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Accurate measurement of tree diameter at breast height (DBH) is crucial for forest management and biomass estimation. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of DBH measurements obtained using the LiDAR sensor on an iPhone through two different data collection methods: (1) walk-through scanning by walking past the trees and (2) walk-around scanning by walking around each tree. Manual measurements with a diameter tape served as the reference standard. Data were collected from three experimental plots in a teak plantation. The accuracy of each method was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and bias. Additionally, paired t-tests were conducted to determine the statistical differences between methods. The study also considered the time required for data collection to assess efficiency. Results indicated that the walk-around scanning method provided significantly higher accuracy compared to the walk-through method, although it required more time. These findings suggest that the walk-around iPhone LiDAR scanning approach is more suitable for applications requiring high precision in tree measurements, while the walk-through method could be used for rapid surveys when time efficiency is prioritized.

한국사회에 아이폰이 소개된 이후 일어난 아이폰 열풍은 이례적인 상황으로 받아들여졌고 이에 따라 모바일 업계나 연구자에게 관심의 대상이 되었다. 아이폰 열풍 이후 한국사회는 스마트폰이 견인하는 소위 스마트사회로 진입하게 되었다. 이러한 배경에서 한국 소비자의 스마트폰 수용과정을 이해하기 위한 설명력 높은 모형을 탐색·구축하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 분석결과 TPB, TAM 및 통합모형 모두 유의한 설명력을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. TPB가 TAM 보다 높은 설명을 보였으며, 통합모형은 근소하지만 TPB보다 높은 설명력을 보였다. 이 연구의 시사점은 새로운 정보통신기기 연구에서 널리 차용되는 TAM 보다 사회적 영향력과 개인적 속성을 고려한 예측력 높은 모형을 구축할 필요가 있다는 것이다.

After introducing iPhone in Korea, the craze for iPhone was perceived to be extraordinaire phenomenon and the mobile businesses and researchers paid attention to it. This research purposes to explore more predictive model that explain to adopt the smartphones in Korea. This research show that all of models, TPB, TAM and the integrated model, are significant to explain intention to use the smartphones. TPB explains the higher than TAM, and the integrated model explains the slightly higher than TPB. These results suggest that researcher explore and build the more predictive model that comprise social influences and personal attributes than TAM that is employed broad to study new information communication systems and devices.

소비자들은 같은 기능을 가진 제품일지라도 브랜드 이미지에 따라 다르게 인식한다. 본 연구는 스마트폰의 브랜드 이미지가 고객만족과 충성도에 미치는 영향을 확인하고, 스마트폰의 대표 브랜드인 갤럭시와 아이폰의 사용자 집단에 따른 차이가 있는지 비교하고자 한다. 이를 위해 브랜드 이미지는 기능적, 상징적, 경험적 이미지로 구분하고, 고객충성도는 태도적, 행동적 충성도로 구분하여 이들 요인들의 영향력을 실증적으로 확인하였다. 연구결과 기능적, 경험적 이미지는 만족도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 반면, 상징적 이미지는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 만족도는 태도적, 행동적 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미치고, 태도적 충성도는 행동적 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 갤럭시와 아이폰 사용자 집단의 다중집단분석 결과 고객만족과 태도적 충성도 간의 경로에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다.

Even though the features of the products are almost identical, customers’ reactions to each product are quite different depending on the brand image. The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of smart phone's brand images on customer's satisfaction and loyalty and compare the differences between user groups of the Galaxy and iPhone, two representative brands of smart phone. In order to do this, their brand images were classified into functional, symbolic and experiential brand images, and customer's loyalty was also classified into attitudinal and behavioral ones to empirically confirm the influence of those factors. The findings showed that functional and experiential brand images had a positive effect on their level of satisfaction, while symbolic brand images did not have a significant effect on it. Furthermore, it was found that the satisfaction level had a significant effect on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty, and attitudinal loyalty also had a significant effect on behavioral loyalty. Finally, a multiple group analysis of the user groups of Galaxy and iPhone determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the channel between customer satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty.

