Earticle

元和本和名類聚抄에서 地名의 읽기를 나타내는 付訓表記에 있어서 漢字의 읽기가 萬葉 등에서 보이는 音･訓과 다른 異形이 다수 존재하는데, 그 중에서도 字音 및 字訓이 轉用된 것에 대해서 살펴보았다. 字音에 있어서 m韻尾를 マ行, n韻尾를 ナ行으로 轉用한 것은 中國語原音인 鼻音韻尾를 충실하게 反映한 결과로 보인다. 다만 n韻尾를 非齒莖鼻音系인 ウ･ム･ル로 轉用한 것은 異例的이다. 한편 ŋ韻尾는 日本語 漢字音에서는 ウ･イ로 表記되는 것이 一般的인데, カ(ガ)行으로 轉用한 것은 異例的이라고 할 수 있지만, ŋ韻尾의 中國語原音이 軟口蓋音이기 때문에, 동일한 調音位置에 있는 カ(ガ)行으로 表記함으로써 原音을 충실하게 反映하려는 意圖로 볼 수 있다. 또한 中國語原音의 入聲韻尾에 있어서는 p韻尾를 ミ로, k韻尾를 ツ･ト･ナ･ハ로 轉用한 것은 異例的이라고 할 수 있다. 字訓에 있어서는 「ウ→ム」 「ニ･ヌ→ム」 「リ･ル→ム」로 轉用된 用例가 複数로 존재한다. 기타 字訓의 轉用은 一例的인 경우가 다수 존재하는데, 그 理由로는 地名의 漢字가 轉訛된 것 등을 생각할 수 있다.

This article surveyed diverted examples about phonetic and ideographic Chinese character reading in place names of Gennahon–Wamyosyo, which is different from those in Manyo and so on. In phonetic reading, the diversion of 「‘m’ final consonant→マ line」 and 「‘n’ final consonant→ナ line」 seems the result of the original nasal–final consonant of Chinese language. However, there is an exceptional case that ‘n’ final consonant became ウ･ム･ル, non–alveolar nasal sounds. Meanwhile, it is general to read ウ･イ instead of ‘ŋ’ final consonant in Japanese sound of Chinese characters. The 「‘ŋ’ final consonant→カ･ガ line」 is an exceptional case that shows the reflection of original Chinese sound by articulation place. Also there are other exceptional cases such as 「‘p’ final consonant→ミ」, 「‘k’ final consonant→ツ･ト･ナ･ハ」. In ideographic reading, there are lots of diverted examples of ウ→ム, ニ･ヌ→ム, リ･ル→ム. Many other diversions of ideographic reading show only one example. It is that the Chinese characters of place names became corrupt words.

