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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobe-havioral disorder, and its symptoms are hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory. Physical exercise increases dopamine synthesis and neuronal activity in various brain regions. In the present study, we investigate the duration-dependence of the treadmill exercise on hyper-activity in relation with dopamine expression in ADHD. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were used for the ADHD rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used for the control rats. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min once daily for 28 consecutive days. For this experiment, open field test and immuno-histochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase were conducted. The present results revealed that ADHD rats showed hyperactivity, and tyrosine hy-droxylase expression in the striatum and substantia nigra were de-creased in ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise alleviated hyperactivity and also increased TH expression in ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day showed most potent suppressing effect on hyperactivity, and this dose of treadmill exercise also most potently inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase expression. The present study suggests that treadmill exer-cise for 30 min once a day is the most effective therapeutic intervention for ADHD patients.

본 연구는 정서·행동장애(ADHD)아동을 대상으로 심리운동참여가 자아존중감과 우울감 및 과잉행동의 개선에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. 연구 결과 자아존중감, 우울감에서 집단간 주 효과의 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 과잉행동에서는 집단간 주 효과에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 자아존중감, 우울감, 과잉행동에서 측정시점에 대한 주효과와 측정시점과 집단의 상호작용에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 결론적으로 심리운동참여는 정서·행동장애(ADHD)아동의 자아존중감, 우울감, 과잉행동에 긍정적인 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 심리운동이 아동의 움직임 발달만이 아니라 융합 차원에서 정서발달에 미치는 긍정적인 영향을 고려할 때, 정서·행동장애 아동은 심리운동에 지속적으로 참여할 필요가 있다고 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of psychomotor by the emotional behavior disorder children(ADHD) on the improvement of Self-esteem, Depression or Hyperactivity. From the results, there was no significant difference of the main effect between groups about the improvement of Self-esteem, Depression but that of Hyperactivity. About Self-esteem, Depression, Hyperactivity, there was significant difference of the main effect between prior and post and significant difference of the interaction effects between groups and periods. In conclusion, we can know psychomotor program have a positive effect on the improvement of Self-esteem, Depression or Hyperactivity for emotional behavior disorder children(ADHD). Considering that psychomotor, regarding convergence, may have a positive effect on the ADHD children's emotional development, not only motion development, we suggest the emotional behavior disorder children(ADHD) may have to continue to participate in the Psychomotor Activities.

본 연구는 부부갈등과 유아의 문제행동 간 관계에서 어머니 우울의 매개효과를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 본 연구의 조사대상은 만 4, 5세의 유아 177명과 그 어머니였다. 본 연구의 자료를 분석한 결과, 부부갈등 및 어머니의 우울 은 유아의 문제행동과 유의한 정적 상관관계를 보였다. 어머니의 부부갈등과 유아의 과잉행동, 불안행동, 공격행동 간에도 유의한 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. 어머니 우울과 유아의 과잉행동, 불안행동, 공격행동 간에도 유의한 정적 상관관계가 있 었다. 부부갈등과 유아의 문제행동 간의 관계에서 어머니 우울의 매개효과를 분석한 결과, 부부갈등과 유아의 문제행동 간 관계에서 어머니의 우울은 완전 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 부부갈등은 유아의 과잉행동, 불안행 동, 공격행동에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않고, 어머니의 우울을 통해 간접적으로 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effects of mothers’ depression on the relationships of marital conflict and young children’s problem behaviors. Data was collected from 177 young children and their mothers. The results of this study revealed that young children’s problem behaviors were significantly positively correlated with mothers’ marital conflict and depression. Mothers’ marital conflict were also significantly positively correlated with hyperactivity, anxious and aggressive behaviors. Mothers’ depression was significantly positively correlated with hyperactivity, anxious and aggressive behaviors. Regression analysis revealed that marital conflict significantly affected their depression. Mothers’ depression also significantly affected young children’s hyperactivity, anxious and aggressive behaviors. The relationship between marital conflict and young children’s problem behaviors was fully mediated by mothers’ depression.

