Earticle

Interest in modular buildings has surged recently, leading to their construction at increasing heights. However, seismic performance evaluations for modular connections remain insufficient. Based on Jang's (2019) experimental research, this study validates an analytical model and conducts parametric analyses on the shear strength ratio between the panel zone and beam, and the width-to-thickness ratio of the bracket. When the panel zone-to-beam shear strength ratio was 1.5 or higher, plastic hinge formation shifted from the panel zone to the beam. Consequently, a shear strength ratio between 1.5 and 2.0 is recommended. Analysis of the bracket’s width-to-thickness ratio revealed local buckling in models with non-compact sections, suggesting that brackets in modular connections be designed with compact sections or greater to enhance structural performance.

본 연구는 국가유산청 도면 자료 기반 한국 전통 목조 문화유산 118건을 대상으로 처마 형식의 분포와 변천을 분석한 것이 다. 처마는 부연처마, 활주처마, 출목처마로 구분하였다. 분석 결과, 부연처마가 72.0%로 가장 높은 비중을 차지하였고, 활 주처마 22.0%, 출목처마 6.0%로 나타났다. 시대별로는 초기 출목처마, 통일신라·고려시대 이후 부연처마 확대, 조선시대 활주처마 증가의 경향이 확인되었다. 건축 유형별로는 궁궐과 사찰에서 부연처마, 서원과 정자에서 활주처마가 상대적으 로 우세하였다. 본 연구는 처마 형식의 분포를 동일 기준으로 정량화했다는 데 의의가 있다.

This study analyzes the distribution and historical changes of eaves types in 118 cases of traditional Korean wooden cultural heritage buildings based on drawings provided by the Korea Heritage Service. Eaves were classified into three types: buyeon, hwalju, and chulmok. The results show that buyeon eaves accounted for the largest proportion at 72.0%, followed by hwalju eaves at 22.0% and chulmok eaves at 6.0%. By period, the study identified a trend of chulmok eaves in the early period, an expansion of buyeon eaves after the Unified Silla and Goryeo periods, and an increase in hwalju eaves during the Joseon period. By building type, buyeon eaves were relatively dominant in palaces and temples, while hwalju eaves were more prevalent in seowon academies and pavilions. The significance of this study lies in its quantitative presentation of the distribution of eaves types based on a consistent classification standard.

This paper summarizes the results of full-scale cyclic tests of weak-axis steel moment connections. A Weak-axis steel moment resisting connection commonly found in building frames is the web axis connection. In this type of connection, the beams are attached to the plane of the column web perpendicularly and it tends to bend the column at its weak axis. In this study, some of the fundamental behaviors of beam-to-column connections were examined by changing the connection details as well as comparing them with previous connection details. For this purpose, 2 types if weak-axis steel moment connection full scale specimens are fabricated tested to evaluate the seismic performance.

This study examined the production technique of bracket murals in Daeungjeon Hall, Gaeamsa Temple by conducting a analysis of their wall structure, material characteristics, and painting layers. Wall was a single-branch structure with support layer, middle layer, finishing layer, and painting layer. The support layer, middle layer and finishing layer, were produced by mixing sand (quartz, feldspars etc.), and loess. The ratio of above medium sand to below fine sand was approximately 0.7 : 9.3 in the support layer, 4 : 6 in the middle layer and 6 : 4 in the finishing layer, which had a more percentage of above medium sand than the support layer. The analysis of the painting layer showed that natural soil pigment was used to establish a relatively ground layer of up to 50 μm, and pigments such as Lead sulfate, atacamite and mercury sulfide were painted on top of the layer. This study’s results confirmed that the bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple are within the category of the production style of murals during the Joseon period. However, the points that the middle layer was formed several times, the significant difference in particle size distribution between the wall, and the absence of chopped straw in the support layer are a feature of bracket mural paintings in Gaeamsa Temple. These properties of murals as material and structure may be viewed for correlation with the degree of damage to wall structure of mural painting and would serve as an important reference to diagnosis the conservation conditions of murals or prepare conservation treatments.