This study drew the planning method of school common use space in the social aspect of exchanges and contacts between adolescents, by considering the characteristics of the adolescent period. In order to achieve the research goal, the study conducted a literature review and an analysis to extract physical decision factors that would promote social interaction between adolescents most actively. The decision factors were then properly applied to each of the spatial characteristics of school common use space, and that helped the study come up with planning methods. The results can be summarized as follows. First, as for the physical decision factors of exterior common use space in which the most active social interaction would occur, the study extracts width (D) of exterior space and height (H) of a building to correspond to the former, a form to surround exterior common use space and others and in terms of physical decision factors of interior common use space, proximity-based space organization, space hierarchy-based addition of placeness, aesthetic and cognitive space organization and others are selected as the relevant factors. Second, the study confirms that proper amount of stay time, forming of internal space sense and others should be considered for exterior common use space planning. Activity exterior space is designed in a form of more than D/H>4 and ㄷ.shaped inclosure when sociality exterior common use space is planned in a form of 1<D/H<4, ㄷ.shape and transformed ㄷ.shaped inclosure. Third, the study learns that U-shape, E-shape, H-shape and others are appropriate enough to be used as interior common use space organization forms. Despite that, however, the study still suggests that depending on types, common use space for a connecting building in which proper social interaction would possibly occur should be planned. Fourth, when it comes to hall space, size needs to be minimized while the roles are complemented by access deck and in regard to corridor space, space of different attributes is added to the other space which would eventually form separation and space hierarchy by making good use of differences in the attributes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the common meanings of Chinese characters and their synchoronic meanings, by comparing the several meanings in common use of each character in one Sino-Korean word. Chinese characters in common use were explored from Pyojun-gugeodaesajeon (Standard Korean Language Dictionary) and Gogeum-hanhanjajeon (Old and Present Chinese character to Korean Dictionary). As it is obvious to share a common meaning between two Chinese characters to be used interchangeably, the meaning of the Chinese characters in common use were reviewed. 53 pairs of Sino-Korean words from the Mi-eum (ㅁ) section of both Pyojun-gugeodaesajeon and Gogeum-hanhanjajeon were analyzed. Results were as follows: First, Chinese characters without a meaning used in common are regarded as Chinese characters in common use. Among the various cases how they are marked without any common meaning in use, Pyojun-gugeodaesajeon marked them as a keyword whereas other Sino-Korean word references or Sino-Korean word dictionaries makred them as –Tong, -Gyeon, -Gong, etc. However, characters without meanings in common use were found. Second, some articles considered Bon-ja, Dong-ja, Sok-ja as a Chinese characters in common use, and often made errors in distinction of these three. Third, some of the Chinese characters shared a common meaning between the two, however, there was no particular meaning assigned to each character. These Chinese characters are mostly used as Dong-ja, the same character, and are in an entailing relationship in between. However, there was a discrepancy between the notations on various articles, where the Dong-ja, the same characters were noted as ‘-Dong-ja’ as it should be in some articles, but as ‘-Tong’ or ‘-Gyeon’ in others. Thus, errors occurred based on this notational discrepancy. Last, the confusion occurred when there was not only one link between the Chinese character with it’s Tong-ja, but with several Tong-ja, against the one to one correspondence.

This research investigate the planning and the use of whole external space construction aimed at the examples of selected 23 mixed usage residential/business buildings which is constructed or on construction at the region of Pusan, Ulsan, and KyungNam, and analyze its features. In construction of external spaces, it is divided as a space for residents and a commonly used space for external persons and residents, while, in utilizing the external spaces of completed building of research objects, the usage of residents’ space work positively, in case of open public land dividing as social space, it is researched as most being unable to use for external person in small scale, indicated as insufficient in managing the sharable plants, and analyzed as being changed into the space for residents only due to the lack of knowledge for users. For the activity of open public land, it should be provided more detailed regulations in order to be valid in its incentive systems. In managing aspects, it should be managed continuously by selecting the main manager clearly, and it is needed to review actively in order to become a linking method considering surrounding environments in its way.

초 록 The research proposes two calculation methods for estimating the overall, within and between standard deviation of population. These standard deviations can be used to evaluate the process capability and performance indexes. The guidelines for using Cpk and Ppk according to the pattern of common and assignable causes are presented.

This study aimed to investigate the visiting patterns, comorbidities, and insured herbal extract usage of common cold patients aged 20 years or older who visited Korean medical clinics and hospitals. To understand the characteristics of individuals diagnosed with the common cold (Korean Standard Classification of Disease code: J00), we utilized the National Health Insurance Service sample cohort database, which encompasses 1 million individuals representing approximately 2% of the South Korean population and contains their health insurance claim information. We analyzed data from 2010 to 2019, focusing on the primary and secondary diagnoses for J00, the top 19 comorbidities (＞1%), and the 15 most frequently prescribed insured herbal extracts. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of people diagnosed with J00 increased by 31.31%, from 7,090 to 9,310, and the number of visit days increased by 133.74%, from 16,075 to 37,574 days. The primary diagnosis rate of J00 decreased from 63.4% in 2011 to 47.8% in 2019. The most common comorbidity was dorsalgia (15.3%), followed by other and unspecified soft tissue disorders (9.7%) and functional dyspepsia (8.2%). Socheongryong-tang was the most frequently prescribed insured herbal extract (21.3%), followed by Samso-eum (19.0%), Yeonkyopaedok-san (14.0%), Gumiganghwal-tang (7.9%), Insampaedok-san (7.4%), and Galgeun-tang (5.9%). Based on our findings, we recommend further clinical research and the development of related healthcare policies to enhance the effectiveness and accessibility of Korean Medicine (KM) for the treatment of the common cold.