Purpose: This study was performed to compare the mental health of school age children residing in urban and rural areas and to analyze the correlations between the subjective mental health indicators such as depression and attention deficit–hyperactivity behavior and heart rate variability (HRV) indicators. Methods: For this study, a convenience sample of one hundred and three children was recruited. Depression and attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior were measured using self-reported questionnaires and HRV indicators were measured using an electronic instrument. Results: Among the HRV parameters of the rural children, their normalized LF and the LF / HF were significantly lower than those of the urban children. The RMSSD and the normalized HF were statistically significantly higher. The level of depression showed a significant positive correlation with the normalized LF and LF/HF, but showed a negative correlation with the normalized HF. Also, the level of attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior was significantly correlated with the normalized LF, LF/HF, and the normalized HF. Conclusion: Based on the findings, we expect that HRV indicators can be applied to predict the level of depression and attention deficit-hyperactivity behavior in elementary school children.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the state of ADHD disposition among college students and the impact of their self-esteem on ADHD in an effort to provide useful information on the prevention of ADHD in adults. Methods: A survey was conducted from April 4 to June 30, 2015, on 264 selected students at two different universities that were respectively located in the Daegu and Gyeongsan city. As for data analysis, a statistical package SPSS WIN 18.0 was employed. Results: The findings of the study were as follows: There were significant differences in overall ADHD disposition according to academic year, religion and academic standing, and self-esteem varied with gender, presence or absence of a friend of the opposite gender, academic year and academic standing. There were differences in inattention-memory problems scores, one of the sub factors of adult ADHD, according to presence or absence of a friend of the opposite gender, academic year and academic standing. Self-esteem had a negative correlation with inattention-memory (r=-0.463), hyperactivity(r=-0.269) and impulsiveness(r=-0.233). When a regression analysis was made to determine influential factors for inattention-memory, religion(β =0.121), academic standing(β=-0.153) and self-esteem(β=-0.422) were influential. Conclusions: Adult ADHD disposition and self-esteem of college students seems to be relationship. There was a positive correlation among inattention-memory, hyperactivity and impulsiveness that were three subfactors of adult ADHD.

목적 : 본 연구는 주의력결핍과잉행동장애(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, ADHD) 아동 및 청소년에게 적용되는 운동프로그램이 주의집중력에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 한국연구정보서비스(Research Information Sharing Service), 한국학술정보(Korean studies Information Service System), 학술데이터베이스(DataBase Periodical Information Academic), Science on, PubMed의 데이터베이스를 2019년 1월부터 2023년 3월까지 연구를 검색하였다. 검색어로는 ‘주의력결핍 과잉행동장애’, ‘집중력’, ‘운동프로그램’을 사용하였다. 검색된 논문 중 선정기준, 배제기준에 부합한 최종 7편의 논문을 선정하였다. 결과 : 선정된 7편의 모든 문헌에서 ADHD 아동 및 청소년에게 운동프로그램을 적용하였을 때, 주의집중력 증진에 유의미한 효과를 보였다. 그뿐만 아니라 운동기능, 자신감 등을 향상시키고 충동성을 감소시키는 등 다양한 효과가 확인되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 ADHD 아동 및 청소년에게 운동프로그램 중재를 체계적 고찰하여 주의집중에 미치는 효과를 확인하였다. 추후에는 ADHD를 갖는 아동 및 청소년들을 대상으로 다양하게 접목한 운동프로그램 중재가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Objective : This study investigated how exercise programs affect the attention of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods : The study searched the Research Information Sharing Service, Korean studies Information Service System, DataBase Periodical Information Academic, Science on, and PubMed databases to gather studies conducted between January 2019 and March 2023 using “ADHD,” “attention,” and “exercise program” as search terms. Among the results, seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Results : All seven studies found that exercise programs significantly improved the attention of children and adolescents with ADHD. Significantly positive effects were also observed on their motor functions, self-confidence, and impulsivity. Conclusion : This systematic review confirmed the effectiveness of exercise programs for children and adolescents with ADHD. These results suggest that such children and adolescents could benefit from the effects of exercise programs.

