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Performance capability of emergency management refers to the actual performance of the emergency management of an organization, individual or region. The improvement of the government's emergency management capacity is of great significance to the effective response of a country or local emergency. Performance capability evaluation of emergency management for an organization, individual or region can reflect their capability of emergency management, so as to help them make a more clear and comprehensive judgment to the ability of emergency response, enhance the ability of emergency response, promote China’s emergency response capability and reduce the loss of life and property caused by emergency. The report of Evaluation of performance capability for emergency management in 31 provinces of China in 2014-2015 is jointly issued by Public Management Professional Committee in Society of Management Science of China, Ouhua’ antai Risk and Crisis Emergency Research Institute, Emergency Management Institute of Henan Polytechnic University in 21th January, 2016. In the report, firstly, the 10 worst disaster incidents of each province in 2014-2015 are selected, and then every index of the accidents is graded through being analyzed with consulting American evaluation index system for emergency management and the reaction of the different kinds of accidents. At last, the weighted averages of the indexes are worked out. Meanwhile, the performance capability for emergency management in 31 provinces of China in 2014-2015, including precautions, responses and aftermath, is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively from aspects of natural disasters, human disasters and comprehensive performance. Based on it, the relevant performance capability is ranked and classified according to four grades: excellent, good, medium and poor. The evaluation report shows that comprehensive performance of Beijing and other 5 provinces is excellent; comprehensive performance of Jiangxi and other 13 provinces is good; comprehensive performance of Chongqing and other 10 provinces is medium; comprehensive performance of Tianjin and some other provinces is poor. To sum up, the excellent evaluation depends on whether the reasonable measures have been taken and whether the better result have been seen; the good and medium evaluation implies that there is some situation discovered in those provinces, just like the worse results in several accidents and lack of risk consciousness; the others are evaluated for the poor performance capability because of their faults full from the precautions to the aftermath. The report also attracts some friends from domestic mainstream media, such as the Paper, Sohu, China News, Science Net and China Youth Online, who consider that the performance capability for emergency management of China’s provinces is cognized deeply and the feasible blueprint is drawn on improving capability for emergency management in China through the report.

Conceptual frameworks of inter-relationships among disaster risk, natural hazards and ecosystem services are provided in consideration with disaster mitigation and social recovery after hazards. Recent trends of disaster reduction measures include ecosystem services under the name of Eco-DRR. Most of them take into account of roles for reducing disaster risk such as a buffering by decreasing physical exposure to hazards but not always for increasing the ecosystem services. Natural hazards have important roles in creation and/or renewal of ecosystem structure, being essential for sustainability of ecosystem services. Therefore, in order to ensure social life styles depending on ecosystem services, future disaster reduction measures should include environmental disaster mitigation allowing the changes in ecosystem structure as a result of natural hazards. Further studies for prediction of ecosystem changes after hazards are required as well as those under climate changes for better society in future. In this sense, a catastrophic event of hazard might be a good chance to change social systems into those with more sustainable resource use and life styles.

In this manuscript I present a model of disaster intelligence as an aspirational model for emergency and disaster management in Western contexts. I reinforce this conceptualization of disaster intelligence with a heuristic for all-hazards disaster communications, in which traditional/local and social media forms of disaster communications are seen as supplements to official disaster communications. I advocate for enhancing our disaster data capabilities by automating the processing of social media disaster data that are not presently being fully exploited. I next apply Hilhorst’s (2004) social domains heuristic as a way of representing the competing interests and understanding of disaster science and management, disaster governance, and local participants and vulnerable populations, respectively. I then offer a series of empirical incidents of disaster communication failure that we can see as representing breakdowns among competing perspectives from the three social domains. I conclude with recommendations for practice and scholarship as ways to advance disaster communication and disaster intelligence capabilities in both Western and developing contexts.

