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Informed by the importance of technological knowledge for conducting effective technology-enhanced instruction, this study investigates translation teachers’ technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) to understand seven TPACK components and their synthesized pattern. A survey was conducted to assess translation teachers’ performance among 98 Chinese teachers in MTI program. A regression analysis was made to reveal the interrelationship among the seven TPACK components. The Survey shows the translation teachers’ technological knowledge is the highest component among all the seven TPACK components. Regression analysis reveals that the three core components of technological, pedagogical and content knowledge mutually influence TPACK in different synthesized patterns. The results will inform translation teachers of the effective way to enhance their instructional strategies with IT devices and platform.

Retranslation is a rather complex issue that has become an interesting subject of research in recent years. Topics such as motives of retranslation, retranslation hypothesis, and approaches to analyzing retranslations are generating controversial debates among scholars. Current studies on retranslation, though insightful and fruitful, is still limited within isolated cases, fragmentary and far from satisfactory. This study aims to investigate the theoretical issues of Retranslation Hypothesis (RH), an argument formulated first by Berman (1990), Bensimon (1990) and later expanded by Gambier (1994) and Chesterman (2000). The main argument of RH is that initial translations are always lacking, flawed and targetoriented, while later retranslations are more accurate and closer to the original, and source- oriented. RH has been proven by some scholars, but challenged by others. Consequently, the existing RH seems unsuccessful in generalizing the driving force behind the diverse activities behind retranslations. The RH initiated by Berman (1990) and the subsequent discussions about retranslation focuses on the lacking, deficiency or flaw of the initial translation. In my opinion, however, a new perspective to examine the universal assumption about retranslation can be rewarding. We need a turn to the merit, goodness and the value of retranslation, which may generate a new version of RH. The new RH proposed draws on the value analysis or value engineering in economics. In further details, a framework is suggested to explain the motives and functions of retranslations by drawing on theories and concepts from disciplines of linguistics, sociology and economics. This study address retranslation of classics with specific reference to English and Chinese military texts. A set of corpora will be established consisting of source texts, initial translations and retranslations of Sun Tzu’s The Art of War, Alfred Mahan’s sea power series, and Mao Tsetung’s On Guerrilla Warfare. The study is expected to reveal how retranslations contribute to the worldwide canonization of local or national military classics. It is hoped to shed some new light on the role of (re)translations in the communication between eastern and western strategic culture.

Since 1993 when Mona Baker first introduced translation studies based on corpus as a new research approach, the academic world, especially the community of translators, has witnessed great advances in corpus-based translation which in turn broadens scholars’ vision by virtue of numerous advantages over traditional methods of translation studies, like higher efficiency (Christian, 2016) . However, given the fact that it is still in preliminary stage (Xu & Zhao, 2018), there are some weak parts waiting to be particularly improved. In order to summarize main contributions already made by relevant scholars, explore their research interests and discover existing problems, this paper adopts Citespace V (the latest version), a Java application developed by Chaomei Chen for visualizing and analyzing trends and patterns in scientific literature, to implement the study. The data imported into Citespace are in txt. form containing 2775 papers acquired by searching the topic of “corpus-based translation” or “corpus translation” in the core collection of web of science (accessed 01/10/2019). With the data in the application, we analyze them mainly from 4 aspects: (1) publication number changes by year for obtaining the trend; (2) most frequentlyused keywords for getting wise to the research interest; (3) most influencing institutions and authors including most productive ones and most cited ones; (4) burst terms to see which part of corpus-based translation studies is emerging (Li, 2014). Most results are shown in forms of figures or tables. With the help of them, we make summaries about both favorable conditions and weak parts in need of further advances and try to propose some solutions.

Livia Kohn is an American female scholar and has contributed a lot in Western Daoist research. She is a professor, translator, sinologist, and Daosit as well. In recent five years, she focuses on the Zhuangzi’s translation and interpretation, meanwhile she has compiled books and written reviews on this topic. A Daoist International conferences was held in Boston University with her advocation, and the conference proceedings named New Visions of the Zhuangzi was published soon afterwards. She also follows Daoist’ s practice of cultivation of life. She keeps close contact with Chinese Scholars in mainland China, visiting Daoist Temple, translating and reviewing the latest academic book about the Zhuangzi. This paper combs Livia Kohn’s researches on the Zhuangzi in recent years and reveals the re-contextualization strategy in her translation and interpretation of Zhuangzi, concluding her emphasis on religion and ethic aspect of the Zhuangzi.

