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The purpose of this article is to search for and suggest the implications to protect the Straits of Malacca and Singapore compared with the case of a maritime global critical infrastructure protection from the Hebei Sprit oil spill disaster in Korea. This paper suggests some meaningful measures for protecting the Strait of Malacca from the oil spill as follows; First, an international organization for protecting the strait's security has to be established among neighboring countries or in a global society. Second, a global emergency fund must be created for prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery of oil spill disasters in the strait. Third, we need a collaborative manual for rapid response, collaborative clean-up, effective recovery, etc. Fourth, in the case of protecting the global critical infrastructure, it is necessary that the financial burden for managing the oil spill disaster be reduced to some main agents. So, all the participants concerned can participate in the disaster management and provide the financial expense to the international organization. Fifth, joint training & exercises are necessary for the mutual trust and understanding among the agents. Finally, cleaning up the oil on the seashore is a dangerous job, therefore trained volunteers are needed especially during a crisis.

With the intensification of global climate change and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, the critical infrastructure of cities is facing increasing risks and challenges. This paper explores the importance of improving the resilience of critical infrastructure in large cities in an era of climate crisis. By analyzing different types of critical infrastructure and their impact on urban security, this paper points out that once the urban infrastructure such as transportation, power, communication, water resources is damaged, it will seriously affect the normal operation of the city. Combining the case of Zhengzhou's "July 20" rainstorm disaster in 2021 and Zhuozhou's rainstorm event in 2023, this paper reveals the main problems facing the current infrastructure, including inadequate design and maintenance, lagging emergency response mechanism and difficulties in inter-departmental coordination. Therefore, this paper proposes improvement measures such as optimizing the construction of critical infrastructure, strengthening the emergency management mechanism, and enhancing the capacity of resource reserve and dispatch, so as to improve the resilience of critical infrastructure in extreme climates and ensure urban safety and sustainable development. The paper emphasizes that building smarter and more adaptable critical infrastructure systems will be a key direction to deal with future disasters.

In this paper, how to make a partnership to protect the critical infrastructure for making our society safer is the key question. The goal of this article is to suggest the programs for making a partnership to protect the critical infrastructures. Critical infrastructure may be defined as facility, system, function, and life which provide the vital foundation for political, economic, social, and cultural survival as a nation. And critical infrastructures were classified into 4 categories, such as Public Facility, Public System, Government Function, Vital Human Life. These classified critical infrastructures were also divided into 17 types; Transportation, Dam, Energy, Industrial Complex, Government Facilities, Banking and Finance, Electric Power, Telecommunications, Public Health, Public Order, Protecting Key Assets, Protecting VIP, Business/Commercial Facility and Technology, Lifeline, Hazardous Materials, and Psychological Panic. The properties of critical infrastructure are complexity, catastrophic damage, and insufficient private competence. Finally, three partnership programs suggested are as follows; developing the institutional framework, establishing the implementation structure, capacity building.

This study aims to suggest policy directions to promote food security by applying the concept of critical infrastructure in Korea. It designates the agricultural sector for food security through the functions, systems, and facilities of critical infrastructure and presents policy directions. The results of the analysis show that the functions of critical infrastructure can be implemented by establishing a food security manual. Due to the lack of relevant manuals in Korea, it is necessary to strengthen the response system on a regular basis through the designation of a department dedicated to food security and the task, rather than ad hoc measures. The s y stem o f critical infrastructure is a public stockpile. As in the c ase of J apan, Korea also n eeds to strengthen the public stockpiling system through public-private cooperation to maintain an appropriate stockpile. The critical infrastructure facility is a grain stockpile. It is also necessary for Korea to devise a comprehensive food complex by understanding the characteristics and economic feasibility of grains in the future.