In Nepal, natural calamities such as earthquake, floods, landslides, lightening and fire are mostly noticeable disasters that threat to socio-economic loss of the country and people as well. Its effect is observed as even more severe on women, especially to young girls.The earthquake of 2015 affected 5.6 million people including 93,000 pregnant women. Although different governmental and non-government organizations participated actively in post-disaster management, UNFPA particularly focused on its activities towards vulnerable groups such as women, newborns and adolescents. These groups were supported by Minimal Initial Service Package (MISP) that included dignity kits, female-friendly spaces, psychosocial support, reproductive health kits and protection and awareness messages. Life-saving reproductive health camps were organized in the 14 disaster affected districts by partner organizations of UNFPA. Similarly, 14 transition homes were established specially for pregnant and postpartum mothers and health service providers were trained on Clinical Management of Rape as well. Adolescent girls and women were supported through psychosocial counseling and psychological first aid.To conclude, these group must be address further with additional support in terms of capacity building and resource management during reconstruction and rehabilitation phase.

Nepal, similar to other countries, has faced different types of natural disasters. In fact, Nepal has experienced more natural disasters than any other South Asian country. According to trends analysis, every year, different types of natural disasters have occurred in Nepal, for example landslides, floods, and earthquakes are major natural disasters. The occurrences and effects of natural disasters in various parts of the world have highlighted the importance to intensify mutual cooperation among the disaster management stakeholders in order to reduce the impact of potential disasters. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe the role of government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that are involved in managing disasters in Nepal. Both the Government and NGOs should adopt preventive measures in due time to reduce the impact of disasters. To achieve this government and the NGOs should work in close cooperation and coordination. For an effective disaster mitigation, early warning system, insurance system, emergency rescue and relief operation, rehabilitation and recovery plans should be in place. Activities such as training, post-disaster evaluation, monitoring of relief works, review, cooperation and coordination of central, district and local level preparedness, rehabilitation, reconstruction and research works must be considered.

In the evening of the 5th May 2014, the largest earthquake ever recorded which has epicenter within Thailand strikes Chiangrai province. The magnitude was later reported to be 6.3 ML with 7 km depth. More than 10,000 houses were damaged and 2 people died. Even though the earthquake magnitude is just in moderate level but for the country that considered being seismic quiet region, this is a serious one. This paper presents the factual data relating with the damage relating with geotechnical aspects.

Through the analysis of BTD and DA, we proved that executive of restructuring companies with interest coverage ratio below 1 time for three consecutive years had strong incentives to make upward earnings management to avoid receiving status of insolvent company and also had strong incentives to make downward earnings management in order to participate in workout program in which existing debts of debenture holders including corporate bond, commercial paper (CP) could be written off by new funds sourced from banks. As conclusion, as interest coverage ratio of restructuring companies approached to 1, earnings management activity through discretionary accruals appeared to decrease, however, as interest coverage ratio of top 33 companies based on sales volume approached to 1, earnings management activity through BTD appeared to increase.

Zadroga Act was named after the first New York City Police officer, James Zadroga, to pass away due to toxic chemical exposure at Ground Zero. Zadroga Act has paved the way for many policy makers and lawmakers who are looking for guidance as to how to deal with the both the public and people who serve the public in disaster and emergency situations by expanding compensation and medical support to the on-spot rescuers due to their second aftereffect through the creation of the Zadroga Act. However, despite of problems (the burden of proof, meticulous addition a medical condition to the List without obligation, and financial concerns), Zadroga Act is still meaningful to research in terms of that public care the people who serve the public in disaster and emergency situations.