아이폰의 판매는 중국 시장에서 특히 탁월한 실적을 보이고 있다. 본 논문에서는 체면민감성이중국 대학생들의 아이폰 구매에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰한다. 체면은 타인의식성, 자괴의식성, 사회격식성이라는 세 가지 세부개념으로 구성된다. 218명의 중국 대학생을 대상으로 설문 조사 하였다. 분석 결과, 타인의식성과 사회격식성이 아이폰 선호에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 자괴의식성은 그렇지 않았다. 추가적으로 경제력과 브랜드 민감도라는 두 조절변수의 영향도 유의하게나타났다. 체면 민감성 중 타인의식성과 사회격식성이 유의한 영향을 미친다는 것은 아이폰이 효용재일뿐만 아니라 사치재로서의 역할을 하고 있음을 암시한다. 애플사뿐만 아니라 모바일 기기 관련비즈니스에서는 중국시장을 공략할 때 이러한 관리적 함의를 참고할 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates the impact of social-face sensitivity of smartphones on the adoption of iPhone in China. Social-face sensitivity is divided into three dimensions, namely, other-directed sensitivity, self-directed sensitivity, and formality-directed sensitivity. We surveyed 218 university students in China through an online survey site. The results showed that formality-directed and other-directed sensitivity have significant impacts on iPhone preferences. Self-directed sensitivity was not significant. We investigated two moderate variables, namely, financial ability and brand sensitivity. Both variables showed significantly moderate impacts on the intention to purchase iPhone. The impact of social-face sensitivity on iPhone preferences implies that the iPhone has dual characteristics to the Chinese, namely, as utility and luxury goods. This finding offers managerial implications for Apple and other mobile service companies in terms of production and marketing strategies.

최근 IT 기업들에서 미래 산업으로 자동차에 관한 관심이 지속적으로 증가 하고 있다. 구글, 애플, 삼성과 같은 IT전문 기업들이 자동차 산업에 뛰어 들어 커넥티드카 무선랜이 장착되어 인터넷 접속이 가능한 자동차 [1] 분야에 많은 연구를 집중 하고 있다. 이러한 시점에서 커넥티드카의 개념에 대해 알아 보고 현재 커넥티드카의 여러 방법 중 하나인 미리링크에 관해 알아 본다. 또한 이러한 커넥티드카의 과도기적인 시점에서 아이폰을 이용한 미러링크의 한 방법을 제안하고 이것을 이용한 커넥티드카의 활용방법에 대해 알아보는 것을 본 연구의 목적으로 한다. 이러한 제안은 현재 자동차를 구매한 많은 사람들이 추가 비용을 들이지 않고 앞으로 출시될 커넥티드카의 기능을 포함 하고 있는 자동차를 미리 경험 할 수 있는 기회가 될 것이며 사용하고 있는 스마트 폰을 통해 자동차를 커넥티드카로 만들 수 있는 경험을 하게 될 것이다.

IT companies are increasingly taking interest in the automobile industry as a major industry of the future. Companies specializing in information technology, such as Google, Apple and Samsung, are actively taking part in the automobile industry and are conducting various research on connected cars. At this point in time, this study aims on understanding the concept of connected cars and the concept of mirror linking, which is one of the many methods in connecting cars. In this transitional period of connected cars, the purpose of this study is to present the method of mirror linking iPhones and to discover how this could be used in connected cars. By turning a normal car into a connected car, simply with a smartphone in hand, the ideas presented in this study will serve as an opportunity for many current automobile owners to experience the functions of connected cars of the future without shouldering additional expenses.