Critical infrastructure is the basis for normal operation and healthy development of the city. With the correlation and dependence between critical infrastructures increasingly strengthened, critical infrastructure disasters often bring huge economic losses and serious social impact, and improving emergency response capacity of critical infrastructure has become an important prerequisite for protecting normal operation of the city. With the critical infrastructure as the object of research, based on the correlation feature of critical infrastructure, this paper analyzes the characteristics of scenario construction of critical infrastructure from malleability, influence objects and duration, and presents the method of scenario construction of critical infrastructure, then puts forward an idea of emergency capacity evaluation from three dimensions of accuracy, sufficiency and timeliness. At last, this paper applies the common method to gas multi-gate station incident scenario, which verifies the feasibility of this method.

This study aims to propose strategic improvements to Korea's public grain stockpiling policy to enhance food security, focusing on critical infrastructure elements. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the disruption of global grain supply chains, exacerbated by major events such as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, food security has gained heightened global importance. Korea, facing similar challenges, requires a fundamental national strategy to safeguard its food supply. The government has initiated several public grain stockpiling policies, including the Mid-to-Long-Term Food Security Reinforcement Plan. This study evaluates these policies by analyzing three key aspects of critical infrastructure— function, facility, and system. Based on the analysis, the study identifies essential tasks for the Korean government: 1) fostering public-private cooperation by providing specific incentives for private sector involvement, rather than relying solely on voluntary participation; 2) designating public grain stockpiling facilities as critical infrastructure and ensuring their systematic management; and 3) establishing clear operational guidelines within the existing legal framework to effectively meet stockpiling goals and manage the system.

This paper examines power-system risks under the climate crisis, clarifies the concepts of critical-infrastructure protection, vulnerability, and resilience, and develops a vulnerability-assessment framework that identifies asset weak links and emergency-response gaps. Using the 2021 Texas cold wave and the 2008 snow disaster in southern China as comparative cases, it shows that fuel shortages, fragile transmission, and governance misalignment are the principal drivers of systemic failure. Accordingly, it advances measures including equipment hardening and hazard-resilient design; higher climate-adaptation standards and investment; smart-grid development and the transition toward an energy Internet; enhanced early-warning systems and routine disaster drills; digitalization of emergency management; and strengthened national–local–enterprise collaboration. The overarching objective is to reinforce adaptive capacity and recoverability and to build a secure, intelligent, and sustainable modern power system.

2003년 화물연대파업 사태 이후, 국민에게 중단없는 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 정부에서는 재난및안전관리기본법에 국가기반시설의 지정․관리를 명시하였다. 안행부에서는 이를 법적근거로 하여 국가기반시설 보호기관(주관기관 9, 관리기관 82)에 국가기반체계 보호지침을 제시하고 있으며, 지침에 따라 각 기관에서는 국가기반체계 보호계획을 수립하고, 이에 대한 평가를 받고 있다. 하지만 보호계획이 타 유사제도(국가중요시설, 국가보안목표시설, 특정관리대상시설 등)와 차별화된 전문성이 없다는 지적과 함께 국가기반체계 보호계획의 실효성에 대한 의문이 꾸준히 제기되어 왔다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국가기반시설 담당자를 대상으로 국가기반체계 보호계획의 현황 및 문제점과 이에 대한 대안으로 시설간 상호연계성에 대한 인식조사를 실시하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 장․단기적 국가기반체계 보호계획의 제도개편 방안을 제시하였다.

Transport Worker Union’s strike situation since the 2003, in order to provide uninterrupted service to the public, the government has explicitly designated management of the critical infrastructure to the Enforcement Decree of The Framework Act on The Management of Disasters and Safety. The Security and Public Department, in the legal basis of the law, it has presented the guidelines of system protection to protection of institutions(main institution 9, management institution 82). On the basis of this guideline, each institution, and developed the Critical Infrastructure Protection Plan, it is rated for this. However, pointed out that there is no expertise plan has been differentiated from other similar plan(National Important Facility, Target Facility of National Security, Specific Control Building and Facility, etc.). Also question for the effectiveness of the critical infrastructure protection plan have been raised steadily. In this study, we conducted a study of perception for interoperability between facilities as an alternative to this problems and it’s current status of protection plan for the person who critical infrastructure protection planner. Furthermore Based on the survey results, was presented to the short term and long term institutional reform proposal of the Critical Infrastructure Protection Plan.