Most existing reception studies on English translations of Chinese fiction were done with convenience samples (international students in China or American students in a Chinese visiting scholar’s contact class) and cloze tests to check their reading comprehension or the material’s readability, which leaves no or limited space for the subjects to air their view on the cultural aspects of the translated text. The present study fills the gap by adopting a two-stage design: 1) an open-ended response narrative written by the subjects while or immediately after reading, from which recurrent cultural issues were identified and saved for 2) a post-reading questionnaire comprising close-ended questions on cultural images. A number of 30 subjects were recruited based on their interest in the English translations of five traditional Chinese stories and their readiness to complete the two stages of the survey. Two prominent cultural images – the frog and the phoenix – were identified from the response narratives collected from Stage 1 since they were consistently mentioned by all the subjects. While the image of the frog in Chinese culture is predominantly positive as a guardian of the crops, the “boy turns into a frog” plot in one story was received differently by the subjects. In one instance, it “falls with a heavy thud to my ear because in our culture an evil sorceress changes a boy into a frog as punishment” (quoted from one subject’s reading response narrative), whereas in another it was considered “enjoyable, esp. as the Americans have so many muscular and strong heroes, when in fact a hero can be a simple person who does something great” (quoted from narratives). In a similar vein, while in Chinese culture the phoenix is beautiful, auspicious and to be worshipped, the “phoenix turns into a young lady” plot in another story proved surprising to most subjects, for whom the phoenix was predominantly known as “a bird that burns up and then is recomposed from the ashes to live again – hardly in any sweet way” (quoted from narratives). The frog and the phoenix concerns were therefore extracted from the responses and served as the core elements based on which the questionnaire for Stage 2 was designed. The questionnaire survey was aimed to producing a more general tendency in interpreting the image of the frog/phoenix in the subjects’ own culture, in the translated story, and in their previous knowledge of the Chinese culture, in order to complement the qualitative results from Stage 1 in case the narratives were too personal and locally interpreted. Results from Stages 1 and 2 combined to show as much diversity as intersection and varying degrees of openness in receiving the translated stories and the cultural images therein. However, both diversity and intersection proved to be unexpected to general native Chinese readership, which means a significant amount of intercultural communication was taking place not only in the direction of English readers reading translated Chinese stories, but in Chinese readers being informed of English readers’ responses. (493 words)

The translation of Chinese Tang Poems is of great importance for introducing the traditional Chinese culture. The “imagery (Yixiang)”, as one of the distinctive features of the Tang Poems, has long been a challenging issue for the translators. This study aims to evaluate the imagery translation within the larger frame of translation and culture. The concept of imagery was originally a philosophical and aesthetical concept. According to the definition from Cihai, the most comprehensive dictionary in China, “Imagery (Yixiang)” belongs to the category of ancient Chinese aesthetics. Yi refers to the feeling or mind of the individuals while Xiang represents the objects existing in the actual world. By combining the two together, “Imagery (Yixiang)” symbolizes an individual’s personal feelings in a particular situation through his or her interaction with certain objects. The single imagery may convey certain feelings of a poet, but most often, the imageries correlate with each other and work together to form an imaginative picture in the mind of the readers, be it gloomy or magnificent etc. It can be said that imagery is cultural-bound. The translators, as readers of the original poems, have to first recreate the exact imagery in the source poems. Any distortion of the imagery through translation would inevitably affect the understanding of the poems by the target readers. The paper applies the Hermeneutics Translation Theory to research the translation of imagery in classical Chinese poems. It compares three translation versions of several Chinese poems by translators from different cultural backgrounds. According to the Hermeneutics Translation Theory put forward by George Steiner, the process of translation is interpretation, which can be described with four steps, namely, trust, aggression, incorporation, and restitution. During the translating process, the translators inevitably bring their personal experiences, their cultural backgrounds, and cognition into the interpretation. In this way, the translated text is reproduced and recreated differently. Through the comparison and analysis of three English versions of the several Chinese poems, it can be found that the imagery translation by the Chinese translators has more advantages over that done by translators from other cultural backgrounds. This is especially demonstrated in the last two steps of “incorporation” and “restitution.”