목적 : 본 연구는 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애(ADHD) 아동들의 집중력 향상과 충동성 조절에 상호작용식 메트로놈(IM) 훈련이 효과가 있는지 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : ADHD 아동 1명을 대상으로 2016년 5월부터 7월까지 개별 실험 연구(single-subject experimental research design) 중 ABA’디자인을 적용하여 실시하였다. 총 21회기로 기초선 3회기, 중재기 15회기, 추적기 3회기를 시행하였다. 중재는 IM 훈련이었으며 매 회기마다 IM의 SFA(Short Form Assessment)와 집중력 측정과제를수행하였다. 또한 기초선, 중재기, 추적기 때 각 한번씩 IM의 LFA(Long Form Assessment)와 자기통제력 검사(SCRS) 평가를 진행하였다. 매회기 SFA와 집중력 측정과제의 결과를 시각적 그래프로 나타내었으며 LFA와SCRS의 값은 표로 제시하였다. 결과 : 기초선과 비교하여 IM 훈련 중재 후에 대상자의 집중력은 향상되었으며 충동성은 감소하였다. 중재가 끝나고한 달 후인 추적기에도 그 효과가 유지되거나 향상됨을 확인 할 수 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 IM이 ADHD 아동의 집중력 향상과 충동성 조절에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였고ADHD 아동의 중재방법으로써 임상적 근거를 제공하는데 의의가 있다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an Interactive Metronome on increasing attention and impulsivity control for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Methods : This study was conducted through the ABA’design among single-case research methods with one child with ADHD. From May to July, 2014, 3 sessions of baseline phase(A), 15 sessions of intervention phase(B), and 3 sessions of post baseline(A’) were conducted. The intervention was IM training, and each session carried out short form assessment(SFA) of IM and concentration tasks. In addition, long form assessment(LFA) of IM and Self-Control Rating Scale (SCRS) were conducted at baseline, intervention and post baseline. Results : After IM training as the intervention, the participation showed an increase in attention and controled in impulsivity. After the intervention, it was demonstrated that the effects were maintained or improved in the post baseline. Conclusions : IM training can be useful for increasing attention and impulsivity control of children with ADHD. The results demonstrated the efficacy of IM training as a new approach for children with ADHD.

The objective of this research was to examine current telehealth practices in managingchildren with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to map existing implementationsusing the American Medical Association’s Virtual Care Value Framework. A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Thedatabases, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PubMed, were searched with specific keywords relatedto telehealth and ADHD. The screening process followed the Preferred ReportingItems for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Inclusion criteria were restrictedto articles published in English between January 2000 and July 2024, focusing onchildren with ADHD, their parents, caregivers, family members, teachers, healthcareprofessionals, and articles implementing telehealth interventions. As a result, out of 389initially identified articles, 22 met the inclusion criteria. The studies were predominantlyconducted in the United States. The most common telehealth methods included videoconferencingand telephone-based communications. Key areas of focus in these studiesincluded clinical outcomes, access to care, patient and family experience, caregiver experience,clinician experience, and financial and operational impact. However, none of thestudies addressed health equity. In conclusion, telehealth has shown effectiveness in improvingADHD assessment, treatment adherence, and parental education, leading topositive patient outcomes and experiences. However, the financial impact of telehealthremains uncertain. Further research is needed, particularly outside the United States, toexplore emerging telehealth technologies and areas overlooked by the Virtual Care ValueFramework, such as health equity.

Oroxylin A is a flavonoid isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, which is one of the most important medicinal herbs in traditional Korean medicine. In this study, we investigated the psychopharmacological activities of oroxylin A using the open field, rota-rod, balanced wire and plus-maze tests in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKY). Oroxylin A reduced hyperactivity in SHR (ADHD animal model) although it tended to increase locomotor activity in WKY. Methylphenidate did not reduce hyperactivity. Oroxylin A alleviated impulsive behaviors such as rearing, the percentage of moving time to the central area and the tendency to move into an unstable condition (open area in elevated plus-maze). Methylphenidate also reduced the percentage of staying time in the central area and the tendency to move into an unstable condition. Both oroxylin A and methylphenidate enhanced motor attention in SHR and WKY. Oroxylin A antagonized the muscimol ($GABA_A$ receptor agonist)-induced $Cl^-$current and its action was similar to that of bicuculline ($GABA_A$ receptor antagonist). The effects of oroxylin A may be caused by the antagonism at the $GABA_A$ receptor. Thus, oroxylin A may be a candidate of drug for treatment of ADHD.