Since smart phones are changing the media for communication and its related mobile market, it is imperative to attract more application developers for success in application store business in ordr to attract more app users. By uSing aspects of the commitment marketing theory and the relationship marketing theory, this research study identified factors that influence on the relational commitment of application developers to the market. Survey of application developers from Korean mobile application developers’ community was conducted to test the hypothesized model. The empirical results showed from an economic behavioral perspective market demand for applications and perceived usefulness of development to이 led to relational commitment of developers mediated by perceived satisfaction while attractiveness of alternatives had no significant effect. In addition, fairness of review process and interactivity, based on the relationship marketing theory perspective, showed significant effect on the relational commitment of developers mediated by trust for application market.

Some ICT are caracterised by a mythological dimension, based on the powers they offer to their users, but also on the mediatical and social tales about them. Apple as a firm has produced a tough and efficient mythological surrounding, finding their roots on the « magic » of the devices, and also on the ritualization of usings and consumption specifical to the « Apple brand ». This text analyses those magical and ritual dimensions of Apple. But it is also a contribution to the new mythological studies of postmodernity.

Les TIC possèdent pour certaines d’entre elles une dimension mythologique, fondée sur certaines des pouvoirs qu’elles confèrent à leurs utilisateurs, autant que sur les récits qui les entourent, socialement et médiatiquement. La marque Apple a su produire une aura mythique d’une rare densité, fondée sur la « magie » de ses différents produits, autant que sur la ritualisation de leur utilisation. Cet article analyse ces sphères mythologiques et rituelles caractérisant la « marque à la pomme » dans son ensemble. Plus largement, ce texte est une contribution au renouveau des approches mythologiques de la postmodernité.

The study was designed to transmit ECG(electrocardiogram) images from iPhone in order to check validity. Especially, web examined ECG transmissions from smart phones image viewer are good enough to secure clinical information and confirmed with visual. In result, it took 3 to 5 seconds for ECG viewer transmitting from a smart phone to display an image on mobile server to user’s phone. For image valuation, we magnified the ECG image 100% or 200% at a resolution of 480 × 320 checking PQRST wave and found that it was both possible to see an accurate PQRST wave with all the trial data and to divide it into 1mm level of grid.

본고는 KT와 애플의 제휴 과정을 정리하면서, 방송통신 플랫폼사업자가 상생의 생태계 활성화와 고객만족을 위한 혁신적 의사결정을 진행하는 과정을 분석하고, 기업의 최고경영자가 교체되는 상황에서도 일관된 전략적 판단을 하게 된 근거를 후발기업의 전략적 차별화 노력으로 설명하고자 하였다. KT의 애플 아이폰(iPhone) 출시는 방송통신 플랫폼사업자의 정책과는 상반되는 최고 경영층의 혁신적 의사결정으로 가능하게 되었다. KT가 기존의 통신 플랫폼 사업자가 고수하던 정책 중에서 가장 우선시해오던 폐쇄적 인프라의 운영정책을 차별화하여 오픈 플랫폼 정책으로 혁신적인 수정을 한 것으로 궁극적으로는 정부의 규제정책에까지 영향을 준 사례로 연구주제로서 공헌점이 있는 것이라 볼 수 있었다. 결론적으로 KT는 그룹합병 이전의 전임 경영층의 의사결정과 현재 경영층의 의사결정 시기로 구분되는 것으로 확인할 수 있다. 2008년까지 진행된 두 단계에서는 전임 C사장을 중심으로 후속기업의 추월을 위한 전략으로 외산 차별화 단말 수급을 결정지었으나 출시를 포기하는 상황으로 전개가 되었다. 신임 경영층은 2009년 이후, 애플 아이폰의 출시에 대한 적극적인 지원과 규제이슈 해소, 정책의 변화에 대해 적극 주도하는 자세를 보인다. 연구자는 KT의 이점을 첫째, 과거 이동통신 2등 브랜드를 3세대 스마트폰 시장에서 1등 브랜드로 변화시킨 확실한 차별화, 둘째, KT의 보수적 공기업 이미지를 능동적이고 젊은 기업의 이미지로 변화시킨 점, 셋째, 고객의 만족과 이익, 중소 벤처 기업들과의 상생에도 적극 나서는 기업이라는 인식의 전환을 이루었다는 점 등으로 정리하였다.

