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In fact, in Korean, Chinese ‘海’ entry word being used as the ‘sea’ category is certain and ‘land (陆地)’ the meaning of ‘sea’ outlines but it is a Korean ‘海’ that are in conflict over the border, the notion of ‘洋’, ‘海洋’, such as the inclusion. In fact, in ancient Chinese ‘海’ was simply ‘an ocean’ making languages of the heading of the previous approach to the situation in the development ‘洋’ modern concept of categories, can alsoThe concept of confrontation simply an ocean (远洋) through the ‘offshore (近海)’ is also not be limited to boundaries. Experiments by the examples used in classical literature, ancient Chinese language used in ‘海’ ‘sea’, even if Roman even about what they can be translated yet again, One needs to have to. Represented by the Chinese ‘海洋’ is simply two, as well as morpheme means a combination of the category to category ‘洋’ rather than integrated with an emphasis, ‘海’Can they be perceived as the concept of ‘boundary’ contrast with land. So text were of Chinese ‘海’ and ‘洋’ of individual characters and them take a look at the differences between these two Chinese characters appear in different if he had combined with morpheme and also ancientChinese people he thought he had was the image is I've been trying to reconstruct how the ‘(海) the sea’. Shuowen Jiezi of a case that could call that first dictionary of China's first modern Chinese language and ≫ sajeollyu 山海经 of a case that can say it was a geography book of ancient China is used for ≫ Waters as defined in Chinese language dictionary a modern, through the use of the person ‘海’ to ‘海’ and ‘sea’, and have about how any deal to do with relations Try the approach.

To suggest a quantitative method of judging the authenticity of the literary work, this study has reviewed the previous studies and analyzed the quantitative data of Hwarangsegi(花郞世紀) and several books concerned. The main method of analysis is the appearance frequency and appearance ratio of specific words like particles in classical Chinese and synonyms. Comparing Beobhunggi(法興紀) seemed to be written by Park Chang Wha(朴昌和) to Hwarangsegi and Dohonggi(桃紅紀), Beobhunggi and Hwarangsegiand show several similarities in using particles in classical Chinese, synonyms and specific words. Chinese particles like 乎 於 于 and 是/此, meaning this, can be used selectively with slight difference. Chinese characters like 又/亦/且, meaning also or too, have the common meaning. So selecting one word among the several synonyms can be considered to reflect the author's preference or personality. For this reason, we can use the ration of synonym to detect the characteristic of literary work. From the viewpoint of skeptic considering Hwarangsegi as forged book, this book was counterfeited by Park Chang Wha. But there is no objective evidence. On inquiry by the ration of words, and Hwarangsegi vs Dohonggi and Beobhunggi vs Dohonggi show relevant differences and Hwarangsegi and Beobhunggi reveal the similar ratio in using some words. As the result, Hwarangsegi and Beobhunggi have the possibility of same author’s writing, and Dohonggi may be written by another author. This study will provide us with various types of empirical authority on the gigantic discourse such as plagiarism of Hwarangsegi which have continually been debated among Korean scholars of history and literature.

In Korean, there are a number of Chinese character languages of similar type which have a same shape like Chinese vocabulary by using Chinese character from ancient times. However, because it is used in different circumstance for a long time, the meaning categories do not correspond each other among similar type words or Chinese character languages of reverse word order structure are often used as synonym. This diachronic meaning change of Chinese character language can be misunderstood or wrong expression in mutual education and learning process of Korean and Chinese. Moreover, it can compare wrongly the mutual synonymous relation or it can be used as wrong translation word in the comparison research of Korean-Chinese vocabulary. For example, Chinese ‘回答’ is translated into Korean ‘대답하다(Answer:对答)’ and Korean similar type word ‘Reply(회답:回答)’ is translated into Chinese ‘回信’. In additional, various reverse-order translation words are used like ‘介绍’ : ‘Introduction(소개:紹介)’, ‘盗窃’ : ‘Theft(절도:竊盗)’, ‘达到’ : ‘Reaching(도달:到達)’, ‘缩短’ : ‘Shortening(단축:短縮)’, ‘替代’ : ‘Replacement대체:代替) in translation process of Chinese-Korean.