본 연구는 문화지향적 상담을 위한 기초연구로서, 저소득층 ‘한부모가정’ 아동이 위기환경에 대응해 나가는 과정을 그들의 시각에서 이해하고자 하는 생애사연구이다. 본 연구의 목적은 저소득층 한부모가정 아동이 경험하는 위기, 위기 의미, 위기 대응과정을 밝히고 이를 토대로 문화지향적 상담 관점에서 저소득층 한부모가정 아동상담의 적용점을 모색하는 것이다. 구체적인 연구문제는 다음과 같다. (1) 저소득층 한부모가정 아동은 삶에서 어떤 위기경험을 하며, 그것은 아동에게 어떤 의미를 지니는가? (2) 저소득층 한부모가정 아동은 자신이 지각한 위기상황에 대응하기 위해 어떤 위기대응 전략을 사용하며, 왜 그것을 사용하는가? (3) 본 연구가 저소득층 한부모가정 아동을 대상으로 하는 상담에 주는 시사점에는 어떠한 것이 있는가? 본 연구의 내용을 연구문제와 관련하여 설명하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 저소득층 한부모가정 아동은 다른 아동과는 구분되는 물리적, 정서적, 인지적 위기를 경험하는데, 위기경험에 대해 아동은 ‘남과 달라서 고통스럽다’는 의미로 받아들였다. 둘째, 연구대상자가 위기에 대응하기 위해 선택한 전략은 물질적 조작, 상징적 조작, 자기자신을 확인할 수 있는 장을 마련하는 것이었다. 셋째, 본 연구결과를 통하여 연구자는 저소득층 한부모가정 아동을 상담하기 위해 상담자가 상담의 준비 단계에서 저소득층 한부모가정 아동의 물리적, 정서적, 인지적 위기와 위기대응 동기, 위기대응 전략 등을 인식하여 문화지향적 상담을 준비해야 함을 논하였다. 또한 상담을 통해 아동이 ‘소외에서 해방으로’ 나아갈 수 있게 해야한다는 것을 제안하였다.

This is a basic study for the culture-oriented counseling and life history study to understand that the child of the low-income bracket and a family of single parent copes with crisises. The goal of this study is to figure out an application of counseling for the child by focusing on the strategies that a child of the low-income bracket and a family of single parent copes with crisises and finding out the crisises he experiences, the meaning of the crisises and process that he copes with crisises. These are the research problems of this study. (1) What crisises does a child of the low-income bracket and a family of single parent has and what does it mean to him? (2) What strategies does a child of the low-income bracket and family of single parent has and why does he do those things? (3) What suggestion does this study give to the counseling for the child of the low-income bracket and a family of single parent? On the mentioned result of the study above, a counselor has to know the physical, emotional, and cognitive crisises, the motive of coping with the crisises and the strategies of coping with the crisises of the child of the low-income bracket and a family of single parent at pre-entrylevel in order to prepare the culture-oriented counseling. His effort to cope with the crisises is 'being like others', so we need to help him be from 'estrangement' to 'liberation', not from 'difference' to 'same'.

We introduce the technology required todevelop a bracket process for installing and verifying FRT bumper sensors for passenger cars. Establish and demonstrate process automation through actual design and manufaturing. We conduct quality inspection of the production process using artificial intelligence and develop technology to automatically detect good and defective products and increase the reliability of the process.

내소사 대웅보전 포벽화에 대한 벽체 구조 및 재질특성 그리고 채색층에 대한 정밀분석을 통해 제작기법을 연구하였다. 벽체 골조는 외가지 구조이며, 벽체층과 마감층 그리고 채색층의 세 층위로 구성되어있다. 벽체를 구성하는 벽체층 및 마감층은 석영과 장석류 등 모래와 황토를 혼합하여 제작하였다. 벽체층은 중립사 이상 크기와 세립사 이하 크기가 약 0.8:9.2 비율이고, 내·외부 마감층은 각각 약 6:4 비율로 벽체층보다 중립사 이상의 모래 비율이 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 채색층 정밀분석 결과, 뇌록을 사용하여 최대 456.15 μm로 비교적 두꺼운 바탕칠층을 마련하였으며 그 위로 녹염동광 및 백토 그리고 산화철 계통의 안료를 사용하여 채색하였다. 연구결과, 토벽체와 채색층 제작기법은 현재까지 연구된 조선시대 사찰벽화 제작양식 범주에 속하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그러나 마감층 모래 함량이 높고 중벽 층과 짚여물이 확인되지 않는 점 등은 내소사 대웅보전 포벽화 벽체가 지닌 구조 및 재질특성으로서, 이와 같은 결과는 향후 벽화 보존상태 평가 또는 보존처리 방안 마련에 주요 정보가 될 수 있다.

The manufacturing techniques were studied by investigating a precise analysis on wall structure, features of materials and the painting layer of the bracket mural paintings at Daeungbojeon Hall in Naesosa temple. The wall frame is a single-branch structure, and The mural paintings are composed of 3 layers which are a support layer, a finishing layer and a painting layer. The support layer and the finishing layer are an earth wall that sand and clay such as Quartz, Feldspar, and etc. are mixed. The support and the finishing layers have a combination of medium particle sand and smaller than fine particle sand in the approximate ratios of 0.8:9.2 and 6:4, respectively. Therefore, the aforementioned ratio of sand with medium or large particles is relatively higher in the finishing layer than the support layer. As a result of a precise analysis on the painting layer, it has a relatively thick ground layer for painting which is maximum 456.15 μm by using Celadonite or Glauconite and the paintings were colored by using pigments such as Atacamite, Kaolinite or Halloysite, Oxidized steel, and etc. on it. The manufacturing style and the painting techniques of an earth wall are included in the category of the Joseon Dynasty style that have been studied up to now, but the facts that the finishing layer has a high content of sand and a middle layer and chopped straw have not been identified. These are remarkable points in terms of structure and materials, and can be crucial in the evaluation of the state of conservation of mural paintings or preparation of a conservation plan.