This study conducts a comparative analysis of wildfire response systems in the United States, Japan, and the European Union to derive implications for improving South Korea's wildfire management framework. As climate change intensifies wildfires globally, understanding effective governance structures becomes increasingly critical. The United States employs the Incident Command System (ICS) and National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), providing standardized, scalable response structures. Japan integrates wildfire management within its Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act, emphasizing local engagement and clear responsibility delineation. The European Union demonstrates transnational coordination through its Civil Protection Mechanism and European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS). The analysis reveals South Korea faces challenges from institutional fragmentation, unclear command structures, and misalignment between reporting systems and resource allocation. Based on international best practices, this study recommends institutional reforms to clarify jurisdictional authorities, organizational restructuring to enhance initial response capabilities, and improved resource allocation strategies to develop a more integrated, efficient, and resilient wildfire management system for South Korea.

Urban water supply systems are essential for public health, economic stability, and daily life, particularly in earthquake-prone regions like Japan. The Osaka Municipal Waterworks Bureau (OWMB) developed a comprehensive Business Continuity Plan (BCP) to ensure rapid response and continuity of water services following major seismic events. This paper describes the BCP’s framework, emphasizing risk assessment, prioritization of critical activities, and resource allocation guided by the Incident Command System (ICS) and Business Continuity Management System (BCMS). Key components include structured resource reallocation, enhanced disaster response protocols, and regular training programs to build a resilient organizational culture. The effectiveness of BCP was recognized once again during the process of checking the initial response facing to the first alert for Nankai Trough megaquake in August 2024. These findings support a strategic approach to strengthening disaster preparedness and operational resilience in urban water infrastructure.

Background: This study attempted to prevent and strengthen the cognitive function of elderly people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment in the pre-dementia stage through the cognitive rehabilitation program, ‘Hello! Aloha Yangsan’. Method: The subjects of this study were elderly people with mild cognitive impairment registered at a public health center in Y city, including a 25 experimental group and a 23 control group. The cognitive rehabilitation program was operated for a total of 24 sessions over 12 weeks, twice a week, with each session lasting 60 minutes. Results: The experimental group that participated in this intervention program showed a significant increase in cognitive function compared to the control group (t=-2.983, p=.005), and the subjective memory decline of the experimental group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (t=42.66, p=.001). Conclusions: This intervention program was able to confirm significant effects on cognitive function, subjective memory decline, and depression, and can be used as a major basis for preventing the transition from mild cognitive impairment, which is a pre-stage of dementia to dementia in the future.

국가핵심기반을 구성하는 제도가 도입되고 20년간 국가기반체계와 국가기반시설 등 다양한 입법이 진행되었다. 그리고 이를 기반으로 보다 정교한 법적 토대가 구축되었다. 그러나 현 국가핵심기반 정의규 정이 어느 정도의 법적인 완결성을 가지고 있는지에 대해서는 의문의 여지가 있으며, 기존 국가기반시설 등의 용어와 비교하여 실제 동 제도의 운용면에서 개정목적을 어느 정도 달성하였는지 혹은 달성할 수 있는지 살펴보는 일은 매우 중요하다. 국가핵심기반을 구축하기 위한 입법과정에서 행정안전위원회 혹은 법사위에서 제도 자체의 법적 성격이나 기능 등에 논의가 거의 진행되지 않고 단순히 입법 그 자체를 목적으로 이루어졌기 때문이다. 본 연구는 국가핵심기반 제도의 도입과정에서 나타난 제도기반 의 목적을 고찰함으로서 현재 우리나라 국가핵심기반 제도 운용의 문제점 및 한계, 그리고 개선방안을 도출하는 것을 목적으로 한다.