본고는 조선시대의 외국어 학습서 중의 하나인 ‘노걸대’를 종합적으로 살펴보기 위한 작업의 일환으로 진행된다. 여기서 종합적인 검토라고 하는 데에는 두 가지 의미가 있다. 하나는 현재 전하고 있는 노걸대들을 한자리에서 비교하고 검토하겠다는 의미이고, 다른 하나는 언어 현상별로 주제를 정하여 차근차근 살펴가겠다는 의미이다. 그를 위하여 번역노걸대, 노걸대언해, 중간노걸대언해, 노걸대신석언해, 청어노걸대언해, 그리고 몽어노걸대언해를 검토 대상자료로 삼고, 일단 노걸대류에 보이는 ‘부사’에 주목하기로 하였다. 먼저 노걸대의 자료적 성격과 현전하는 상황을 살피고, 부사에 관심을 가지되 부사가 보여주는 다양한 이해 가능성에도 주목하였다. 개별 어휘 하나하나에 대한 관심을 가지되 그들이 자료와 장면에 따라 달리 나타나는 점에 주목하여 개별 어휘로서의 부사는 물론 부사들 사이의 통시적 또는 공시적인 관계에도 유념하였다. 아울러 문장 속에서의 개별 부사의 역할이 중국어와 몽골어 그리고 만주어와 같은 언어 사이의 차이와 자료의 간행 연대가 보여주는 시간상의 차이와의 관련성도 살폈다. ‘노걸대’의 부사를 모두 찾아 정리하고, 자료별로 비교를 행한 ‘노걸대’의 부사 목록을 대상으로 부사파생, 부사의 어휘 변화, 부사에 반영된 음운 변화, 유의어, 한글과 한자 또는 연철과 분철 등의 표기, 부사의 수식 범위, 부사와 관련된 어순 등의 문제에 관하여 살펴보았다.

This manuscript comprehensively explores “Nogeoldae,” one of the foreign language textbooks of the Joseon Dynasty. This comprehensive review has two aims. First, it aims to compare and review Nogeoldaes, which are currently passed down, in one place. Second, it seeks to undertake a step-by-step examination by determining the subject for each language phenomenon. To achieve these aims, Beonyeok Nogeoldae, Nogeoldae Eonhae, Junggan Nogeoldae Eonhae, Nogeoldae Sinseok Eonhae, Cheong-eo Nogeoldae Eonhae, and Mong-eo Nogeoldae Eonhae were established as the target data for the review, and the adverbs in the Nogeoldae textbooks were first examined. First, the characteristics and research trends of Nogeoldae up until present times were explored. Additionally, by focusing on the adverbs, the possibility of the various understandings reflected by the adverbs was considered. Although individual vocabularies were explored, their appearance, which varied by material and scene, was noted, and thus, the adverbs were examined as both individual lexical entries as well as by situating them within the context of their diachronic or synchronic relationships. The differences in adverbs across languages, including Chinese, Mongolian, and Manchu, as well as changes in adverbs according to the publication year of Nogeoldae were examined. All the adverbs in Nogeoldae were collected and organized, and issues such as derivational adverbs, lexical alteration of adverbs, euphonic change reflected in adverbs, synonyms, Hangul and Hanja or syllabication spelling, the range of adverb modification, and word order associated with the adverbs were explored. This was accomplished by using the list of adverbs in Nogeoldae and comparing them across various materials.

Was trying to find a little easier to discriminate the difference between the meaning of the same type of learner control in Chinese teaching methods. It will be one of the causes is also seen from the point of view ‘equivalent (同等)’ or similar (類似) that the word is now used simply isomorphic. For this reason, can only be explained through the study of revealing meaningful categories such as words or synonyms are isomorphic with the structure of the current methods and examples of a given type. Therefore, to compare the cognitive processes of the ‘半空’ in Chinese and Korean. The scope and concept of the Korean and Chinese discourse categories, targeting the ‘半空’ in the body. First look at the concept of a default category ‘半空’, could be found in the fact that at the same time to express while the bottom is representative of the baseline in the space of half Korean, the Chinese top below the baseline differences. Second, look at the trend of movement in terms of the schematic, Korean, while the Han characters with movement scheme, found a distinct gender characteristics of the two languages ​​in terms of the Chinese that have moved scheme ‘directed from top to bottom’ below upward may. Although there are different words to express the same room category, and again for the same room category does recognize different words are hard to make, but a clear interpretation, and the background has to be the cause of their respective synonyms are derived from background clearly We believe that the author is. Thus, as seen from the above analysis, to see if you can draw a rough schematic of this means that the contour through the categories, be drawn more clearly the similarities and differences compared with Korean and Chinese characters that appear in the teaching process of the Chinese synonyms Korean learners is determined to be able to.

