Earticle

본 논문에서는 굴절(refractive) 물체의 광학적 현상들을 실시간으로 표현하는 GPU(Graphics Processing Unit) 기반 렌 더링 알고리즘이 제안되었다. 일반적으로 굴절 물체에 대한 광학적 현상들을 렌더링할 때 포톤 매핑(Photon Mapping) 이 널리 쓰이지만, 포톤 매핑 방법은 계산량이 많기 때문에 게임 등과 같은 실시간 응용분야에는 적합하지 않다. 본 논문에서는 굴절 물체의 앞면, 뒷면의 깊이값의 차이와 굴절 레이(ray)를 이용해 탈출지점을 구하며, 탈출지점의 법선 벡터를 근사하여 빛이 굴절 물체를 통과하면서 발생하는 커스틱스(caustics)현상과 굴절현상을 렌더링한다. 굴절 물체의 반사(reflection) 현상은 프레넬 항(Fresnel term)을 근사(approximation)해서 효율적으로 표현하였다. 또한 HDRI(High Dynamic Range Image)로 환경맵을 구성하여 자연광이 굴절 물체를 통해 굴절되어 보이는 현상을 생성하였다.

This paper presents a novel GPU based real-time rendering algorithm for lighting effects of refractive object. Although photon mapping method is widely used to generate reflection effects, it is unsuitable for real-time applications such as game owing to its high computational load. After computing an exit position of the refraction ray on the object with the difference of depth values of the front face and the back, we approximate the normal vector of the exit position and render the caustics effect and the refractions due to light participating the refractive object. In addition, reflection effects are generated efficiently using Fresnel term's approximation. In order to represent natural lights refracted through refractive object, we construct an environment map composed by HDRI (High Dynamic Range Image).

본 연구에서는 비정형 벡터 타일 데이터의 실시간 GPU 시각화를 위해, 동적 메모리 관리와 공간 계층 구조, 그리고 적응적 LOD 제어를 통합한 시스템을 제안하였다. 기존의 정적 버퍼 기반 그래픽스 파이프라인은 데이터의 비정형 성과 실시간 갱신 특성을 처리하기 어렵다는 한계를 가진다. 이를 해결하기 위해 GPU 내부에서 페이지 단위로 메 모리를 동적으로 관리하고, 세대 식별자를 이용한 안정적인 메모리 회수 구조를 설계하였다. 또한 도로·건물·지형과 같은 레이어별 특성을 고려한 다중 루트 기반 공간 계층 구조를 구성하여, 스트리밍 데이터의 삽입과 제거를 효율적 으로 처리할 수 있도록 하였다. 실험 결과, 제안된 시스템은 CPU 기반 파이프라인에 비해 평균 프레임 시간이 약 9~12% 감소하였고, 메모리 파편화율은 약 30% 낮게 유지되었다. 또한 프레임 최장 렌더링 시간(p95) 개선으로 인한 안정성이 10~15% 향상되어 대규모 스트리밍 환경에서도 실시간성과 예측 가능성을 확보하였다. 본 연구는 GPU 내부에서 데이터의 생성·관리·LOD 처리를 일관된 구조로 수행함으로써, 향후 디지털 트윈·실시간 지도 서비 스·자율주행 시각화 등 대규모 공간 데이터 처리 분야에 활용 가능한 기반 기술을 제시한다.

This paper presents a unified GPU-based system that integrates dynamic memory management, hierarchical spatial structuring, and adaptive level-of-detail (LOD) control for real-time visualization of unstructured vector tile data. Conventional static-buffer rendering pipelines suffer from inefficiencies when handling irregular and continuously streamed spatial data. To address this limitation, the proposed framework introduces a page-based dynamic memory management scheme within the GPU, utilizing generation identifiers for safe memory reclamation. A multi-root spatial hierarchy is constructed to manage heterogeneous layers—such as roads, buildings, and terrains— allowing efficient insertion and removal of streaming data without CPU intervention. Experimental results show that, compared with a CPU-driven baseline, the proposed system reduces average frame time by approximately 9–12%, lowers memory fragmentation by about 30%, and improves p95 frame-time stability by 10–15%. These improvements demonstrate that the proposed architecture enables predictable and stable real-time rendering even under large-scale streaming workloads. The system provides a structural foundation for GPU-resident rendering engines applicable to digital twins, real-time mapping, and autonomous driving visualization.