This study examines social and ecological resilience following the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill from the perspective of the Ecological Impacts (oil spill itself, Marine Physical Environment, Marine Biology), Social Impacts (Disaster Management, Economy, Compensations), and Social and Ecological Resilience (Human Health and Community Resilience, Policy and Decision). The Hebei Spirit Oil accident, which occurred in 2007, inflicted severe damage on fishery, tourism, the local society and ecosystem. The accident has led to issues such as ecological devastation, disintegration of the local economy, tarnished image of the local community, deteriorating health of its residents, and various kinds of local conflicts. This study develops the theoretical framework based on previous studies. We investigate the research based on government white papers, IOPC reports, the judgment of courts, government statistics, and interviews conducted in the damaged areas. We present several suggestions on methods to restore oil spill damage. First, it is necessary to establish long- and mid-term strategies to restore the ecosystem. Second, the government and local societies need to put more effort into revitalizing the local economy within affected areas. Third, problems that come to the surface during the process of responding to the accident must be addressed.

Types of natural disasters frequently outbreak in China, and often cause significant economic losses and casualties. The typical case is “5.12” Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008, in which more than 80 million people affected, and nearly 70 thousand were killed, nearly 20 thousand missing, more than 400 thousand were injured, and more than 1 million lost their home. In fact, most of the victims were disadvantaged minority, including disabled children, elderly, pregnant women, etc. And it standed by the research findings and reminded us it’s so important to protect the rights of disadvantaged minority in the reliefing process. From the rescuing measures and programs of Chinese government in disasters, giving priority to rescue children, women, elderly is conventional. However, compared with Japan, the consciousness of protecting the rights of disadvantaged minority when rescuing in disaster in China is still inadequate. The following can confirm this judgement: (1) lacking systematic statistics about the disadvantaged minority in the disaster report; (2) neclecting the special demands of the disadvantaged minority in rescuing process; (3) having no gender awareness in reliefing process; (4) being short of rights and interests protecting for special social groups in the development-oriented policies after disaster,etc. In fact, early in the 1980s, the Japanese government began to pay great attention to the disadvantaged minority in reliefing process, and developing a systematic theory for protecting the rights and interests of disadvantaged minority. In my opinion, for improving the level of disaster administration, Chinese government and academia shall learn from Japan’s experiences and practices. The purposes of this paper are the followings: (1) to introduce the theory of disaster disadvantaged minority in Janpan, including its generation, core concepts and changes; (2) to analyse the types of disaster disadvantaged minority and their special needs in reliefing process; (3) to clarify with typical cases that how the Japanese to protect and relief disaster disadvantaged minority in the periods of emergency preparing before disaster, emergency evacuating in disaster, refuge living during disaster, and recoverying after disaster. Meanwhile, pointing out its experiences and enlightments for China how to protect and relief disaster disadvantaged minority.

With development of science and technology, 'big data' has been one of the major topics for innovation, competitiveness, and enhancement of productivity, and utilizing big data in the field of crisis management has been a key issue. Big data can be considered a new paradigm not only in developing disaster prevention technology but also in the area of comprehensive crisis management. To keep in step with this trend, this research attempted to explore ways that can be used to establish a crisis management system by crisis type. Findings of this research suggest as follows: First, big data in the field of crisis management has been used on analyzing disaster area, that should be expanded to the non-utilization field. Second, the construction of sustainable infrastructure utilizing big data is of vital importance now. Third, social media such as Twitter, Facebook. should be used to their maximum potential as utilizing big data. For example, using the frequency occurrence of large-scale disasters is still very low in relation to its utilization of big data. Therefore, it will be analyzed synthetically and scientifically if big data-utilized data processes such as simulation, and visualization by making use of large-scale and complex information can be implemented.

Emergency incident makes a high request for timeliness of emergency rescue. How to make scientific and reasonable schemes and reduce the influence of subjectivity is the key to rescue in order. According to situations in disaster, three issues of environmental limits, objective attributes and subjective judgments need to consider in decision-making. A method combing cloud model and interval number was put forward. An optimal scheme was obtained by comparing the rescue scheme evaluation cloud with the standard cloud. The results showed that the cloud model decision-making method can overcome the subjectivity of decision and the conclusion was clear and easy to sort. With this method the decision scheme can be more direct and vivid.

