Earticle

The goals of this study were to produce the useful materials such as amino acid by subcritical water hydrolysis from supercritical extracted krill residues and to compare the results with raw krill. Subcritical water hydrolysis efficiency from raw and deoiled krill was examined over the temperature range of 200 to 280ºC, ratio of material to water for hydrolysis was 1:50 and for water-sample contact equilibration times of 5 min to decrease the decomposition of amino acids. The hydrolysis efficiencies of glycine, alanine, and valine were observed to increase with increasing water temperature, consistent with higher solubility at higher temperatures. The highest yield of amino acids in deoiled krill hydrolyzate was at 280ºC. While, the highest amino acid yield in raw krill hydrolyzate was at low temperature 200ºC. The presence of oil in the raw material may interfere the break down of peptide bond of protein by subcritical water hydrolysis at high temperature. Oil may form on complex with protein that may decrease the protein hydrolysis by subcritical water. Also, reducing sugars content was analyzed in both and the result showed that the reducing sugar yield in deoiled krill hydrolyzate was higher than that of raw krill hydrolyzate.

Ginsenosides as aglycons are physiologically important active compounds. The ginsenosides such as Ra, Rb, Rc, Rd, Rg3 and Rh2 have the same aglycon, but different sugar moieties at C-3 and C-20. As a result, their physiological functions differ much from each other. In recent days, research has shown that ginsenoside being a little in nature could be produced from the structurally different ginsenoside by a bioconversion technique. Most microorganisms used previously for the bioconversion were the bacteria originated from human intestines, and only few fungi were reported. In this report, we describe the bioconversion of ginsenosides using mold, Trichoderma reesei. Transformation flasks were prepared by adding 20 ml of inoculum from 24 h cultures grown in 500 ml flasks containing 80.0 ml of mineral medium and 1% (v/v) ginsenosides. Microorganism control flasks were prepared by adding 20 ml of inoculum to 500 ml flasks containing 80 ml of mineral medium without substrate. The Substrate control flasks contained 100 ml of mineral medium and 1% (v/v) ginsenosides. The culture flasks were incubated in a shaker at 30°C and 200 rpm for 24 h. All metabolites were analyzed by TLC plates (silica gel 60 F254 ) pre-coated aluminum sheet (0.2 mm, 20 x 20 cm). The mobile phase consisted of BuOH, Ethyl acetate, water (5:1:4). Densitometry scanning was performed using LJ Color 2840. The intensity of density of spots was evaluated using Scion Image Program. We found that the cell-free extract of the yeast converted the composition of ginsenosides of red ginseng to other composition of ginsenosides.

Mannitol, a naturally occurring polyol, is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, medicine, and chemical industries. Most commercial mannitol has been synthesized chemically, but strong demand for natural products caused many researchers to study the bioconversion process for mannitol production. This study reported the conversion of fructose to mannitol in a packed bed reactor in semi-continuous mode bacterial cells immobilized on the activated carbons. The strain to convert the fructose to mannitol was isolated from kimches and identified. Fermentation was conducted in the immobilized reactor, a 250 x 60 mm glass column with water-cooling jacket, was packed with activated carbons (30 x 80 mesh). Fructose (10% w/v) was pumped with an downward flow of 5 ml/min and the outlet stream was continuously recirculated into a reservoir and back to the column. Five consecutive batches using fresh medium for each one were carried out at 25oC. The highest yield was obtained at the second batch (80%) and decreased gradually (about 60%) as the batches proceeded.

We investigated that Myagropsis myagroides water extract (MMWE) has immunological effect on murine splenocytes and macrophages in vitro. As a result, MMWE enhanced the splenocytes proliferation at all concentrations without cytotoxicity. Also, the IFN-γ secreation of MMWE treated group increased at the concentration of 0.1~10 μg/mL, whereas the IL-2 secreation increased at the concentration of 0.1~1 μg/mL. Nitric oxide production on macrophages treated with MMWE was higher than PBS treated group. The IL-6 and IL-1β levels were enhanced on macrophages treated with MMWE, while the TNF-α secreation makes a no difference both PBS and MMWE treated group. In conclusion, MMWE showed a substantial immunomodulating activity on the murine immune cell.