Over the past two decades since the National Core Infrastructure legislation was introduced, substantial progress has been made in various related legislations, such as those governing Critical Infrastructure and National Infrastructure, leading to the development of a more refined legal framework. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the extent of legal completeness embodied in the current definition of National Core Infrastructure. Evaluating how well the objectives of these legislative revisions have been or can be achieved, especially in comparison to existing terms like National Infrastructure, is crucial. This necessity stems from the fact that the legislative process for the National Core Infrastructure was carried out with no discussions on its legal nature or functions at key committees like the Administrative Security Committee or the Legal Affairs and Judiciary Committee. This study aims to scrutinize the objectives underlying the establishment of the National Core Infrastructure Act and identify challenges, limitations, and potential improvements in the current operation of South Korea's National Core Infrastructure legal system.

본 논문은 재난 및 안전관리 기본법의 개정으로 변화된 국가핵심기 반으로서 정보통신이 갖는 의미를 모색하기 위해 미국의 정보통신재난 법제에서 관련 개념의 발전 과정과 전담기구의 기능을 분석한다. 먼저 정보통신 관련 재난이 물리적 차원과 사이버 공간의 연결 현상으로 인 해 융합재난의 성격을 가진다는 점을 인식하고, 우리나라에서 정보통 신의 마비는 재난안전법상 사회재난으로 분류되지만 정보통신기반보호 법 등의 침해사고에도 해당되어 관할 주무부처가 불분명해져 효율적인 대처가 어려워지는 문제를 지적한다. 한편 미국에서는 핵심기반 개념 을 중심으로 정보통신기반의 특성을 고려하는 법제의 발전 과정을 통 해 융합적 피해를 야기하는 시스템의 보호 필요성을 인식해 왔다는 점 을 설명하고, 더불어 모든 종류의 위기로부터 국가를 보호하고자 하는 정책을 배후에 두고 국토안보부 산하에 물리적 재난에 대응하는 총체 적 관리 기구인 연방재난관리청(FEMA)에 더해 융합적 성격의 정보 통신재난에 대응이 가능한 사이버안보 및 기반 안보청(CISA)을 신설 해 두고 있다는 점을 설명한다. 이를 통해 우리 재난안전법의 개정이 융합재난으로서의 정보통신재난의 특성을 인식하는 계기가 되어 향후 효율적인 법제의 운용과 해석에 도움이 될 수 있는 비교법적 시사점을 제공한다.

This article analyzes the development of the notion of information and communications as critical infrastructure throughout the law governing information and communication emergencies and the function of the agencies in charge in the U.S., in order to clarify their meaning in the revision of the Disaster Safety Act of South Korea. First, it reveals that the emergencies related to information and communications have the characteristics of convergence emergencies, by involving both the physical world and cyberspace, and raises a governance issue caused by the simultaneous applicability of the Disaster Safety Act and the Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection Act. Most of all, this article presents a comparative legal analysis to contribute in applying the revised Act of South Korea, by showing the development of U.S. law considering special attributes of information and communications as critical infrastructure and by elaborating the necessity of protecting the convergence system. Also, it suggests the all-hazards approach of the U.S. government has led to the establishment of the new agency (CISA) governing convergent information and communication emergencies, in addition to traditional emergency management agency (FEMA) governing comprehensive emergencies.