Critical infrastructure is the basis for normal operation and healthy development of the city. With the correlation and dependence between critical infrastructures increasingly strengthened, critical infrastructure disasters often bring huge economic losses and serious social impact, and improving emergency response capacity of critical infrastructure has become an important prerequisite for protecting normal operation of the city. With the critical infrastructure as the object of research, based on the correlation feature of critical infrastructure, this paper analyzes the characteristics of scenario construction of critical infrastructure from malleability, influence objects and duration, and presents the method of scenario construction of critical infrastructure, then puts forward an idea of emergency capacity evaluation from three dimensions of accuracy, sufficiency and timeliness. At last, this paper applies the common method to gas multi-gate station incident scenario, which verifies the feasibility of this method.

This study has intended to analyze relationship between the characteristics of both chemical materials' emissions and socio-economic situation in 353 administrative units (Dong) of Korea, and to assess environmental justice (EJ) level in accordance with chemical materials' emissions. To reach this goal, this study has developed two types of environmental justice index formulas composed of the multiplication of exposure risk index and vulnerability index, and used the formulas as EJ assessment frames. The exposure risk index is the multiplication of total amount grade and density weight of chemical materials' emissions. Vulnerability index consists two types such as vulnerability 1 (V1) and vulnerability 2 (V2). While V1 consists of both the ratio of the recipients of basic living subsidies and the weight, V2 is composed of both the grade of number of the socio-economically weak and the weight. Thus, whereas formula 1 is composed of the exposure index and the V1, formula 2 consists of the exposure index and V2. The smaller the results of calculation, the stronger the environmental injustice level. Final results are as follows: 1) From Formula 1, Hakjang-Dong (Sasang-Gu, Busan), Indong-Dong (Gumi City), Gamjeondong (Sasang-Gu, Busan), Bubal-Eup (Yicheon City) were identified as highly environmentally injust. 2) From formula 2, Indong-Dong (Gumi City), Bubal-Eup (Yicheon City), and NonhyunGozan-Dong (Namdong-Gu, Incheon) were shown highly environmentally injust.

Breixt is the rise of individual value and consciousness under technological change but also the reconstruction and deconstruction of the relationship between developed countries and the traditional international organizations. This work adopted the concept of management mechanism design and analyzes the leave from three aspects, namely, participants, motivation regulation, restraint regulation and based on the concept of management mechanism design and analyzes the EU form four aspects, i.e., motivation regulation, restraint regulation, time regulation and space regulation. Firstly, this paper analyzes the role and status of the UK in the EU. And then the stakeholders' views and positions on the withdrawal of European events are analyzed. And then the reasons behind the evolution of the events of the withdrawal Europe are analyzed from the perspective of restraint regulation and dynamic regulation. Finally, this paper analyzes the viewpoint of the EU about Breixt.

The article is mainly concerned on the causes and occurrence mechanism of collective incidents. With an indepth exploration on the country’s overall background under which the collective incidents take place and the general and direct causes as well as the activators, the article thinks that the overall background for collective incidents is the social transition, that the fundamental causes are multiple, including the social structural tension, public discontent, unperfect of interest expression mechanism, decline of social control capability, increase of the citizens’ awareness of ownership, interests and democracy, as well as the Chinese traditional culture of worship for the authority and so on, that the direct causes are interests conflicts, officials’ misconducts in administrative management and administrative law enforcement, and that the involvement of some hostile groups serve as the activators. In order to thoroughly demonstrate the rules of collective incidents, the article further analyzes the occurrence mechanism of collective incidents, and discussion on the occurrence mechanism of the collective incidents without any direct interest conflicts.

All along, our Chinese government’s internal administrative organization has been conducting reforms to strengthen the organization system. However, there are still complexities in the organizations and personnel, leading to organizational inefficiency and other issues. This article from the perspective of Parkinson's Law to study it. Firstly, analyze the meaning and applying condition of Parkinson's Law; Then analyze whether Parkinson's Law can explain the problems existing in the administrative organization; Secondly, management mechanism for coping with Parkinson's Law are designed and related interpretations of Parkinson's Law in the field of emergency management will be made; Finally, suggestions will be made by comparing the experience of developed countries in dealing with Parkinson's plight to guide our country get out of the cycle of Parkinson .