Objective: School nurses should be knowledgeable about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and have tolerant attitudes to children with ADHD. This study was done to identify school nurses' knowledge about, and attitudes to, ADHD.?Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were the 245 members of a school nurse association in C province in southern part of Korea. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 245 packets mailed to members, 126 (51.4%) were returned, and of these, 122 packets (49.8%) were suitable for data analysis. School nurses in this study lack knowledge about ADHD. Moreover, school nurses reported low tolerance in their attitudes toward children with ADHD. There was no significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes in the management of ADHD among school nurses.? Conclusion: Findings from this study show that school nurses have limited knowledge about ADHD and its treatment with stimulation medication. Moreover, their attitudes toward children with ADHD were in the low tolerant range. An educational program on ADHD for school nurses need to be developed and provided to facilitate the school nurses’ role in assessing and caring for children with ADHD. ? Address reprint requests to : Kim, Jin Sun(Corresponding Author) Department of Nursing, Chosun University 375 Susuk-dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju 501-759, Korea Tel: 82-62-230-6327 Fax: 82-62-230-6329 E-mail: jinsun@chosun.ac.kr

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsiveness. Current estimates suggest that 4-12% of school age children are affected by ADHD, which hampers proper social relationship and achievements in school. Even though the exact etiology of the disorder is still in the middle of active investigation, the availability of pharmacological treatments for the disorder suggest that at least the symptoms of ADHD are manageable. To develop drugs with higher efficacy and fewer side effects, it is essential to have appropriate animal models for in vivo drug screening processes. Good animal models can also provide the chances to improve our understanding of the disease processes as well as the underlying etiology of the disorder. In this review, we summarized current animal models used for ADHD research and discussed the point of concerns about using specific animal models.

Impulsiveness is an important component of many psychiatric disorders including Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although the neurobiological basis of ADHD is unresolved, behavioral tests in animal models have become indispensable tools for improving our understanding of this disorder. In the punishment/extinction paradigm, impulsivity is shown by subjects that persevere with responding despite punishment or unrewarded responses. Exploiting this principle, we developed a new behavioral test that would evaluate impulsivity in the most validated animal model of ADHD of the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR) as compared with the normotensive "control" strain, the Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY). In this paradigm we call the Electro-Foot Shock aversive water Drinking test (EFSDT), water-deprived rats should pass over an electrified quadrant of the EFSDT apparatus to drink water. We reasoned that impulsive animals show increased frequency to drink water even with the presentation of an aversive consequence (electro-shock). Through this assay, we showed that the SHR was more impulsive than the WKY as it demonstrated more "drinking attempts" and drinking frequency. Methylphenidate, the most widely used ADHD medication, significantly reduced drinking frequency of both SHR and WKY in the EFSDT. Thus, the present assay may be considered as another behavioral tool to measure impulsivity in animal disease models, especially in the context of ADHD.