This study deals with the strategic decision making process about KT's Apple iPhone launching. Researcher analyzes the process of making innovative decision for customer satisfaction and activating for win-win ecosystem under the circumstances of changing top management. Thus this paper explains the company's consistent strategic decision for late comer's strategic differentiation effort. KT's Apple iPhone can be launched by top management's innovative decision which is opposite to incumbent telecommunication platform company's policy. KT differentiated the closed infra policy which telecommunication platform company had kept to priority and changed it into open platform policy. Moreover that decision influenced the regulatory policy of government. Therefore KT's case was noticeable and contributed to research topics. In conclusion, KT's making decision period is divided into ex-top management's making decision period and recent top management's making decision period. While former steps progressed by 2008, ex-top management decided to import the device to overcome the late comer's demerit, but they gave up launching. After 2009, a newly appointed top management supported constant strategy, solved regulatory issue, and led the changes of a policy. Finally, KT held the innovative brand, differentiated it in the 3rd generation smart phone market, and upgraded the company's image for satisfaction of customer and industry partner.

The advent of smart phone in the telecommunication industry has rapidly changed a way of competition among companies. At the innovation of products and services are comparative advantages. In this study, we have explored the trajectory of innovation by comparing two representative smart phones; iPhone of Apple and Galaxy of Samsung. We measure the degree of innovativeness of products and services with abnormal return from an event study. In this study, we find that the trajectory of innovation of iPhone is steeper than that of Galaxy. We also find that the innovativeness of iPhone is not different from that of Galaxy, and the first model of iPhone has higher abnormal return than the subsequent models of iPhone, but we do not find the difference for Galaxy. Finally, we have evidence that the effect from product innovation is not different from service innovation, implying that firms’ activities of services are at least effective as the activities of new products.

Prior research on information technology (IT) adoption has mostly examined adoption of independent individual or organizational IT such as spreadsheets, electronic mails, and relational databases, with little attention to the adoption of IT platforms such as Java2, Apple iPhone, or Google Andriod. IT platforms are general purpose technologies that can be used to family of applications to perform specific individual or organizational tasks. Adoption of such platforms are different from the adoption of independent IT in that the former require substantial upfront knowledge investments and the potential benefits from such adoption depends on network externalities that are generally unknown in advance. For these reasons, traditional IT adoption research based on innovation diffusion theory can provide only limited explanation of the adoption of technology platforms, and should be augmented with network externality and knowledge barrier perspectives. This research employs an interpretive research approach to examine these and other reasons that can explain IT platform adoption. We interview application developers regarding their choice of Apple iPhone and Google Andriod platforms, code their responses using open, axial, and selective coding, and use our findings to postulate a theoretical model of IT platform adoption.

본 논문은 인간의 감성을 반영한 아이폰 기반의 3차원 미로 게임을 제시한다. 이를 위해서 2차원의 미로이미지를 입력받아서 골격선(skeleton) 추출 기술을 활용하여 이진화 된 최소의 데이터를 얻는다. 이 데이터를 이용하여 OpenGL ES를 활용한 3차원 미로 환경을 구축한다. 또한 인간의 감성에 영향을 미치는 시각·청각 요소들이 반영된 아이템을 배치하여 게임적인 흥미요소들을 추가한다. 시각적 요소에는 미로 텍스처의 색상과 밝기, 청각적 요소에는 OpenAL을 활용한 멀티사운드를 이용한다. 본 논문에서 제시하는 3차원 미로 게임은 기존의 2차원 미로 게임들과 달리, 스테이지 별로 시나리오를 구성하였으며 3차원으로 개발함으로써 게임의 현실성을 높일 수 있었다.