There are many words which are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, but those words are printed in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』. In this study, the writer surveyed what kinds of the headword of Chinese Characters are not appeared and then why those are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. By classifying the headword of Chinese Characters which are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, the <two spelling words> are 180 characters which are first labeled, and then the remains are followings: <names of places> are 92 characters, <doubled words> are 56, <names of nations> of the proper nouns are 48 nations, <names of tools> are 39, <miscellaneous words> are 36, <Japanese official titles> are 25, and <words of seasons> are 22. Therefore, the causes of an omission of Chinese headword in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』are not uniformity but the writer surveyed that the reasons of omission are followings(1, 2, 3, 4 items): 1) The Chinese head words in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』are not much appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, those omitted words are intended to be not appeared because the Korean styled regular annual events and government posts which are not Japanese style are omitted by the reason of necessity. 2) The proper nouns are much more among the Chinese headwords which are omitted in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Those are 92 characters of <names of places>, 48 Characters of the proper noun <names of nations>, and <Japanese official titles> are 25. These proper nouns are related to the problems of common usage, and the other reasons are not proper for the season of the usage. Except for these reasons, all the 56 words of <doubled words> are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These omitted words are not appeared by the reason of necessity. 3) Among the Chinese headwords which are not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, there are long sound words like o-u in ｢A Chance Meeting｣ and ｢Authority｣ written in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These omitted words are related to the sentenced words and Japanese reading of a Chinese character as Hamada had already studied. 4) The headwords of 180 characters of <two spelling words> in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』are all not appeared in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai󰡕. These omitted reasons are Japanese reading of a Chinese character. For the example, the reading sound ｢而｣ in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』is similar to (耳) in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Therefore the editorial principle of 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』was to omit the headword which is related to the Japanese reading of a Chinese character. The Japanese reading of a Chinese character is regarded to be a reading sound in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』and thus these many related words are revised in 󰡔IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Japanese readings of a Chinese character (the sound of reading) are thought to be revised by Kanajawa Showsaburoga who is an editor of 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. Among the 180 words of <Two Spellings> many characteristic Japanese readings of a Chinese character are omitted in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These are the upset reading words of headwords which are strong characteristics of Japanese reading of a Chinese character: the examples are ｢雪恥(45ウ. はぢをすすぐ)｣ ｢有益(46オ.　えきがある)｣ ｢無益(46オ.　えきがない)｣ ｢無窮(48ウ.　きわまりない)｣. These Chinese headwords are thought to be omitted as far as possible bv the editorial principles which are good to be eliminated for the general usage. Among the headwords of a Chinese character there are newly the supplemented Chinese headwords in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』, the other classified words as the different headline in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』which are already classified in 『Wai-ӧ-ryu-hai』, and the changed Chinese headwords in 『IL-ӧ-ryu-hai』. These Chinese headwords are judged by the proper usage and necessary.

본 연구는 한국의 민간 소장 고문헌 DB구축과 공동활용 방안을 다루기 위해 민간 소장 고문헌의 정리와 DB 구축, 민간소장 고문헌 DB 시스템의 문제점 및 개선방안, 민간 소장 고문헌의 공동활용 방안을 다룬 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 밝혀진 사실은 다음과 같다. 민간소장의 고문헌을 정리하기 시작한 것은 국학자료보존회와 문화재관리국이 현장조 사팀을 구성하여 그 결과를 책자목록으로 발행하는 차원에서 시작되었고, 국립중앙도서 관, 한국국학진흥원, 한국학중앙연구원, 국사편찬위원회, 문천각은 서지, 해제, 원문의 이 미지 및 text DB를 구축하여 활용하고 있다. 민간 소장 고문헌의 DB 시스템에서는 목록기술의 부정확성, 고문서 기술 및 형식의 비표준화, 원문 DB 구축시 한자의 결락과 입력의 오류, 텍스트의 착락 및 시스템의 연계, 통합검색의 문제 등이 지적되었고, 몇 가지 대안이 제시되었다. 공동활용 방안에 있어서는 고문헌자료의 정리를 위한 표준화와 기관간의 연계, 고문헌의 서지DB와 원문의 text DB의 구축에서 정확한 서지정보와 원문의 입력 및 오류의 정정 을 통한 컨텐츠의 구축, 국립이 통합목록의 구축과 서지DB의 공동활용을 주도할 수 있도 록 각 기관의 정확한 서지정보 입력, 고문헌의 DB구축과 관리를 위한 전문 인력의 양성과 교육, 디지털화된 자원의 공유를 위한 기술개발, 고문헌 컨텐츠의 이용과 개선, 공공의 이용과 참여, 국제적이 이용이 가능하도록 할 수 있는 국가차원의 전담기구 즉 가칭 KOBIN(Korean Old Books Information Network)의 설립 등이 제시되었다.

