表現が終止法に集中されていて、収束法特に連体句を構成する用例は見つからなかった。

This paper discusses adverbs used with the copula “da” or “desu” in predicate usage, focusing on their forms of appearance. Specifically, the usage of “adverb+da” is categorized into two main types: “adverb +da” and “adverb+daga”. The following summarizes the grammatical features that can be inferred at this stage: When an adverb is used in the form “adverb+da”, it is often found expressing time, degree, or quantity. In cases where there is a semantic correspondence to its use as a modifier, parts of the predicate may be omitted, and it can sometimes function like an interjection. On the other hand, when no such semantic correspondence with a modifier is observed , the adverb functions like an adjective predicate to express the speaker’s evaluation or emotion. The adverb can also be used in the form “adverb+daga” as an independent expression or modifier.

Transitive and unergative resultative predicates in Korean are nonfinite CP structures which might contain a null little pro, whereas the resultative phrases in unaccusative resultatives are adverbs. They all adjoined to VP. The subject of an infinitive in English cannot usually be an overt NP, so PRO has often been taken to be in complementary distribution with overt pronouns. The most relevant kind of example of a deficient/weak pronoun for the null subject of the transitive/unergative resultative in Korean is a little pro. Notice that pro can be replaced as an overt inalienable possession, which means that the latter is a deficient constituent. The weaker the pronoun is, the more likely it is to be null. In this vein, the deficient/weak pronoun must be picked over strong pronouns such as the overt pronoun when there is a choice between the two (Satık 2022b). This is captured via Cardinaletti and Starke’s(1999) economy constraint to minimize syntactic structure. The transitive verbs such as twutulita ‘hammer’ and talita ‘iron’ do not imply any change of state or any result. Nevertheless the sentences certainly imply some result when napcakhakey ‘flat’ and ppasppashakey ‘stiff’ appear as their respective transitive predicate. To reiterate, such resultatives are path and telicity related constructions with pro.

Japanese articles on Korean entertainment news can be found on comprehensive portal sites and dedicated "Hallyu(Korean wave)" websites, as well as in the "Hallyu" category of general websites. However, there are no Korean websites which cover Japanese entertainment news. It can be argued that the availability of Hallyu news on Japanese websites is a sign of the high level of interest shown by the Japanese. In addition to entertainment news, concert tickets and tourist information can also be found in the Hallyu category, indicating a link between entertainment articles and tourism. Thus, this paper considers translated entertainment articles to be important and aims to examine the translation strategies employed to make such translations easily understood by Japanese readers. The usage rate of predicate ellipsis is high in entertainment articles when compared to other genres. This study processes translation strategies by investigating the differences in this element between Japanese articles and Japanese translations of articles.

This study aims at the description of predicate types co-occurring with the adverb nemwu which can reverse the opinion polarity in subjective documents. In linguistic tradition, the adverb is usually known as a device intensifying predicates in excess, and therefore expressing a negative judgement of speaker. However, it can appear as a simple intensifier for a positive opinion expressed by some predicates without adding any negative effect. Since the adverb nemwu does not affect only the prior polarity given by opinion key words, but is also one of the most frequent adverbs of degree in online opinion documents, a serious study on the adverb nemwu is required for implementing accurate opinion classification systems. Nevertheless, not much attention has been paid to uncover what types of predicates are required for the appropriate interpretation of nemwu. In this study, predicate types co-occurring with nemwu and the diverse semantic functions of nemwu related to predicate types are analyzed and described in detail.