본 논문은 사진이나 그림을 중첩을 통하여 실시간으로 포토 콜라주를 생성하는 방법을 제안한다. 사용될 영상들을 포토 콜라주 생성에 용이한 상태로 변형하는 과정을 거쳐 데이터베이스를 생성한다. 생성된 데이터베이스에 영상을 기준으로 위치시키기 가장 적절한 위치에 붙인다. 그리고 이것을 반복하여 실시간으로 포토 콜라주가 생성시킨다. 영상을 붙이는 과정은 각각의 영상을 서로 중첩을 통하여 붙여지는데 이 영상들을 지속적으로 갱신하여 명확하게 표현된 포토 콜라주 결과를 보여준다.

We proposed the method of real-time photo-collage generated by overlapping photographs or pictures. Images are converted into the other form which is easy to make photo-collage, and create a database. New images in the database are attached to the most appropriate location. This process is repeated until a photo-collage complete in real-time. In the image input process, algorithm use the overlapping method, and images are constantly updated, so the result of photo-collage is gradually clear and precise.

Modeling method to render cloud on the simulation is divided into two schemes, static and dynamic, depending on the accessibility of the cloud. Two schemes show the complete dissimilar properties in the aspects of realism and real-time processing. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new scheme that merges two modeling methods of the cloud for flight simulation by using the L-system. Since the proposed scheme considers both realism and rendering speed, it is possible to be implemented the formation and growth of the cloud in real-time manner. Finally, the proposed method is evaluated by the experimental results of real implementation in the flight simulation software based on OpenSceneGraph(OSG).

Snow is a common natural phenomenon that is frequently observed in winter. To simulate the effect of snow accumulation and melt, we generate exposure map from calculating occluding and shadow area using depth map. For simulating snow accumulation, we generate snow accumulated map using dispersed wind direction and occluder slope. We use light map calculating attenuation with distance on light source for simulating snow melt. To render snow in real-time, we use vertex displacement according to snow accumulation and melt. Also, we represent snow diffuse effect using perlin noise and snow boundary using stochastic sampling.

In recent years, with the rapid development of real-time rendering technology, the quality of the images produced by real-time rendering has been improving, and its application scope has been expanded from games to animation and advertising and other fields. This paper analyses the development status of real-time rendering technology in 3D animation by investigating the 3D animation market in China, which concludes that the number of 3D animations in China has been increasing over the past 20 years, and the number of 3D animations using real-time rendering has been increasing year by year and exceeds that of 3D animations using offline rendering. In this study, a real-time rendering and offline rendering 3D animation are selected respectively to observe the screen effect of characters, special effects and environment props, and analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the two rendering technologies, and finally conclude that there is not much difference between real-time rendering 3D animation and offline rendering 3D animation in terms of quality and the overall sense of view, and due to the real-time rendering of the characteristics of the WYSIWYG, the animation designers can better focus on the creation of art performance. Real-time rendering technology has a good development prospect and potential in 3D animation, which paves the way for designers to create 3D content more efficiently.

Achieving realistic visual quality while maintaining optimal real-time rendering performance is a major challenge in evolving computer graphics and interactive 3D applications. Normal mapping, as a core technology in 3D, has matured through continuous optimization and iteration. Hybrid normal mapping as a new mapping model has also made significant progress and has been applied in the 3D asset production pipeline. This study comprehensively explores the hybrid normal techniques, analyzing Linear Blending, Overlay Blending, Whiteout Blending, UDN Blending, and Reoriented Normal Mapping, and focuses on how the various hybrid normal techniques can be used to achieve rendering performance and visual fidelity. performance and visual fidelity. Under the consideration of computational efficiency, visual coherence, and adaptability in different 3D production scenes, we design comparative experiments to explore the optimal solutions of the hybrid normal techniques by analyzing and researching the code, the performance of different hybrid normal mapping in the engine, and analyzing and comparing the data. The purpose of the research and summary of the hybrid normal technology is to find out the most suitable choice for the mainstream workflow based on the objective reality. Provide an understanding of the hybrid normal mapping technique, so that practitioners can choose how to apply different hybrid normal techniques to the corresponding projects. The purpose of our research and summary of mixed normal technology is to find the most suitable choice for mainstream workflows based on objective reality. We summarized the hybrid normal mapping technology and experimentally obtained the advantages and disadvantages of different technologies, so that practitioners can choose to apply different hybrid normal mapping technologies to corresponding projects in a reasonable manner.