本文从语义、句法、语用的角度，探讨了副词近义词群‘只得，只好，只有’的相似性和区别性。　　　首先，在语义上，‘只得，只好，只有’以‘不得已’的词义使用时，都能交换使用。不过，‘只有’能以‘唯有’的词义使用，这种场合不能用‘只得，只好’。调查结果显示，‘不得已’程度高的词语与‘只有’的同现率最高，‘不得已’程度中等的词语与‘只好’的同现率最高。由此可见，‘不得已’程度最高的是'只有’，其次是‘只好’，‘只得’。　　在句法上，‘只得，只好，只有’作为副词都能修饰动词。不过，‘只好’作为连词在因果复句使用时，‘只得，只有’受到使用上的限制。作为连词的‘只有’可用在唯一条件复句和否则转折复句，而‘只得，只好’受限制。在观察与句子成份同现情况时发现，‘只得'具有元语和非元语的特征，因此它与具[±生命][±人类]语义特征的主语同现的范围最广。其次是'只好'，'只有’，因它们只有元语的特征。据北大语料，自主动词能与‘只得，只好，只有’同现。非自主动词能与‘只得，只好’同现，不能与‘只有’同现。由否定副词‘不’组成的‘不V而V’，‘四字成语’能与‘只得，只好’同现，北大语料显示，‘只好’与‘不’的同现率最高。在语用上，‘只好’可用在口语和书面语。北大语料显示，‘只好’更多地用在口语上。‘只得’主要用在书面语上。与此相反，‘只有’主要用在口语上。

‘愿意’와 ‘希望’의 사전적 의미는 모두 ‘희망하다’, ‘바라다’이기 때문에 한국인 학습자는 ‘愿意’와 ‘希望’을 자유롭게 교체하여 사용할 수 있는 단어로 생각하기 쉽다. 본고의 HSK 작문 오류 조사에 따르면 한국인 학습자는 ‘愿意’와 ‘希望’의 사용에 있어서 ‘愿意’가 사용되는 환경에 대해서 더 이해가 부족하며, 대부분 ‘대치’의 오류를 범하고 있었다. 따라서 본고에서는 ‘愿意’와 ‘希望’의 통사적, 화용적 특징을 고찰하고, 두 단어의 의미 차이를 틀의미론을 적용하여 설명하였다.

‘愿意’和‘希望’在词典中的词义都是‘희망하다’，‘바라다’，因此韩国学习者容易将二者自由替换使用。根据本文对HSK句子偏误的调查，本文认为韩国学习者在使用‘愿意’和‘希望’时，对‘愿意’的使用环境的理解存在不足，大部分将其误用为‘希望’，这属于偏误类型中的‘错词’偏误。另外，本文集中讨论了‘愿意’和‘希望’二者的句法差异和语用差异。句法方面，‘希望’可以用作名词形式，而‘愿意’无此用法。同时，‘愿意’和‘希望’虽然都属于‘真谓宾动词’，不带名词短语宾语，但二者在后接主谓结构，述宾结构，连动结构的情况存在差异，具体表现为‘希望’能带主谓结构，述宾结构，连动结构，而‘愿意’不能带主谓结构，只能带述宾结构和连动结构。此外，二者在否定式中的使用频度也存在差异，‘愿意’常使用于否定形式，而‘希望’用于否定形式的次数则非常低。 本文认为在分别使用‘愿意’和‘希望’的句子中，‘愿意’和‘希望’的语用差异与主语对动作完成所产生的影响，即主观意志的差异有关。‘愿意’较强地表现出了动作完成的主观意志，主要表达一种对较为现实的问题的急切渴望，而‘希望’则表达一种单纯的对遥远的未来的希望。‘愿意’在表达一种急切的渴望的同时，常表现出一种请求的语气，因此，使用‘愿意’的句子一般倾向于用于地位低的人对地位高的人表达希望时的对话中，相反，‘希望’一般用于地位高的人对地位低的人传达未来，或者单纯的希望，劝告时的对话中。 通过‘愿意’和‘希望’的主语的人称分布的调查显，本文认为两个词语虽然使用三人称主语的情况最多，但‘希望’的一人称主语的使用频度比‘愿意’更高，‘愿意’的二人称主语的使用频度比‘希望’更高。另外，二人称主语使用的情况一般使用疑问句形式，对希望等提问时，一般更倾向于使用‘愿意’。 另外，本文在分析‘愿意’和‘希望’的语用差异时，使用了框架语义学对此进行了说明。‘希望’的框架中参与行动的框架要素大部分为两个，而‘愿意’的框架要素存在着一个增加的概念化对话人，从而构成三个框架要素。据此，‘愿意’多用于回答，在疑问句中常表现出说话人对听话人肯定性回答的期待，以及一种关于动作完成的主观意志。