With the development of information technology, new media such as WeChat, Weibo, etc have occupied more and more important position in people's daily life, while as new media brings convenience to the public, it also brings huge threat to personal safety at the same time, thus a mechanism should be designed to regulate the operation behavior of the new media network. At first, threats to personal safety were analyzed from the multiple aspects under the new media era, then the disorder reasons of network were discussed, and lastly personal safety protection mechanism was proposed from the national level, industry level and personal level, which guarantees safe operation of social network.

This study is offered to the Surveying and Improving Management of Disaster Relief Fund through data of Ministry of Public Safety and Security and others. First of all, problems of Disaster Relief Fund is that some Local Governments have neglected saving obligation of Disaster Relief Fund which is used to protection of life and safety of people. Therefore, the System of Disaster Relief Fund of Local Governments have to be improved to meet obligation of Disaster Relief Fund. Second, we does not use the fund properly in the field of enforcement of Fund because the Fund is a limited to the used purpose. If we want to use the Disaster Relief Fund efficiently, the Fund have to be expanded directly or indirectly the range of Disaster Relief Fund by law for example, research project, disaster relief education, cold and so on. Finally, Disaster Relief Fund should be managed independently in the Fund management sector. Some local governments have managed Disaster Relief Fund which others Fund and used different sectors of Disaster Relief Fun. This may occur lacks of Fund supporting the disaster victims when disaster occur.

This paper studied the origin of the festival on May 5th in China and compared to the same day in Japan and Korea. The origin of Duanwu was related to the prayer for harvest and good health in ancient times, and it was also related to the stories of QU Yuan, WU Zixu and Cao E. When comparing the day of May 5th between China and Japan, the Chinese held rituals to pray for harvest, while the Japanese went hunting and gathered herbs to decrease the fear of famine. The Korean showed their worship to the Gods on May 5th, while the Chinese people made this a day to commemorate heroes. The reason might be that the Chinese people believed that human beings had the power to fight against natural hazards since the ancient times.

Social network refers to the social relation structure formed in people’s daily social interaction and is one of the main forms of social capital. It is an important social capital in disaster relief reflecting on facilitating emergency relief, Mental health after disaster, and promoting information flowing.

The safety production situation for coal mines has been so serious that it was urgent to involve in coal mine risk management in China in recent years. Human induced risk factors were the most important predispositions for accidents in the coal mine systems. Taking one Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd. in Henan province, China as target, the human induced risk factors were comprehensively investigated by the combination of questionnaire survey, interview method and STOP behavior observation method, and then human risk factors used to assess human induced risk status in the Coal Industry Group Co., Ltd. were concluded into five management modules, including 30 concrete human induced risk factors (HIRFs). Further more, the weights of HIRFs were certified by the combination of the weighted average values of expert scored results and frequencies of HIRFs in 210 unsafe behaviors as well as 269 different levels of typical accidents. The results demonstrated that professional quality, basic quality, individual ideology, executive force of safety decision-making and normalization of safety decision-making were the top five important HIRFs in the coal mine systems in China. Reason structure of human induced accidents in the coal mine systems were founded by frequency analysis and logical reasoning, which indicated that professional quality and basic quality accounted directly for the unsafe behaviors while nearly all the HIRFs were observed in the coal mine systems. At the basis of theories discussed above, the relationship between variations of HIRF values and risk levels at the basis of historical data on the official website and data of survey were finally fitted by SIGMPLOT 11.0, and there was a total increase in HIRFs values threshold of (7.44, 18.19) for human induced accidents, that was, accidents below major levels occurred when the HIRF values were lower than 7.44 while the death accidents began to increase when HIRF values were higher than 18.19, which did benefits to prevent and control human induced accidents in the coal mine systems.