We develop a human emition-based 3D maze game on iPhone. The maze data is obtzined by skeletonizing 2D maze image from a web site. This data is exploited to construct 3D maze environment using OpenGL ES. We add game amusement factors by adding items that affect the visual and audible factors of human emotion. The visual factors include the color and the intensity of the maze texturea and the audible factors include multi-sound implemented using OpenAL. We decorated our game by presenting scenarios per stages.

본 논문에서는 아이폰을 기반으로 하여 브러시 스트로크 프로파일을 이용한 회화적 렌더링 시스템에 대해 소개한다. 이를 위해 실제 스트로크 데이터와 유사하게 데이터베이스를 구축하고 확장하여 사용한다. 그리고 원본 이미지를 데이터베이스에 있는 스트로크의 조합으로 재생산하여 회화적인 느낌을 표현하였다. 또한, 우리가 소개하는 아이폰 기반 회화적 렌더링 시스템은 PC 기반이 아닌 스마트폰 이라는 한정된 CPU와 메모리를 가진 디바이스에서 빠른 렌더링 속도를 요구한다. 때문에 본 논문에서 우리는 최적화를 위하여 다양한 성능개선 방법을 시도해 보았다.

In this paper, we suggest painterly rendering system using brush stroke profile based on iPhone. For this system, the database is used similarly to the actual stroke data. In addition, the original images are painterly represented by combining strokes from the database. Also, the painterly rendering system based on iPhone that requires fast rendering speed in devices which is not bases on PC but which is like Smart-Phones that have an limited CPU and memories. So, we suggest the various way of performance improvement in order to realtime render.

모바일 기술들이 발전함에 따라 발전된 모바일 기기들이 나오고, 그에 따른 여러 모바일 관련 분야의 기술들이 발전해가고 있다. 이런 모바일 기기들이 많이 나오고 있는 지금, 많은 사람들이 모바일 기기를 이용하는 시간이 늘어남에 따라 휴식시간에도 모바일 기기를 이용한 즐거움을 찾는 사람들이 늘어나고 있다. 그러면서 모바일 기기의 휴대성과 편리성을 이용하여 기존 컴퓨터로는 휴대하며 이용하기 불편했던 많은 증강현실 게임 기술들이 나오고 있다. 하지만 현재까지 나오고 있는 증강현실 게임들을 보면 미리 마커가 설치된 곳에서만 이용이 가능하거나, 모바일 기기가 인식할 수 있는 특징 점을 갖고 있는 장소에서만의 이용이 가능했다. 또한 GPS를 이용한 증강현실 게임의 경우 GPS상의 오차로 인한 약간의 불편함들이 존재했다. 본 논문에서는 모바일 기기에서 레이저 포인터를 이용한 증강현실 게임을 제시하며 앞서 살펴본 봐와 같은 기존 모바일 증강현실 게임들의 문제점들을 해결하고, 모바일 기기에 맞게 휴대성이 높으며 편리하고, 다양한 곳을 이동해 가며 할 수 있는 새로운 방식의 증강현실 게임을 제시한다.

Mobile phones became a major part of our everyday life used for browsing and amusement. Smart phones such as computing power and video capability that may be utilized for Augmented Reality (AR) applications. Recently, there have been several AR games for smart phones. However, those games were based on sensor measurements to estimate user’s viewing location and direction, which were inaccurate for most applications. An alternative was to use markers where virtual objects were displayed on the top ot the markers. In this case, markers need to be printed and carried by the users to enable AR games. In this paper, we propose laser pointer based AR games, where any markers or sensor measurements are not required. By observing the laser pointer locations on the image, virtual objects’ position and orientation relative from the iPhone were calculated and displayed. Because the lasers were fixed to iPhone case, the system worked stand-alone.