This study aims to examine the semantic correspondence of synonymic words from the aspect of contextualism and thereby investigate how multiple meanings consist of synonymy. Since a word is polysemic, the most crucial part in research on synonyms is to figure out the difference. This difference can be understood by examining how the two words are used with other words. At this point, Corpus analysis on the use of relative meanings is useful in that it allows us to decide to what extent the two words in synonymy can be exchanged quantitatively by showing the difference of their combinations and also figure out their semantic distribution according to their use. This study compared the two words’ polysemic aspects in order to understand their synonymy and discovered synonymy composed of a part of their multiple meanings. Also, it examined the aspects of synonymy by studying the context where they are actually used. Based on that, this paper could examine the synonymic construction and aspects of use which the multiple meanings get to form.

본 논의는 [[감정형용사+-고]+감정형용사] 형식으로 감정형용사가 연결되는 양상을 살펴보았다. 이로써 한국어에서 감정을 표현할 때 두 개 이상의 감정형용사를 접속하여 표현하는 사례가 적지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 해당 구성으로 어울려 사용하는 감정형용사를 파악함으로써 한국어 학습자가 감정형용사의 개별 어휘 의미를 보다 분명하게 이해하고 표현하 는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 한국어 학습자가 한국어로 감정을 표현할 때 복합적인 감정을 표현하거나, 풍부한 감정 표현을 만드 는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다고 보았다. 본 논의에서 보인 [[감정형용사+-고]+감정형용사] 용례 및 빈도가 한국어 감정 어휘 교 수-학습에 작게나마 도움이 되기를 기대해 본다.

This discussion looked at how emotional adjectives are connected in the format [[emotional adjective + ‘-ko(and)’] + emotional adjective]. As a result, it was confirmed that there are quite a few cases in which two or more emotional adjectives are used to express emotions in Korean. This can help Korean learners understand and express the individual lexical meanings of emotional adjectives more clearly by identifying emotional adjectives that are used together with the corresponding configuration. It was believed that it could help Korean language learners express complex emotions or create rich emotional expressions when expressing their emotions in Korean. It is hoped that the examples and frequency of [[emotional adjective+‘-ko(and)’+emotional adjective] shown in this discussion will be of some help in teaching and learning Korean emotional vocabulary.

This paper aims to propose a new Korean synonyms dictionary for learners, and discuss what information should be provided for both synonym identification and synonym differentiation. The paper will focus on the case of the dictionary which is currently being developed by the Institute of Language and Information Studies, Yonsei University. The information which we provide in the new dictionary is based on evidence from the corpus.

This thesis aims to make clear the different meaning of five synonyms which are ‘부끄럽다(buggrubda), 창피하다(changpihada), 수줍다(sujubda), 쑥스럽다(sshukssrubda), 수치스럽다(suchisrubda).’ This study examines the sentences which the words ‘부끄럽다, 창피하다, 수줍다, 수치스럽다, 쑥스럽다.’ are used; that is, when and in which situation people use these words. ‘부끄럽다’ is widely used in both positive and negative situations. ‘창피하다’ is mostly used in negative situations and expresses external shame. It is related to the thinking of others and negative behavior of a doer. Also ‘수치스럽다’ is used in negative situation but it expresses internal shame. It is related to the thinking of a doer and damage of one's personality, honor, and a social position. ‘수줍다’, ‘쑥스럽다’ are used in positive situations and they are related to the person’s attitude and behavior. ‘수줍다’ is used to reveal the person’s character and it needs durability(a long time). On the other hand ‘쑥스럽다’ expresses the emotions of the moment. And it presupposes positive effects or results of a doer. But ‘수줍다’ is not. This thesis shows an effective order of those five words by stage and effective teaching methods when teachers instruct those words to Korean language learners who want to know the differences of the words and use the words in proper situations. words and use words properly the situations.