본 연구는 우리나라의 통합위기관리시스템의 효율화 방안을 모색하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 통합위기관리시스템의 이념적 가치와 목표 가치를 탐색하고 효율화의 의미를 살펴보는 한편, 총체적 위기관리 모형과 통합위기관리시스템을 이론적 측면에서 검토하였다. 이와 함께 우리나라 위기관리시스템의 현황에 대한 개관과 효율화의 장애요인을 살펴본 후 효율화 방안을 제시하였다. 즉 통합위기관리시스템의 효율화를 위한 방안은 다음과 같다. ①통합위기관리시스템의 지원․협조․조정․연계의 패러다임 재편 ②통합위기관리시스템에서의 Network Hub의 역할 정립 ③유비쿼터스 환경하에서 통합위기관리시스템의 정보화 ④통합위기관리시스템에서의 국제적 협력 및 연계 체계화 ⑤통합위기관리시스템에서의 국가비상대비자원관리체계의 정비 ⑥범국가적 위기관리거버넌스 체제 구축 ⑦통합위기관리 연습의 실제화 및 훈련의 내실화 방안 마련 ⑧현장중심 통합위기관리시스템을 위한 지방정부와의 연계체계 구축이 그것이다.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways to increase the efficiency of Integrated Crisis & Emergency Management System in Korea. For attaining the research goal, this paper studied the ideological values, meanings of the Integrated Crisis & Emergency Management System, and researched the Comprehensive Emergency Management Model. And then, this research reviewed the Integrated Emergency Management System. Major alternatives for increasing the efficiency are as follows. First, the paradigms of crisis & emergency management in Korea should be changed to support, cooperation, coordination, liaison from direction, control, order, supervision. Second, we need to establish the roles of network hub of the Integrated Crisis & Emergency Management System. Third, it is necessary that the Integrated Crisis & Emergency Management System is equipped with information system in ubiquitous society. Fourth, international cooperation and linkage should be systemized. Fifth, we should improve the national resources mobilization system for the crisis & emergency situation. Sixth, the government has to establish a pan-national crisis & emergency management governance system including civil society, enterprise, etc. Seventh, we have to exercise the practical crisis & emergency management drill. Finally, the Integrated Crisis & Emergency Management System should be based on the field-oriented situation related with local governments.

The inevitable integration of critical infrastructure to public networks has exposed the underlying industrial control systems to various attack vectors. In this paper, we model multi-stage crypto ransomware attacks, which are today an emerging cyber threat to critical infrastructure. We evaluate our modeling approach using multi-stage attacks by the infamous WannaCry ransomware. The static malware analysis results uncover the techniques employed by the ransomware to discover vulnerable nodes in different SCADA and production subnets, and for the subsequent network propagation. Based on the uncovered artifacts, we recommend a cascaded network segmentation approach, which prioritizes the security of production network devices.

본 연구는 사회기반시설 보호와 위기관리 문제에 초점을 맞추어 미국의 사회기반시설 보호체계로서 국가기반보호계획(NIPP)제도에 대한 사례연구를 통해 가변적이고 불확실한 문제에 대한 재난안전 관리 발전방향을 모색하는데 궁극적인 목적이 있다. 미국은 9.11테러 이후 국가기반시설 보호를 위하여 연방정부, 주⋅지방정부, 지역연합, 민간부문 뿐만아니라 국제기구 및 해외 정부 등과 관련된 기반시설 및 주요자산에 대한 보호계획을 수립하여 운영 중에 있으며, 관련된 파트너 간의 협력네트워크를 강화하고 있다. 특히, 국가기반시설 보호계획의 수립에 있어 최우선 절차는 보호 대상 시설과 해당 시설을 위협하는 위험요인에 대한 정확한 평가와 정보공유가 강조된다. 또한, 정보공유 과정에서 통합과 부문화의 원리를 고려할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 미국의 국가기반시설보호체계의 시사점을 통해 상호의존성이 높은 국가기반시설 보호체계의 개선을 제시하고 있으나 실무적 차원의 대안을 제시하지는 못한 한계가 있다. 이에 국내의 국가기반시설보호 시스템에 대한 법제도 및 조직, 각 조직간 협력의내용과방식에대한비교 연구를 통해 구체적인 개선방안을 모색할필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to search for development strategies for disaster and safety management as to variable and uncertain problems through a case study on the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) as the system for the U.S. critical infrastructure protection, focusing on social overhead capital (SOC) protection and crisis management. Since the 9.11 attacks, the U.S. has established and operated protection plans for infrastructure and critical assets pertaining to international organizations and overseas governments, as well as federal, state and local governments, local associations and civil divisions. In particular, in order to establish protection plans for national infrastructure, the first priority should be given to evaluate risk factors threatening the target facilities for protection and share relevant information. In the process of information sharing, it is necessary to consider principles of integration and departmentalization.