In this research, to investigate how to construct and commonly use private old document DBs in Korea, analyzed are:ⅰ) the processing and construction of private old document databases; ⅱ) the problems and the methods of improving those DB systems; and ⅲ) the common use of these DBs. Results form this research are as follows: The compilation of a nationwide bibliography of private old documents was first started by Kukhakjaryobojonhye(國學資料保存會) and the Bureau of Cultural Properties(文化財管理局), and the union catalog of nine volumes (韓國典籍綜合目錄) was published from 1986 to 1997. The National Library of Korea, Korean Studies Advancement Center, The Academy of Korean Studies, the National Institute of Korean History, and Muncheongak have constructed and utilized their own databases of bibliographies, annotations, and images and texts of old documents. In these databases, there were some common problems such as the inaccuracies of cataloging description, nonstandardized use of KORMARC formats and description rules, the errors in inputting texts, including the omissions of characters and texts, and the difficulties of linking and searching DBs. To settle these problems, some alternative plans are suggested as follows: First, KORMARC format and description rules(draft) for archives should be revised to adopt a new standard such as KS editions, and all the institutions involved should thoroughly follow the standards, when creating bibliographic records and digitizing texts. Finally a government organization tentatively called “KOBIN” should be established to supervise all the procedures of creating records, building the integrated document databases and its union catalog, developing technology for sharing digitized resources, training the specialists, and cooperating with the related international organizations and institutions.

본 연구는 근ㆍ현대 지역사료 수집, DB 구축 및 공동 활용 방안의 네 가지 측면을 다루었다. 첫째, 한국 지역사의 개념은 향토사, 지방사, 지역사 등으로 쓰이는데 근ㆍ현대사와 관련해서는 지역사의 개념이 확대되고 있는 추세이다. 둘째, 국가기록원은 1999년에 제정된 공공기관의 기록물관리에 관한 법률에 의거하여 근ㆍ현대 지역사료를 체계적으로 수집하여 관리하고 있으며 현재 중앙행정기관, 지방자치단체 및 교육청, 대학, 기타 공공기관의 기록물을 관리하고 있다. 국사편찬위원회는 2004년부터 2010년까지 10개년 계획으로 각 지역에 산재해 있는 근ㆍ현대 지역사료를 시군별 자료수집과 더불어 주제별 자료조사도 병행하고 있다. 한국학중앙연구원은 초기에는 현대사연구소를 중심으로 근ㆍ현대사 사료를 수집하였다. 1997년부터 2005년까지는 수집된 사료는 해방기를 전후한 자료들이다. 셋째, 국가기록원의 중앙기록관리시스템 및 나라기록포털시스템, 국사편찬위원회의 한국사데이터베이스시스템, 한국학중앙연구원의 한국향토문화대전시스템의 특성이 기술되었다. 넷째, 세 기관 사이의 공동협의회의 구성은 국가기록물관리위원회 산하에 ‘근ㆍ현대 지역사료 협의회’를 두고, 국가기록원이 주도적인 역할을 하고 각 기관과 연대해 나가며, 근․현대 사료의 디지털화된 자원의 공유를 위한 기술개발, 콘텐츠의 이용과 개선, 공공의 이용과 참여, 국제적인 이용이 가능하도록 하려면 국가기록원, 국사편찬위원회, 한국학중앙연구원의 분담된 역할이 있어야함을 강조하였다.