In this study, computer simulation of the drawbridge structure was performed to verify the validity of the design and to evaluate its safety. For this, the follower bracket was modeled, and the parts of the follower bracket were connected using 1D elements. The boundary condition applied moments to the rotation shaft of the girder gear in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions, and the connection between the upper parts was modeled using 1D elements to model the bolted connection. In case of rotational shaft deformation, an analysis was performed on the displacement occurring in the structure during the opening/closing operation. As a result of structural analysis of the follower bracket for various cases, the stress at the connection was lower than the tensile strength and yield strength, so it was evaluated as safe. Through this, we intend to use it as a data that can identify anomalies.

직지사 대웅전 포벽화에 대한 보존상태 진단 및 재질분석 등 과학적 조사를 통해 벽화 보존방안 마련을 위한연구를 실시하였다. 포벽화 보존상태 평가 결과, 채색층 열화 및 벽화면 오염 등의 손상이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 벽체균열 및 파손 그리고 층간 분리 등 벽체의 구조적 손상이 심화된 것으로 나타났다. 광학적 조사결과 밑그림 또는 덧칠의흔적 등 채색층에서의 특이점은 확인되지 않았다. 벽화 별 초음파 탐상 속도는 표면 위치에 따라 낮게는 약 195.8 m/s부터높게는 392.7 m/s까지 측정되어 위치에 따른 표면 물성을 비교할 수 있었으며, 적외선 열화상 촬영에서는 벽체 층간분리 및 채색층 박리부위가 면밀하게 검출되어 손상에 대한 객관적인 파악이 가능하였다. 재질 분석 결과 벽체는 모래와풍화토를 사용하여 제작한 것으로 확인되었으며, 벽체층은 모래와 세립사 이하 크기의 토양을 거의 5:5로 혼합하였고,마감층은 중립사와 세립사를 약 6:4 비율로 혼합한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 마감층의 경우 극세립사 이하 크기의 혼합비율이 벽체층에 비해 현저히 적은 것으로 나타났다. 직지사 대웅전 포벽화는 토벽체가 갖는 구조 특성과 함께 벽체층간밀도 차이로 인해 벽체 파손과 층간 분리현상이 발생한 것으로 판단된다.

This report does studied for making the method of conserving bracket murals in Daeungjeon of Jikjisa Temple,through the scientific way. Results of evaluated the conservation status at the braket mural paintings, most serious damageis structural damage like cracks, breakage, and delamination. After optical investigation, a characteristic point wasn't foundsuch as underdrawing or traces of a coat of paint. The ultrasonic examination speed by each wall painting was measuredfrom about 195.8 m/s to 392.7 m/s, according to the location of the surface, and it was able to compare the surface propertiesaccording to the location. In Infrared-thermal image measurement shows that wall layer separation and paint layerdelamination are closely detected, therefore it was able to judge of damage on the objective way. Material analysis revealedthat the walls were made by sand and weathering soil. The wall layer combined sand with less than fine sand size by nearly5:5, and the finishing layer was found to have mixed medium sand and fine sand at approximately 6:4 rates. However,In case of finishing layer, mixing ratios of sizes less than very fine sand were found to be significantly lower than wall. Therefore, it is estimated that the plysical damage such as the separation between the layers of the walls created in thebraket mural paintings, is continuously caused by changes in the internal stresses and volume ratio caused by the densitydifferences between the wall and the finishing layers.

The objective of this research is to provide better knowledge on the structural behavior of strong axis H beam bracket type SRC column-RC beam joint, supported by experimental results, that can be broadly applicable to many structures with similar characteristics. For this purpose, literature reviews and field survey were performed to classify the most commonly used for this type of joints. Then, experimental program was designed and performed with 5 SRC column-RC beam joint specimens designed with long and short bracket type details. Using the experimental results obtained from the testing of these specimens, structural performances of the joints such as the hysteretic curves, the maximum strength capacities, the strains of reinforced bars were investigated. From the test results, reinforced bracket type specimens revealed to have the strengths close enough to the nominal strengths. The un-reinforced long bracket type specimen showed brittle fracture resulting in lower strength capacity due to the shear ruptures near the hinges at the end of the beams. Regardless of the reinforcement at the end of the beam, short bracket type specimens revealed to possess the strength capacities close to the nominal strengths, however, reinforced specimen showed more ductile behavior after maximum strength capacity reached.