Recently, with the growth of mixed reality industrial infrastructure, relevant convergence research has been proposed. For real-time mixed reality services such as remote video conferencing, the research on real-time acquisition-process-transfer methods is required. This paper aims to implement an AR remote rendering method of volumetric 3D video data. We have proposed and implemented two modules; one, the parsing module of the volumetric 3D video to a game engine, and two, the server rendering module. The result of the experiment showed that the volumetric 3D video sequence data of about 15 MB was compressed by 6-7%. The remote module was streamed at 27 fps at a 1200 by 1200 resolution. The results of this paper are expected to be applied to an AR cloud service.

In this paper, we implemented cloud rendering using WebRTC for high-quality AR and VR services. Cloud rendering is an applied technology of cloud computing. It efficiently handles the rendering of large volumes of 3D content. The conventional VR and AR service is a method of downloading 3D content. The download time is delayed as the 3D content capacity increases. Cloud rendering is a streaming method according to the user's point of view. Therefore, stable service is possible regardless of the 3D content capacity. In this paper, we implemented cloud rendering using WebRTC and analyzed its performance. We compared latency of 100MB, 300MB, and 500MB 3D AR content in 100Mbps and 300Mbps internet environments. As a result of the analysis, cloud rendering showed stable latency regardless of data volume. On the other hand, the conventional method showed an increase in latency as the data volume increased. The results of this paper quantitatively evaluate the stability of cloud rendering. This is expected to contribute to high-quality VR and AR services

본 연구에서는 우연히 나타나는 인쇄오류 중 하나인 아웃오브레지스터(out of register)를 기반으로 실시 간 렌더링 환경에서 활용할 수 있는 비사실적 렌더링 표현기법의 개발 과정을 고찰한다. 첫 번째로 표현 기법 개발을 위해 아웃오브레지스터가 나타나는 원인과 사례를 분석하였고, 아웃오브레지스터가 그래픽 요소로 발전한 사유를 고찰했다. 두 번째로 비사실적 렌더링 표현사례를 조사하여 각 특징을 분석했다. 구현 방법은 다양한 방법의 하나인 머신 러닝을 활용하지 않고 일정하고 예측 가능한 결괏값을 위해서 선형 알고리즘을 통해 구현했다. 더 나아가 효과적인 표현법을 위해 알고리즘과 인터페이스를 구현하였 으며, 이를 활용하여 단순한 3D 큐브 입체 도형과 캐릭터 그리고 가상의 환경을 실시간 렌더링 환경에 서 구성하여 적용해보았다. 이후 표현법을 통해 실시간 환경에서 다양한 매체가 제작되는 만큼 콘텐츠를 제작할 때 표현기법에 대한 적용 부분과 사물의 본질적인 부분을 표현하는 데 대해 도움을 줄 것이다.

In this study, we develop a non-photorealistic rendering expression technique that can be used in a real-time rendering environment based on the out-of-register concept, which is a type of accidental printing error. First, to develop the expression technique, out-of-register causes and cases were analyzed. We considered why the out-of-register concept was developed as a graphic element. Second, each characteristic was analyzed by examining cases of non-photo-realistic rendering expressions. The implementation method was realized through a linear algorithm without the use of machine learning, which is one of many methods. It is implemented through a linear algorithm for constant and predictable result values. Furthermore, we utilized algorithms and interfaces for effective expressions. We constructed and applied simple 3D cube shapes, characters, and virtual environments in a real-time rendering environment using the implemented expression method. Given that various forms of media are being produced in a real-time environment through expression methods, it is expected that this paper will help with the expression of the essential parts of things and applications of expression techniques when creating content.