This paper deals with the four aspects of the acquisition, construction and common use of modern and post-modern document DB in the NAK, NIKH, and AKS. First, The concept of Korean regional history includes provincial history, local history and regional history and as far as modern and post-modern history is concerned, the concept of regional history is on expansion. Second, National Archives of Korea has been systematically collecting and managing modern and post-modern regional history records in compliance to Public Institutes Records Management Law, enacted in 1999 and currently is in charge of handling public records of 373 central government administration offices, 514 regional government offices, Office of Education, universities and of other public agencies. National Institute of Korean History is working on a ten year project from 2004 to collect the scattered modern and post-modern regional history records and to classify them regionally and thematically. The Academy of Korean Studies has been collecting modern and post-modern regional history records and collection was initiated by Modern History Research. Those records that are collected from 1997 and 2005 are mainly from the liberation period. Third, characteristics of Central Archives Management System and Nara Records Portal System of NAK, Korean History Database System of NIKH and of The AKS’ Korean Provincial Culture Electronic Encyclopedia are elaborated. Fourth, establishing ‘Modern and Post-modern Regional History Records Council’ as an affiliated organization of National Archives Management Committee is recommended, NAK leading the council and promoting further cooperation. In this section, an emphasis on allotted tasks of three institutes in order to achieve technology development for digitalized resource sharing, to improve on contents and to promote public and international use is placed as well.

離合是人生之常事, 惜別是社會之常情, 故送別詩, 在中國古詩裏, 占有很大的比例. 一般認爲, 代表送別的意象是“柳”與“酒”. 我們不能否認, 在古代送別時喜折取柳條贈與離人以寓托別情, 餞別時以酒爲不可或缺之物. 但是, 如限制送別詩的形式在七律的範圍, “柳”與“酒”仍是顯得最常見的意象嗎? 筆者以在689首詩篇使用的2,783個詞爲對象, 探究了唐代七律送別詩裏出現頻率最高的詩語, 而按頻率位次排列頭一百個. 2,783個詞的平均出現頻率是14次, 而頭一百個詞的平均出現頻率是131次, 幾乎達到平均頻率的十倍. 這些常用詩語, 按功能可以分爲七個種類. 一是送別的主體或對象, 例如“人”、“君”、“客”; 二是時間詞, 例如“日”、“年”、“春”; 三是空間詞(或景物), 例如“山”、“雲”、“風”; 四是名詞, 例如“馬”、“書”、“家”; 五是動詞, 例如“去”、“歸”、“行”; 六是形容詞, 例如“一”、“多”、“白”; 七是其他詞語, 例如“不”、“應”、“上”. 我們値得注意, 以上的詩語當中, “君”、“別”、“去”、“行”、“歸”、“應”、“山”、“路”、“江”、“到”等一些字, 比其在一般的唐代七律使用頻率更高. 每一個字都有一定的理由, 例看“山”、“路”這兩個詞語. 唐人出門, 多行陸路, 陸路又不少是傍山, 這就是“山”和“路”在送別詩里較多出現的客觀原因. 如果說七律的四個聯成爲“起承轉合”的結構, 那麽這些常用詩語的使用頻率, 在七律的布局上顯出什麽樣的特徵? 大致如下: 首聯起到點題的作用, 故“東”、“南”等指示方向的詞語較多出現. 承聯是接着起聯寫下去的, 在送別七律裏主要提及具體的情況, 整個種類的詞語都廣範地使用. 轉聯是筆鋒一轉的地方, 在送別七律裏, 大體由敍事轉到寫景, 故“樹”、“草”、“雪”、“雨”等空間(或景物)詞語出現得很多. 送別七律的結聯主要表現向對象的安慰或囑附, 故“莫”、“應”等其他詞語的比重相當高. 總之, 唐代送別七律的常用詩語, 只看它被“常用”這一點, 容易想到一種消極的方面. 就是說, 它可以使詩篇陳舊而平淡無奇. 但分析實際作品, 可見這些常用詩語, 對詩篇具有形象性, 而獲得送別詩應有的情感, 起了更大的作用.