As the demand for aesthetic orthodontic treatment increases, the use of self-ligating ceramic brackets is increasing. For stable treatment, there should be no fracture or deformation of the self-ligation ceramic bracket door. Therefore, considering the situation in which labial displacement of teeth occurs in the orthodontic treatment stage. For this study, a model of the mandibular anterior region of a ceramic self-ligating bracket with a passive sliding door mechanism was selected. The measured tensile force data was substituted into the simulation analysis conditions, and the tensile force, stress distribution, and deformation values were analyzed using the finite element method. Using this, it is able to use the design elements of the orthodontic bracket that should be considered as design inputs in the development stage.

The purpose of this study is observes the change process of the Da-po from constructive traits of Beem and upper wooden frame structure. The constructive traits of Da-po and Beam could be classified with 3 types. It will be able to understand rationalization process of wooden frame structure.

In this study, the design of parking brake mounting bracket for SUVs (sports utility vehicles) was handled through structural analysis. For safety evaluation, we conducted a shape analysis of parking brake mounting bracket, discovered improvement measures for weak areas, and reflected them in the design. In addition, a strength analysis was performed and the analysis results were reflected in the design. As a result of analysis through various design changes, it was possible to suggest an appropriate parking brake mounting bracket shape. In addition, the effect of changes in the shape of the reinforcement and mounting bracket on the stiffness and strength of the parking brake mounting bracket was investigated.

The purpose of this paper is to understand the flow of force between the bracket system and roof structure in the korean traditional wooden buildings. The bracket and roof systems are one of the characteristics in korean traditional architecture. They are very important parts of structural components and normally understood as one system. The bracket systems considered are Dapogye and Chusimpogye and the roof systems are gable roof and hipped-and-gable roof. Generally the hipped-and-gable roof system is used with Dapogye bracket system and gable roof system with Chusimpogye. The full structures with roof, bracket and columns are analyzed with Finite Element Method(FEM). In this study, the connection of timber members is considered hinges and fully restrained for the simplicity of structural analysis. The four cases from the combination of two roof systems and two bracket systems are analyzed. From the strcutural analysis of those roof-bracket structures, the difference to two systems can be explained. The force flow shows the traditional assembly of roof and bracket system is much reasonable structures.

The stiffness of a bicycle frame is a major factor of a bicycle performance related to safety, stability, and weight. In this study, the torsional and bottom bracket stiffness of a bicycle frame were experimentally investigated. The torsional and bottom bracket stiffness for 63 bicycle frames were evaluated and analyzed by measuring the displacement of frames. The torsional stiffness is related with turning performance and the bottom bracket stiffness is related with power transmission. The experimental results show that the average stiffness varies up to 20 % according to the frame materials and types. The torsional stiffness has a strong corelation with the bottom bracket stiffness even though they have different effects on a bicycle frame. It seems that the experimental results can be applied to the quality criteria of racing bicycles and also design standard of a bicycle frame.

In this study, center marking process is numerically analyzed to investigate the characteristics of deformation of aluminium alloy bracket by the pin load. The proper size of groove which are required for marking system and the pressure of cylinder are predicted through the analyse of stress and strain fields of the plate. The results of this study show that von Mises stress is a maximum when the maximum of reaction force.

우리나라는 농경사회에서 산업화 사회로 발전하면서 도심지로 인구유입이 급속도로 증가하기 시작하였으며 인구증가로 인한 주택부족 문제로 아파트단지가 대규모로 형성되고 자동차수요 증가에 따라 많은 주차공간이 필요하게 되었다. 따라서 주 차공간 확보 및 상업시설 확보를 위한 지하층 공사가 활발히 진행되었다. 대규모 아파트 가시설 현장에서 주로 적용되는 흙막이 지보공법 중 제거식 어스앵커는 설치시 수평이 아닌 각도를 주어 시공된다. 따라서 앵커에는 축력이 작용하고 각도에 따라 띠장 에 작용하는 수평력 및 수직력이 발생한다. 흙막이 설계시 보걸이를 설계하여 간격이나 용접길이를 산정하지 않고 설계자의 주관적인 판단 또는 설계사례를 준용하여 도면에 표기하고 있다. 하지만 대심도 굴착과 차수공법의 진화로 인하여 수압이 과다 하게 발생하여 앵커에 작용하는 축력이 커지고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 보걸이의 설계의 표준화를 도입하여 안전한 설계가 이루 어질 수 있도록 하는데 목적이 있다.