Translating metaphors across languages and cultures has been one of the common research interests in Translation Studies. However, little attention has been given to the translation of metaphors within a national identity. This paper examines translation phenomena of metaphors for beauty in particular where different ethnicities with different indigenous languages and local cultures constituting a national language, including an international language, are involved. Translational tasks that go through the three languages (i.e., indigenous/local-to-national-to-international) become much more challenging, as opposed to translation mostly between two languages (i.e., SL- TL translation), since the tasks completion starts from rendering metaphorical expressions of certain categories of metaphor from those indigenous languages and cultures into a national language belonged to a national entity and then into English as an international language. More importantly, what strategies does the translator adopt to cope with metaphor-oriented translation problems? In terms of methodology, the study adopted an interdisciplinary approach ─ a linguistic approach, a corpus-based approach, a cognitive approach. Several techniques of data collection were also used (i.e., Focus Group Discussion, documents study of various literature/literary works both written and oral texts belong to those local languages and cultures, in-depth interviews with key informants/tribal figures who speak those indigenous languages. This paper concludes that translation of metaphor for beuaty across ethnicities within a single national identity would be able to raise both the ethnic and national identities to the international level of discourse, and thus at the same time contribute to the development of research methods in Translation Studies, theories of translation, as well as metaphor theories.

The purpose of this study is to discuss how the Korean literature has been accommodated in China. In particular, this study examines the schema of the relationships among the nation, relevant institutes, translators and readers, paying attention to the supporting system operated by Literature Translation Institute of Korea and The Daesan Foundation both of which have supported the Korean literature translation into Chinese.

Very often, translation involves rewriting and research. The writer of this article has found that due to the drastic differences between English thinking and Chinese thinking, between these two languages and between these two cultures, not all Chinese writings “equal” their English versions completely, that is, there are “imbalances” between them more or less, and this is especially true in the literary translation area. Further, the author of this article suggests that some “imbalances” are created purposely in order to retain “fidelity” to the source work and the source culture to some extent while integrating with the target language and the target culture. In addition, the author pointed out some “loopholes” in the traditional and classic Chinese translation theories, and proposed several transcreation theories to countermeasure the “loopholes” and to illustrate “imbalances”. In this article, the author coined a new word, “transwriting”, and dissected the translation process into two processes, that is, understanding and rewriting. In addition, the author proposed a novel translation theory that incorporates the writing field in both the source language and the target language, for the purpose of cultural transmission and integration, and further illustrated the relationship between translation and writing and especially literary writing. In this way, the author expands the transcreation field to include the writing field and especially the literary writing field. Moreover, the author suggests that the transcreation field develop some criteria, such as, stringency, accuracy, flexibility, and that all the science, social science and humanities subareas in the transcreation field are categorized according to these criteria. Also, the author suggests that the Chinese-English translation realm expand to incorporate the research theories and methods in other fields, such as, science (e.g., statistical methods), and that the translation realm restructure its system of theories and educational system to meet the demands of the era of global integration, for example, establishing a translation minor for each science major. Although this article mainly addresses the Chinese-English translation realm, it can also provide valuable ideas to other translation pairs. At last, this article may shed new light on the limitations of and possible solutions to machine translation in the various translation sub-areas and especially the literary translation area. For example, this article may answer questions like “Is understanding unimportant for machine translation?” In order to support the transcreation theories and multidisciplinary translation theories proposed in this article, some typical examples are provided.