논문의 제목은 “집합건물 공용부분의 무단점유와 부당이득- 대법원 2020. 5. 21. 선고 2017다220744 전원합의체 판결 -” 이라 고 정하였다. 현행 민법 제741조는 “법률상 원인 없이 타인의 재산 또는 노무로 인하여 이익을 얻고 이로 인하여 타인에게 손해를 가 한 자는 그 이익을 반환하여야 한다.”라고 규정하고 있다. 이와 관 련하여 집합건물 공용부분을 무단 점유할 경우에 종래 대법원 판례 는 집합건물의 공용부분이 구조상 점포로 사용하는 등 별개의 용도 로 사용하거나 임대할 수 있는 대상이 아니므로 특별한 사정이 없 는 한 구분소유자 중 일부가 권원 없이 이를 점유·사용하더라도 다 른 구분소유자에게 차임 상당의 이익을 상실하는 손해가 발생하다 고 볼 수 없다고 판시하였다. 그런데 대상판결은 정당한 권원 없이 공용부분을 사용할 경우에 부당이득이 인정될 수 있는 것으로 판시 함으로서 종래의 판결을 변경하였다. 이번 대상판결은 관련 분쟁에 대하여 합리적 논거를 제시하는 부분도 있지만, 일부 쟁점의 경우 에는 확대해석하게 된다면 타당성을 결여한 부분도 있는 것으로 보 이므로 이를 유형화하여 검토하였다.

The title of this thesis is “The Occupation Without Permission and Unjust Enrichment of the Section for Common Use of Condominium Buildings - Supreme Court en banc Decision 2017Da220774 Decided May 21, 2020-”. Article 741 (Definition of Unjust Enrichment) of the Civil Code stipulates that a person who without any legal ground derives a benefit from the property or services of another and thereby causes loss to the latter shall be bound to return such benefit. Meanwhile, with regard to the unauthorized occupation of the section for common use of condominium buildings, the existing precedents of the Supreme Court have determined that the section for common use of condominium buildings is not subject to the use or lease for other purposes such as stores structurally, and thus even if some of the sectional owners occupied or used the section without any legal ground, this cannot be seen to have caused damage such as the loss of profits equivalent to rent to other sectional owners unless there are special circumstance. The subject case, which altered the previous decisions of the Supreme Court, is expected to resolve the problems related to the indiscreet use without permission of the section for common use, contribute to a fair solution of disputes.

전용사용권은 공용부분이나 대지를 구분소유자 또는 제3자가 단독으로 사용할 수 있는 권리이다. 전용사용권은 구분소유자의 전용사용권과 제3자의 전용사용권으로 구분해 볼 수 있다. 구분소유자의 전용사용권은 공용부분이나 대지에 대한 지분권과 다른 구분소유자의 사용금지청구권이 결합된 권리라고 볼 수 있다. 사용금지청구권의 근거는 규약이나 집회의 결의 또는 모든 구분소유자의 합의이다. 제3자의 전용사용권은 공용부분이나 대지에 대한 임차권이라고 볼 수 있다. 전용사용권은 집회의 결의나 규약에 의해서 설정되거나, 분양자가 전용사용권과 전유부분을 함께 분양하면서 이를 분양계약에 반영하여 모든 구분소유자들의 합의에 기초하여 설정되기도 한다. 전용사용권은 전유부분과 일체로 취급된다. 구분소유자의 전용사용권은 지분권과 다른 구분소유자에 대한 사용금지청구권이 결합한 형태인데, 공용부분이나 대지의 지분권은 전유부분과 일체성을 갖는다. 그리고 사용금지청구권의 근거가 되는 규약이나 집회의 결의도 특별승계인을 구속한다. 또한 공용부분이나 대지의 관리에 관한 구분소유자의 합의는 공유자의 공유물 관리에 관한 특약이며 특별승계인에게 승계된다. 따라서 구분소유자의 전용사용권은 전유부분과 일체로 처분된다. 다만 제3자의 전용사용권은 임차권에 해당하므로 관리단이나 구분소유자의 동의가 없으면 제3자에게 이전될 수 없다.

A right of exclusive use is the right of a unit-owner or a third party to use the site or common elements without the interference from the other. The right of exclusive use of a unit-owner is different from that of a third party from a legal perspective. The right of a unit-owner is the combination of the interests of the site or common elements with the right to prevent the other unit-owner from using that site or common elements. The bylaws of a condominium, the resolution of meeting of the unit-owners, or the unanimous agreement of unit-owners may be the legal basis for the right to prevent the use of the other unit-owners. The right of a third party to use the specified parts of the site or common elements is a right of lease. The right of exclusive use may be established by the bylaws of a condominium or the resolution of the meeting of unit-owners, or may be set on the basis of unanimous agreement of all unit-owners, which they reached by signing the contract with the developer who plans to sell the unit of condominium with the right of exclusive use for it. The unit-owner’s right of exclusive use is a combination of the right to prevent the use of the other unit-owner and the interest in the site or the common elements of the condominium which is unseparable from the unit, so the right of exclusive use is treated as an integral part of the unit of condominium. Bylaws of the condominium or the resolution of the meeting of unit owners and the unanimous agreement of the unit-owners has the effect on the third party, the successor of the unit also has the right of exclusive use for it and he can claim it to a third party. The right of exclusive use of a third party, however, is right of lease of the site or common elements, so can not be transferred to the other without the consent of the association of the unit-owners or the agreement of the unit owners.