인터넷 네트워크 기술의 발전이 촉발한 새로운 OTT 영상 콘텐츠 플랫폼은 콘텐츠에 대한 수요를 늘리고 소 비 패턴을 변화시키고 있다. 이러한 흐름은 한국 애니메이션 산업에 긍정적인 변화를 가져오고 있으며, 다양하고 고 품질의 애니메이션 콘텐츠가 점점 더 중요해지고 있다. 기술 투자가 증가함에 따라 영상 제작 기술도 계속 발전하고 있다. 특히, 3D 애니메이션과 VFX 제작 기술은 이전에는 생각할 수 없었던 효과들을 가능하게 하며 정교하고 사실 적인 그래픽을 구현하게 해주고 있다. 4차 산업 혁명은 이러한 기술 발전에 새로운 기회를 제공하고 있다. 인공지능(AI)의 성장은 반복 작업을 자동화해 제 작 효율을 향상시키고, 기존의 제작 기술을 넘어서는 혁신을 가능하게 하고 있다. 첨단 기술이 기반인 3D 애니메이션 과 VFX는 지속적으로 연구되며, 제작 과정에 더욱 적극적으로 통합될 것으로 예상된다. 디지털 기술은 또한 아티스 트의 창의력을 확장하는 역할을 하고 있다. AI와 첨단 기술의 미래는 무한한 잠재력을 지니고 있으며, 이를 통해 영 상 콘텐츠 산업이 어떤 새로운 단계로 나아갈 수 있을지 기대가 높아지고 있다.

The advancement of Internet network technology has triggered the emergence of new OTT video content platforms, increasing demand for content and altering consumption patterns. This trend is bringing positive changes to the South Korean animation industry, where diverse and high-quality animation content is becoming increasingly important. As investment in technology grows, video production technology continues to advance. Specifically, 3D animation and VFX production technologies are enabling effects that were previously unthinkable, offering detailed and realistic graphics. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is providing new opportunities for this technological growth. The rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is automating repetitive tasks, thereby enhancing production efficiency and enabling innovations that go beyond traditional production methods. Cutting-edge technologies like 3D animation and VFX are being continually researched and are expected to be more actively integrated into the production process. Digital technology is also expanding the creative horizons for artists. The future of AI and advanced technologies holds boundless potential, and there is growing anticipation for how these will elevate the video content industry to new heights.

3D 프로그램을 활용한 방식의 영상 제작과정은 3D 데이터를 시각화하는 렌더링이라는 과정을 거친다. 이 과정은 제작 시간과 작업비용의 부담이 커서 제작자로서는 렌더 비용을 줄이는 것이 중요한 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 실시간렌더엔진인 게임엔진의 렌더링을 영상 제작에 접목해 렌더 시간을 줄여 기존의 제작 시간을 단축하는 방법을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구의 렌더링 실험을 위해 로봇과 실내 모델링을 3D 제작 프로그램인 마야(Maya)와 게임엔진인 유니티(Unity)로 렌더링을 비교 분석했다. 분석 결과, 유니티는 실시간으로 렌더 되어 렌더 비용을 줄일 수 있고, 렌더된 이미지의 퀄러티 또한 마야에서 렌더된 이미지와 유사한 결과를 나타냈다. 이번 실험을 통해 유니티의 렌더링을 마야와 비교해 분석해 봄으로써 기존의 제작 시간을 단축하는 방법을 제시하고 사용자가 실시간렌더엔진에 접근할 수 있는 가이드를 제공한다.

Image production using three-dimensional (3D) programs undergoes a process called rendering to visualize 3D data. Because this process is time-consuming and costly, the reduction of rendering cost has emerged as an important problem that requires resolution. This work aims to overcome the limitations of the current 3D image production pipeline and propose a method for reducing the production time by adopting a game engine for real-time rendering. In the experiment conducted in this study, rendering using Maya (a 3D production program) and Unity were compared and analyzed. The analysis results indicate that Unity enables rendering in real time; consequently, the rendering cost is reduced. Moreover, the quality of the rendered image is similar to that produced by Maya. The proposed technique involves reducing the render time and providing guidance through access to a real-time rendering engine.

Real-time 3D visualization of terrain data is one of the important issues in GIS(Geographic Information System) field. We present a real-time terrain rendering engine that can use several types of GIS data source such as DEM(Digital Elevation Map), DTED(Digital Terrain Elevation Data) and LIDAR(Light Detection And Ranging). Our rendering engine is a quadtree-based terrain rendering framework with several acceleration modules. This can generate an ocular and binocular image. Also it can be applied to the flight simulation, walk-through simulation and a variety of GIS applications.