In this paper, we introduce the character of the micro structure for <Yonsei Korean Synonym Dictionary>. <YKSD> is almost the only synonym differentiation dictionary in Korean using objective and quantitative data like corpus. In that sense, the significance of this dictionary is quite significant. The micro structure for <YKSD> is specially designed to distinguish synonyms. For instance, <YKSD> show the dualized structure of common information and individual information, and expression information, register information im the micro structure. In particular, expression information can help users to not only distinguish the meanings of the word but use it in the real world. In addition, by showing the frequency of each text genre in a graph, <YKSD> tried to visualize the information of the register information.

This study aims to show discrimination and description methods of Korean synonym, especially based on 『Yonsei Modern Korean Dictionary』. Synonymy is widely used to enrich learner's vocabularies in Language Teaching. For providing materials in language teaching, first of all this study shows Korean synonym are divided into three which are based on the etymology, and those classifications aren't explanatory of discrimination of synonyms and enriching vocabularies to language learners. Insead of this study classifies Korean synonym four types based on their language properties. These classifications are explanatory of discrimination of Korean synonym and moreover those are closely related to description of Korean synonym. Secondly, this study aims to discriminate between tests of discrimination synonym based on functional burden. According to my observation, those test are used differently according to category. Lastly this study shows the description of Korean synonym based on their property, sematinticㆍsyntagmaticㆍprgmatic informations etc.

본고는 중급 단계 한국어 학습자들이 학습하고 있는 ‘뽑다’와 ‘고르다’, ‘사다’와 ‘구입하다’, ‘교환하다’와 ‘바꾸다’ 등 3쌍의 유의 관계 단어들을 대상으로 중급 학습자의 유의어 인식 실태와 의미 변별에 관하여 살펴보고 그 교육방안에 대해서 기술하였다. 유의 관계에 있는 동사를 교육하기 위해서는 다양한 명사 논항을 바탕으로 각 동사의 의미를 변별해 주는 것이 효율적이다. 이를 위해서 유의 관계에 있는 동사쌍에 공통으로 공기 관계를 이루는 명사 논항과 개별적으로 쓸 수 있는 변별 명사 논항을 구분하고 연어 사전, 말뭉치 등을 활용하여 다양한 명사 논항을 제시하는 것이 효율적인 학습이라는 것을 밝혔다. 또한 이와 함께 좋은 교수 방법이 될 수 있는 격틀 구조의 비교도 논의하였다.

The meaning of the synonymous relations of verbs can be identified by the information of noun argument co-occurred with the verbs and the case frames of the verbs themselves. Since there are individual differences in the acquisition of vocabulary in case of the foreigners learning Korean, they are less likely to learn the co-occurrence of verbs and various nouns. Accordingly, in order to educate them about the verbs in the synonymous relations and let the learners learn them effectively, it would be necessary to allow them to identify the meaning of verbs, based on various noun arguments. To this end, it is necessary to check the basic meaning of pairs of verbs targeted for learning, the domains of common meaning and the differentiated meaning occurred. In addition to them, the comparison of case frame structures can be a good teaching method.

Kim, Eun-Yeong. 2004. A Study on the Meaning of Synonym of the Emotion Verbs. Korean Semantics, 14. This is a study on the meaning differences not only between ‘즐겁다’(enjoy oneself) and ‘기쁘다’(be pleased), ‘재미있다’(be amused), ‘신난다’(be excited), which are synonym of ‘즐겁다’, but also between ‘무섭다’(be scared) and ‘두렵다’(be afraid), ‘겁나다’(be feared), ‘섬뜩하다’(be frightened), which are synonym of ‘무섭다’. Although the method of analyzing vocabularies is generally to observe the denotation of them, it is difficult to identify the denotation of the emotion verbs for they describe the state of emotion. Therefore the meaning differences are analyzed by iden- tifying the denotation of the emotion verbs through the relations to co-occurrence constraint with nouns at this study. The important point of this study is to analyze the relations to co-occurrence constraint with all nouns objectively. In addition to this, there have never been the preceding study on the meaning differences of them. The results of analyzing the meaning differences show the differences according as whether they can connotate the concrete movements or not, they can respond to the concrete objects or abstracts as well, they are affected strongly by the sense of sight or not, they have the strong estimative meaning or not, they are expecting something or not, they put the point of meaning on showing speaker's state of emotion or the objects which emotion responds to.