공동주택에 거주하는 다수의 구분소유자는 물리적 일체성을 이루는 건물에서 생활을 영위하고 있다는 점에서 단독주택의 소유자보다 고도의 주의의무를 부담하게 된다. 공동주택은 크게 전유부분과 공용부분으로 나눌 수 있다. 공동주택의 구분소유자들이 각자 자신들의 소유권만을 제한 없이 행사한다면, 그들은 모두 자신의 부동산을 오히려 제대로 이용할 수 없거나 서로의 이익이 충돌할 가능성이 있게 되므로, 그 사용을 ‘공동이익’이라는 이름으로 이용의 조절을 꾀할 필요성이 있을 것이다. 공동의 이익에 반하는 행위는 일반적으로 당해행위의 필요성의 정도, 행위자가 받는 이익, 타인이 받은 불이익 종류와 정도, 다른 피해회피의 가능성 등 여러 사정을 종합하여 사회통념에 의하여 결정된다. 본고는 공동의 이익에 반하는 행위를 전유부분의 사용방법과 공용부분의 사용방법으로 유형별로 분류하여 살펴보고, 그 의무위반에 대한 사법상 해결방안을 검토하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 공동주택에 거주하는 점유자는 구분소유권자사이의 사회통념에 의해서 결정되는 정해진 원칙의 준수의무를 부담한다. 이의 사용에는 공용부분의 사용이나 전유부분의 사용 모두에 요구되는 공동의 이익을 위한 권리나 의무의 이행에 신의성실의 원칙이 적용될 것이다. 공동주택관리규약에 공동이익을 위반한 행위에 관한 구체적인 내용을 적시하고 그 위반에 대한 책임을 명시하는 것은 보다 쾌적하게 주거생활을 영위할 수 있도록 할 것이고 공동주택의 이용자 상호간의 분쟁을 사전에 차단하는 효과와 분쟁이 발생하였을 경우에 그에 대한 해결방안 등을 마련하는 계기가 될 것이다.

In the point that multiple individual owners residing in co-housing live their life in the building with physical unity, they have a higher level of duty of care than owners of detached housing. Co-housing is divided into private sector and common sector. If individual owners of co-housing execute their ownership of partitioned property without restriction, they will be unable to use their real property properly, or will be able to face the conflict of profit. Therefore, the use needs to be controlled in the name of 'common profit'. An act that opposes common profit is determined by social norm, in comprehensive consideration of an extent of the necessity of the act, the profit of an actor, a type and extent of disadvantage that others have, and the possibility of other types of damage avoidance. The purpose of this thesis is to classify acts opposing common profit in the categories of the use method of private sector and the use method of common sector, and look into judicial solutions to violation of the duty of care. Occupants that reside in co-housing should comply with the principle given and determined by social norm of individual owners. For the use, the principle of good faith will be applied to execution of rights and duties for common profit which is needed in the uses of both common sector and private sector. By describing detailed matters about that acts violating common profit in management rules of co-housing and clarifying relevant measures in order for more comfort co-housing and profit of all co-housing residents, it will be necessary to prevent disputes of co-housing users and come up with solutions to disputes.

Electroluminescence is occurred by electric filed located in the phosphor. Until now most of EL researched have been studied the characteristics of devices that drive over 400Hz and commercialized, but in Problems of life time, natural aging increased with behavior of high frequency in the phosphor. In this paper, we investigated the luminescence characteristics were driven by low frequency($0{\sim}100Hz$). Moreover, we Presented the improvement way in the method device production and drive power as measurement at commercial frequency(60Hz).