College students with a tendency toward attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to act impulsively because they cannot control their behavior. They display low academic achievement and insufficient social skills, and are at high risk for alcoholism and drug abuse. Al-though various intervention methods have been used to reduce ADHD tendency (e.g., improving physical fitness and participating in sports and exercise), there are few studies on the relationship between ADHD and health-related physical fitness. Accordingly, this study explored the relationship between ADHD symptoms in college students and physical fitness. We measured health-related physical fitness and ADHD in 86 male college students using a self-report rating scale. The results showed the following. First, a significant relationship was found be-tween ADHD tendency and inattention/memory problems, hyperactivi-ty/restlessness, impulsivity/emotional lability, and abdominal fat. Push-ups were associated with ADHD tendency and the inattention/memory problems, hyperactivity/restlessness, impulsivity/emotional lability, and problems with self-concept subtests. Grip strength was significantly re-lated to inattention/memory problems. Second, risk factors for ADHD tendency significantly increased for male college students with low muscular strength and endurance relative to those with greater muscu-lar strength and endurance. Risk factors also significantly increased for male college students with high rates of abdominal obesity.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder of cognition. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on Purkinje cell and astrocytic reaction in the cerebellum of the ADHD rat. Adult male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyo-to rats (WKYR) weighing 210±10 g were used. The animals were ran-domly divided into four groups (n=15): control group, ADHD group, ADHD and methylphenidate (MPH)-treated group, ADHD and treadmill exercise group. The rats in the MPH-treated group as a positive control received 1 mg/kg MPH orally once a day for 28 consecutive days. The rats in the treadmill exercise group were made to run on a treadmill for 30 min once a day for 28 days. Motor coordination and balance were determined by vertical pole test. Immunohistochemistry for the expres-sion of calbindinD-28 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the cer-ebellar vermis and Western blot for GFAP, Bax, and Bcl-2 were con-ducted. In the present results, ADHD significantly decreased balance and the number of calbindin-positive cells, while GFAP expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the cerebellum were significantly increased in the ADHD group compared to the control group (P<0.05, respectively). In contrast, treadmill exercise and MPH alleviated the ADHD-induced the decrease of balance and the number of calbindine-positive cells, and the increase of GFAP expression and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in the cerebellum (P<0.05, respectively). Therefore, the present results suggested that treadmill exercise might exert ameliorating effect on ADHD through re-duction of Purkinje cell loss and astrocytic reaction in the cerebellum.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves clinically het-erogeneous dysfunctions of sustained attention, with behavioral hyper-activity and impulsivity. The exact underlying mechanisms of ADHD are not known, however, impairment of dopaminergic system in the ni-grostriatal pathway was suggested as the one of the possible mecha-nisms of ADHD. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme that is involved in the synthesis of dopamine. Spontaneous hypertensive rats have been used as the animal model for ADHD. Physical exercise is known to restore the brain functions disrupted by several neurode-generative and psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we investi-gated whether treadmill exercise exerts therapeutic effect on ADHD. Social interaction test for the evaluation of impulsivity was performed using spontaneous hypertensive rats. TH expressions in the substantia nigra and striatum were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the present results, the rats of ADHD model showed hyper-social behav-iors. TH expressions in the substantia nigra and striatum were de-creased in the rats of ADHD model. Treadmill exercise alleviated hy-per-social behaviors in the ADHD rats. TH expressions of ADHD rats were also enhanced by treadmill exercise. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill exercise effectively alleviates the ADHD-induced symptoms through enhancing of TH expression in the brain.

We investigated the effects of complex treatment using visual and auditory stimuli on the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Forty-seven male children (7-13 yr old), who were clinically diagnosed with ADHD at the Balance Brain Center in Seoul, Korea, were included in this study. The complex treatment consisted of visual and auditory stimuli, core muscle exercise, targeting ball exercise, ocular motor exercise, and visual motor integration. All subjects completed the complex treatment for 60 min/day, 2-3 times/week for more than 12 weeks. Data regarding visual and auditory reaction time and cognitive function were obtained using the Neurosync program, Stroop Color-Word Test, and test of nonverbal intelligence (TONI) at pre- and post-treatment. The complex treatment significantly decreased the total reaction time, while it increased the number of combo actions on visual and auditory stimuli (P< 0.05). The Stroop color, word, and color-word scores were significantly increased at post-treatment compared to the scores at pretreatment (P< 0.05). There was no significant change in the TONI scores, although a tendency toward an increase in these scores was observed. In conclusion, complex treatment using visual and auditory stimuli alleviated the symptoms of ADHD and improved cognitive function in children. In addition, visual and auditory function might be possible indicators for demonstrating effective ADHD intervention.