Critical infrastructure is classified as a national concern because of its scope and its importance to the nation. Especially, in modern society, national security, economic prosperity and public welfare, are seriously dependent on a set of critical infrastructure mainly consisting of national power grid, telecommunications, and oil and gas. Unfortunately, however, the critical Infrastructure is widely considered to be vulnerable, because natural disasters and social resentment of those malicious attacks can cause damage to the infrastructure systems, so as to the associated services are not reliable, or even not available. At present many developed countries have already carried out large-scale research on this issue, but Korea's current research in this area is still in near-empty state, so the study of this issue is more urgent. Especially, the purpose of this concept paper is to draw critical infrastructure protection from electromagnetic pulse (EMP), the sharing of knowledge through USA and the Korea comparative study. To draw the implications for defending EMP Attack in Korea, we analyzed the USA policy issues to protect critical infrastructure from EMP Attack. Ultimately, we should be research how to build up defensive systems for protecting the critical infrastructure from EMP threats.

In the context of climate crisis, ensuring the resilience of South Korea's critical infrastructure is crucial for societal safety. This involves addressing vulnerabilities and aging management systems across various sectors, including general infrastructure, sustainable energy, information technology, national power and transportation, digital finance, public health, water management, cultural heritage safety, and international cooperation networks. Effective crisis management strategies are needed to redesign and build resilient infrastructure, fostering a sustainable and secure society. Emergency preparedness, encompassing natural and non-natural events, is essential for mitigating disaster impacts on people, environment, and business continuity. Additionally, ongoing research focuses on enhancing crisis management paradigm and adapting national infrastructure systems to climate challenges, particularly in radiological emergency preparedness of nuclear power plants in South Korea.

This study aims to explore how emerging digital technologies can improve the resilience of critical infrastructure in the face of the climate change. Given the growing impact of climate crisis, it is increasingly crucial for governments and organizations to develop and implement strategic plans to enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure. Natural disasters can compromise the structural integrity and disrupt the operations of critical infrastructure. Extreme climate disasters can accelerate the aging and deterioration of infrastructure, resulting in increased maintenance costs. By reviewing existing literature, we show how these technologies support real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and more efficient disaster response, thereby enhancing infrastructure resilience at every stage of its lifecycle. However, while digital technologies offer significant benefits, challenges remain, including cybersecurity risks, human-machine interaction issues, and funding barriers. Finally, to better integrate digital technologies into critical infrastructure systems, we propose four key strategies: (1) mitigate cybersecurity risks, (2) adopt a lifecycle resilience approach, (3) promote collaborative governance, (4) reduce human-machine conflicts.

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of children's vulnerability in disaster situations and approaches to incorporating children into disaster management systems. Children possess vulnerabilities in disaster contexts due to their physiological, developmental, and psychological characteristics, yet current disaster management systems insufficiently reflect these specificities. This research proposes a theoretical framework for child-centered disaster management across four phases: prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery, while comparatively analyzing international cases from the United States, Japan, European Union, and Australia. Analysis of Korea's child-inclusive disaster management reveals critical constraints including formalistic approaches to safety education, absence of child-specific statistical frameworks, adult-centric relief systems, limitations in psychological support, and fragmented governance. The study suggests policy implications for developing child-centered disaster management systems in Korea that leverage technological infrastructure and educational institutions while harmonizing with international practices.