As an attempt to investigate the use of common verbs by a small group of Korean college students at the advanced level, the present study describes the students' speech production data collected from picture description tasks. The primary focus of the data description was how the students used high-frequency verbs in describing everyday activities. Out of total 442 units, 149 verbs were erroneously used. All erroneous utterances were classified into four categories according to their characteristics. The most prominent error type was overgeneralization due to incomplete knowledge of lexical items. Results showed that verbs used in everyday life were not easy even for the advanced level students. Although in some cases, L1 influence was discerned, the students' problems are more fundamental. In particular, the data revealed lack of knowledge of collocational possibilities and restrictions, and confusion about semantic boundaries between verbs which have similar semantic areas. The findings suggest that teaching at the advanced level should take contrastive approaches intralingually as well as interlingually to the high-frequency verbs.

Students often have tenacious physics misconceptions and many studies were conducted on engendering conceptual change. Correspondingly, there is much literature on alternative assessment and its role in student learning. This is a comparison study on using alternative assessments to improve common students' misconceptions in GCE Advanced Level Physics. This research also aims to affirm alternative assessment as a valid tool for learning and promote its use. This study involved two classes with 24 students each. For four weeks, electromagnetism was taught to students using the same classroom pedagogies but with different assignments. The control group completeda standard drill-and-practice assignment while the experimental group finished an alternative assessment. From the preliminary results, students who undertook the alternative assessment and the traditional assessment both improved, however, the treatment group did not perform statistically significantly better than the control group. The reasons will be discussed and commented and it is expected to have significant improvement on rectifying misconceptionsupon next batch of experimentation groups.

Two experiments were made. In experiment 1, four diets containing 0, 5, 15 and 25% washed seaweed meal were prepared to study the effects of incorporating seaweed meal instead of equivalent amounts of berseem leaf meal in fish feeds on growth performance and feed utilization of common carp. The results showed that average daily gain (ADG), specific growth rate (SGR%), dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) of the carcasses were decreased (p<0.05) with the increasing level of seaweed meal in the feeds. Inclusion of 5% seaweed meal in the diet gave the best feed conversion ratio (FCR) among all diets, however, protein productive value (PPV) and energy utilization (EU) were decreased (p<0.05) with increasing level of seaweed meal in the diet. In experiment 2, washed seaweed meal was either steam cooked or sprayed with NaOH (0.5% or 1% NaOH) and incorporated in the diets at the level of 25% instead of equivalent amount of berseem leaf meal. The results showed that steam cooked seaweed gave the best (p<0.05) growth performance, FCR and protein efficiency ratios, PER and PPV, for other treatments in descending order were NaOH treated seaweed, washed seaweed and unwashed seaweed.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a phrase used to describe additional health care methods such as mind/body practices and natural products not regarded as treatments by conventional medicine. The use of CAM in children with common neurologic diseases is more frequent than its use in healthy children (24%-78% vs. 12%). However, less than half of patients report such use to their physicians. The preferred modalities of CAM vary in different countries due to their different cultures and traditions. The most common factor significantly associated with the use of CAM is parental CAM use in most studies. The frequency of the use of CAM in children and adults with neurologic diseases is similar, and both rates are higher than the rates in those without these conditions. The preferred modalities of CAM in adults are diverse, and megavitamins and mind/body therapy (prayer and chiropractic care) are included. The most common factor significantly associated with the use of CAM in adults with neurologic diseases is high educational level. Physicians need to be concerned with patients' use of CAM and provide correct information about CAM so that patients may make the right decisions. Further study is needed to determine the evidence-based efficacy of CAM use in children with common neurologic diseases.

Chomsky’s Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995 to 2019a,b,c) claims that language change can be explained as resulting from the resetting of parameters, where the parameters are seen as operating in the lexicon as feature parameters. Likewise, the origin of and changes in English periphrastic do or the do-support can be accounted for by parameter-resetting modulated by markedness. The dates of the two principal editions of the Book of Common Prayer (BCP), 1552 and 1662, roughly coincide with the periods of the rise and fall of the affirmative declarative do, respectively. It is claimed that, based on the data of BCP and others, the English parameter-resetting concerning the periphrastic do began, in the mid-16th century, from strong V feature Tense to weak V feature Tense.