Although there are various kinds of mobile application technologies, users spend time with their smartphone mostly surfing the Internet, playing games, and communicating with their friends because the computing power of smartphone still lags behind other devices in terms of resources such as CPU, memory, etc. Furthermore, in many cases, users can’t easily find suitable mobile applications without implementing them by themselves, because it’s very difficult and takes much effort to implement a mobile application. So in this paper, we propose MCSC, a mobile collaborative service cloud for Android and iOS which requires less computing power while providing rich functionalities. While implementing an application using native language takes significant time and requires a specialized skill set, using our proposed service cloud, users can implement new mobile applications easily and quickly using instant adaptive orchestration and Mashup. MCSC facilitates the use of other devices’ resource and context information such as contact lists, location, etc. We evaluated MCSC in several scenarios, and confirmed that it performs as fast as native mobile applications and works well in heterogeneous environments incorporating both Android and iOS devices. In the future, MCSC will create new opportunities for mobile cloud computing and service oriented architecture.

스마트폰 사용자의 증가와 다양한 마케팅 전략의 일환으로 최근 다양한 모바일 적립 서비스가 활성화 되고 있다. 적립 서비스는 사용자의 충성도를 증가시키고 구매 의욕을 극대화 시키는 대표적인 마케팅 서비스이다. 기존 오프라인 적립 서비스의 경우 사용자는 많은 수의 적립카드를 소지해야 하는 불편함이 있었다. 또한 이를 디지털화한 모바일 적립 서비스의 경우에도 많은 적립카드에서 사용 가능한 카드를 수동 검색해야 하는 검색 비용이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 이를 해결하기 위해 사용자의 현 위치를 파악하여 사용가능한 적립 카드를 자동으로 검색할 수 있는 방안을 핵심 기능으로 하는 모바일 적립 서비스 시스템을 설계하고 개발한다.

Increasing users of smart phone and various marketing strategies activate lots of mobile mileage services recently. Such a mileage service is a typical marketing service to increase brand loyalty of clients and maximize purchase motivation. However, traditional offline mileage services introduce discomfort that users have to carry lots of mileage cards physically. Also, in case of using digital mobile mileage service, users have to search specific card to use from lots of digital cards stored in his mobile device. In this paper, to solve the problems, we design and develop a mobile mileage service system that especially discover a proper card automatically based on location information of user.

Non-native speaker usage of English is changing. Under the historic impact of Information and Communications Technology and its critical Convergence, EFL/ESL usage will in future predominantly be online. It will be used to access, navigate and contribute to English language digital resources, and for computer-mediated communication with others who are in the main non-native speakers of English. These uses are computer-mediated, which has profound implications for Korean learners of English. For Korea to remain competitive in the global economy, its EFL should foster L2 Digital Literacy in English. With fast Internet connections, Korea is perhaps the most wired nation on Earth. To take advantage of this, ICT facilities in educational institutions need restructuring. Computermediated second language learning needs to be facilitated, particularly for native teacher English classes. Multimedia capable, mobile web solutions are needed that place the Internet in the hands of all students and teachers. Wi-Fi networked campuses allow any campus space to act as a wireless classroom. Teacher computer consoles with high-speed Internet access and OHP are required for every classroom. All students require adequate computing facilities, that are available anywhere, anytime. This has become feasible through providing every student on enrollment with a Wi-Fi+3G enabled Apple iPad, on which educational providers install, maintain and update E-texts and content creation and consumption Apps.

아이폰과 앱 스토어의 성공으로 전 세계의 개발자들은 애플의 시장에 뛰어 들었고, 국내 주요 모바일 기업들은 앱 스토어와 같은 오픈 마켓을 앞 다투어 개설하기에 이르렀다. 이런 환경에서 우리는 아이팟 용 애플리케이션을 상용으로 개발하기로 하였다. 이 논문은 Cocos2d 엔진을 사용하여 개발한 아이팟 용 게임 ‘헥사 삼국지’ 개발에 대하여 기술하였다.

By the recent success of the iPhone and the App Store, software developers from all over the world challenge to list their applications on the App Store and sell them worldwide. And major mobile companies in Korea are following the Apple by opening open markets to distribute software products running on their mobile devices. In this paper, we describe the development of an action game for iPod 'Hexa-Samkukgi'. The game is developed using Cocos2d engine