Objective Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with the deficit in executive functions. Playing Go involves many aspect of cognitive function and we hypothesized that it would be effective for children with ADHD. Methods Seventeen drug naïve children with ADHD and seventeen age and sex matched comparison subjects were participated. Participants played Go under the instructor’s education for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Before and at the end of Go period, clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and brain EEG were assessed with Dupaul’s ADHD scale (ARS), Child depression inventory (CDI), digit span, the Children’s Color Trails Test (CCTT), and 8-channel QEEG system (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea). Results There were significant improvements of ARS total score (z=2.93, p<0.01) and inattentive score (z=2.94, p<0.01) in children with ADHD. However, there was no significant change in hyperactivity score (z=1.33, p=0.18). There were improvement of digit total score (z=2.60, p<0.01; z=2.06, p=0.03), digit forward score (z=2.21, p=0.02; z=2.02, p=0.04) in both ADHD and healthy comparisons. In addition, ADHD children showed decreased time of CCTT-2 (z=2.21, p=0.03). The change of theta/beta right of prefrontal cortex during 16 weeks was greater in children with ADHD than in healthy comparisons (F=4.45, p=0.04). The change of right theta/ beta in prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with ARS-inattention score in children with ADHD (r=0.44, p=0.03). Conclusion We suggest that playing Go would be effective for children with ADHD by activating hypoarousal prefrontal function and enhancing executive function.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients show learning difficulty and impulsiveness. Exercise is known to improve learning abil-ity and memory function. In the present study, we investigated the dura-tion-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on spatial learning ability in relation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expres-sion in ADHD rats. For this study, radial 8-arm maze test and western blot for BDNF and tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) were performed. Sponta-neous hypertensive rats were used as the ADHD rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as the control rats. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min once a day for 28 consecutive days. ADHD rats displayed impairment of spatial learn-ing ability, in contrast treadmill exercise ameliorated impairment of spa-tial learning ability. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day showed most potent ameliorating effect on impairment of spatial learning ability. BDNF and TrkB expressions in the hippocampus were decreased in the ADHD rats, in contrast treadmill exercise enhanced BDNF and TrkB ex-pressions. Treadmill exercise for 30 min and for 60 min per day showed enhancing effects on BDNF and TrkB expressions. Treadmill exercise alleviated deficits in the spatial learning ability through enhancing BDNF and TrkB expressions in the ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day can be considered as the most effective therapeutic mo-dality for the ADHD symptoms.

본 연구에서는 단기 종단 연구를 통해 아동의 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제가 시간에 따라 어떻게 변화하는지 그 발달 양상을 살펴보고, 특정 기질(자극추구와 인내력 기질) 및 양육행동(온정적, 적대적, 방치적 양육행동) 변인이 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 발달 양상에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 경기 지역 2곳의 초등학교에 재학하는 아동들(n=1344)의 학부모를 대상으로 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제를 5개월 간격으로 총 3회 측정한 자료를 9세를 전후로 만 6세에서 8세 아동 515명을 저연령군(남자 276명, 여자 239명)으로, 만 9세에서 11세 아동 829명을 고연령군(남자 398명, 여자 431명)으로 분류한 후, 동시대 집단 시계열 설계 및 잠재성장 곡선모형을 활용하여 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제의 발달 경로를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 아동의 부주의 문제는 저연령군(6-8세)에서는 서서히 증가하다가 고연령군(9-11세)에서는 안정적으로 유지되었으며, 아동의 과잉행동-충동성 문제는 저연령군(6-8세)에서는 안정적으로 유지되다가 고연령군(9-11세)에서는 점차 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 저연령군 아동의 부주의 문제 초기치에 대해서는 아동의 자극추구와 인내력 기질 및 방치적 양육의 영향력이 유의미하였으며, 부주의 문제의 변화율에 대해서는 자극추구 기질의 영향력이 유의미하였다. 셋째, 고연령군 아동의 과잉행동-충동성 문제 초기치에 대해서는 아동의 성별, 자극추구와 인내력 기질 및 방치적 양육의 영향력이 유의미하였으며, 과잉행동-충동성 문제의 변화율에 대해서는 아동의 자극추구와 인내력 기질 및 방치적 양육의 영향력이 유의미하였다. 이를 토대로 본 연구의 의의 및 제한점, 후속 연구에 대한 제안을 논의하였다.

The aim of the current study was to understand the developmental trajectories of children’s inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity through conduct of a short-term longitudinal study. A total of 1384 parents in two elementary schools in Gyunggi Province participated in this study: children’s inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity were measured three times with five months interval; children’s temperament and parents’ behaviors were measured once, only at the first time-point. The younger children group (6 to 8 years old) included 515 participants (276 boys and 239 girls); the older children group (9 to 11 years old) included 829 participants (398 boys and 431 girls). Cohort Sequential Design and Latent Growth Curve Model were employed for analyses. The results are as follows. First, inattention showed an increase in younger children and was maintained in older children; hyperactivity-impulsivity showed stability in younger children and showed a decrease in older children. Second, regarding the predictors of the identified pattern subgroups, novelty-seeking was a positive predictor of younger and older children’s inattention and persistence temperament was a negative predictor; neglect parenting added influence in both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity for younger and older children. Suggestions for future research were discussed, along with the limitations of the current study.