Interpreting is, currently, touching cognitive sciences due to its complex cognitive linguistic nature. Mathematically, the psychomotor functions of the brain are difficult to be measured due to its innate cognitive ability. To use this ability for enhancing a new skill needs various types of methods, strategies, and techniques. The interpreting trainers and theorists applied various methods, strategies under the umbrella terms ‘retrospective and introspective’ for the enhancement of interpreting skills of consecutive and simultaneous interpreting. For memory enhancement still various mnemonics and TAPs are applied such as done by Marwa Shamy & R.P. Ricoy (Retrospective Protocols: Tapping into the minds of interpreting Trainees: 2017), and B.E. Dimitrova & E.Tiselius (Retrospection in Interpreting and Translation: Explaining the Process 2014). But due to the infinity of human thinking abilities, the area still needs more research and empirical studies specifically when the learners and trainees belonging to various nationalities with diverse competencies and more seriously when both the SL and TL are the second languages. The current study is an explorative one to apply both retrospective and introspective methods and their TAPs on an interpreting training class of beginner level from the Arabic into English comprising multilingual nationalities to enrich the area with new insights and findings. The sample of the study is the students of BS Translation and Interpretation of 7th semester and MS Translation Studies of 2nd semester belonging to Pakistan, China, Thailand, Arab and Turkey. This unique experience carried out in interpreting from Arabic language to English. The sample of the study is a multilingual class of different linguistic competencies and language skills. Another unique feature of the study is that both the SL and TL are the second languages of the majority of students. It becomes challengeable to apply this interpreting training method on such multilingual interpreting trainees with diverse linguistic competencies. The trainees were directed to use urgent tactics in terms of coping strategies with unexpected situations according to Giles Effort Model of interpreting (D. Gile 2018). The methodology: The trainee students were advised with a set of strategies applying retrospective methods as out class activity and a set of instruction to apply introspective inside the class during the interpreting process. This blended methods enhanced the potential of both the smart trainee and the low performer trainees. Surely the enrich the area of interpreting training with goods insights and findings.

With the emergence of foreign “cultural turn” in the 1980s, cultural translations have become more and more important. Translation studies are no longer limited to simple linguistic analysis and comparative analysis between source text and target text, beginning to consider broader issues related to context, history, and tradition. Scholars have paid more attention to the cultural factors in their works, put forward a series of cultural translation theories and regarded translation behavior as an intercultural communication activity. As the main body of translation, translators should not only have profound bilingual ability and bilingual cultural knowledge, but also have sensitive cultural awareness, so as to successfully convey the information and meaning of the original text. The translator’s cultural consciousness refers to the translator’s way of thinking, which is the conscious or unconscious judgment and sensitive cognition of culture. It runs through the whole translation process and restricts the translator’s choice of cultural translation strategies. The research corpus of this thesis is the English translation of Pearl S. Pearl S. Buck is a writer who devotes herself to the cultural exchange between China and the West and a translator who promotes the Water Margin to the world. This paper compares the translation of four-character, proverbs and customs in the source and target texts. Pearl S. Buck adopts different translation strategies according to different languages and culture characteristics, making the translation on the basis of the faithful original text, as far as possible in line with the reader’s expectation. It is of great practical significance to explore these cultural characteristics and their translation.

Political speeches, sharing the literary features of the other appellative texts, usually involve the use of rhetorical devices to realize the appellative function of the speeches in order to arouse the expected response. In translating the political speeches for the audience from another language, how to preserve “the appeal inherent in the text” (Reiss, 1971/2000) matters greatly for the success of the translations. The translation of rhetorical expressions is of particular significance if the same or similar appellative effect is expected to be realized in the translated speeches. However, whether the rhetorical expressions can elicit the desired response from the audience depends largely on its possibility of motivating the semantic frame of the audience, their background of related knowledge and experience (Fillmore, 1982). To explore how the appeal in a political speech can be realized through the appropriate translation of the rhetorical expressions, this paper, drawing on the framework of frame semantics (Fillmore, 1982), will examine the translation of rhetorical devices in President Xi’s speeches delivered in international conferences, and analyze the ways that the translated rhetorical expressions activate the semantic frames of the audience. The data consist of the English versions of President Xi’s speeches in the 2018 BRICS, APEC and G20 summits released by the Xinhua News Agency in China. This study is expected to set the grounds for further research of realizing the appeal in the translation of political speeches.