Tidal bore is a peculiar nature phenomenon which is caused by the lunar and solar gravitation. Based on the physical characters of tidal bores, in this paper we propose a novel method to model and render this phenomenon, especially the tidal waves in Qiantang estuary. According to Boltzmann equation for tidal waves, we solve it with the novel triangle mesh of Kinectic Flux Vector Splitting (KFVS) mode. Then a method combining a curve forecasting wave and particles model is proposed to render the dynamic scenes of overturning tidal waves. Finally, with some rendering technologies, various realistic tidal waves under diversified conditions is rendered in real time.

역변위 매핑은 기하정보를 증가시키지 않고, 모델에 상세함을 더하는데 사용된다. 우리는 부드럽고 정확한 굴곡을 표현할 수 있는 GPU 기반의 실시간 역변위 매핑 기법을 제안한다. 이를 위하여, 렌더될 각 픽셀에서 광선을 만들고 이를 전진시켜 나가며 변위 맵과의 교차점을 찾는다. 광선 추적을 안전하고 효율적으로 수행하기 위하여, 변위 맵을 쿼드트리 형태의 이미지 피라미드로 만들고, 이 트리를 하향식으로 탐색하며 전진해 나간다. 나아가, 변위 맵이 화면에서 확대되었을 때 선형 보간을, 그리고 화면에서 멀어져 작게 보일때는 때는 밉맵 필터링을 통해 화질을 향상시키고 렌더링을 가속화한다. 실험을 통해, 기존의 GPU 기반의 기법들과는 달리 날카로운 변위 맵에 대해 예각에서도 깨끗한 이미지를 생성하는 것을 확인하였다. 초당 수 백 프레임의 빠른 속도로 렌더링할 수 있었으며, 변위 맵의 해상도가 커져도 렌더링 속도의 저하가 적었다. 우리의 기법은 구현이 간단하고 수행속도가 빠르기 때문에 현존하는 게임이나 가상 현실 시스템 등에 쉽게 적용할 수 있다.

displacement mapping enables us to add realistic details to polygonal meshes without changing geometry. We present a real-time artifacts-free inverse displacement mapping method. In each pixel, we construct a ray and trace the ray through the displacement map to find an intersection. To skip empty regions safely, we traverse the image pyramid of displacement map in top-down order. Furthermore, when the displacement map is enlarged, intersection with bilinear interpolated displacement map can be found. When the displacement map is at distance, our method supports mipmap-like prefiltering to enhance image quality and speed. Experimental results show that our method can produce correct images even at grazing view angles. Rendering speed of a test scene is over hundreds of frames per second and the influence of resolution of displacement map to rendering speed is little. Our method is simple enough to be added to existing virtual reality systems easily.

반투명 물체(Translucent Object)는 불투명한 물체와는 달리 물체 내부에서 산란이 일어난다. 따라서 반투명 물체의 한 표면(Surface)을 렌더링하기 위해서는 그 표면의 정규 벡터뿐만 아니라 그 표면의 주변 기하 정보가 필요하다. 그러나 그래픽 하드웨어 구조는 불투명한 표면의 렌더링에만 적합하게 설계 되었기 때문에, 반투명 물체의 실시간 렌더링의 구현에는 많은 제약이 따른다. 이 논문에서는 영상 공간 접근 방법(Image Space Approach)의 연장선에서 기존의 방법론이 가지고 있는 한계점을 해결함으로써, 반투명 재질의 실시간 렌더링을 위한 효과적인 방법을 제시한다.

This paper presents a real-time rendering algorithm of large-scale geometric data using GLSL (OpenGL shading language). It details the VAO (vertex array object) and VBO(vertex buffer object) to be used for up-loading the large-scale point clouds and polygon meshes to a graphic video memory, and describes the shader program composed by a vertex shader and a fragment shader, which manipulates those large-scale data to be rendered by GPU. In addition, we explain the global rendering procedure that creates and runs the shader program with the VAO and VBO. Finally, a rendering performance will be measured with application examples, from which it will be demonstrated that the proposed algorithm enables a real-time rendering of large amount of geometric data, almost impossible to carry out by previous techniques.