The antimicrobial activity of 10 algae ethanol and water extracts was investigated by paper disc assay. Of them, Myagropsis yendoi(MY) ethanol extract have the best antimicrobial activity. It showed growth inhibition against C. tropicalis and gram-positive bacteria such as B. subtilis, L. inoccua, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus at 4 mg/mL. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MY ethanol extracts ranged from 0.1 to 0.5%. Especially, MY ethanol extract inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and L. inoccua at concentration 0.15% and 0.1%. At the heat and pH stability test, antimicrobial activity of MY ethanol extract was not effected by heat(121℃ for 15 min) and change of pH (pH 2~5).

Chitosan is a natural polymer that has many physicochemical (polycationic, reactive OH and NH2 groups) and biological (bioactive, biocompatible, and biodegradable) properties. In this study, novel preparation method of chitosan nanoparticles was developed using poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) as gelling agent. Nanoparticles were formed by ionic interaction between carboxylic group in γ-PGA and amino group in chitosan. An amount of 0.3 g of chitosan was dissolved in 100 ml of acetic acid (3% v/v) at room temperature and stirred overnight to ensure a complete solubility. γ-PGA (0.1 – 1 g) was dissolved in 90 ml of distilled water at room temperature. Then, chitosan solution was dropped through needle into beaker containing γ-PGA solution under gentle stirring at room temperature. The average particle sizes were in the range of 80 – 300 nm. The prepared chitosan/γ- PGA nanoparticles were used to examine their removal rate of several heavy metal ions (Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Ni2+) as adsorbents in aqueous solution. The heavy metal removal capacity of the nanoparticles was in the order of Pb2+ >Cd2+ >Ni2+ >Zn2+. Acknowledgments: This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE) and Korea Institute for Advancement in Technology (KIAT) through the Workforce Development Program in Strategic Technology

We investigated that changes of catechins and inhibitory effect of α-glucosidase activity during manufacturing process in four cultivar green tea. The catechins contents were significantly decreased during manufacturing process. In during manufacturing process, some free amino acid contents were slightly changed in four cultivar green tea. The effect of inhibited α-glucosidase was more effectively than Acarbose (IC50 : 93.14 ug/mL) in the several cultivar green tea extracts. α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was more elevated or not changed between each cultivar and the manufacturing process. Especially, Saemidori extracts was more inhibited than other cultivar tea extracts. This result suggests that a variety Jeju green tea may be responsible for antidiabetic properties as inhibition effect of α-glucosidase activity.

In view of synthesizing a remarkably diverse range of inorganic materials using the precursor available in the biosphere by biological system, the biomolecules were used to induce inorganic materials under the ambient condition in these days.1) For example, by using the protein called silaffins which was found in the cell wall of diatoms, both SiO2 and TiO2 were achieved in vitro. In Addition, biomolecules such as proteins and peptides can control the size, shape, chemistry, and crystal structure of the inorganic product, when they were used for materials synthesis.2) TiO2 is commonly used as photocatalyst as it is nontoxic, chemically stable, inexpensive, and highly efficient. However, it has relatively large band gap (~3.2 eV) which limits its use to the UV light region. By coupling the two semiconductors TiO2 and WO3, the reduction of band gap energy can be achieved, which allows the hybrid be used in the visible light region.In this research, biomimetic synthesis of both TiO2 and WO3 from their precursors (TiBALDH, Na2WO4) was done by harnessing a disulfide-bond constrained peptide (STB1 : -CHKKPSKSC-). STB1 can catalyze both TiO2 and WO3 nanoparticles in thermodynamically unfavorable condition. By combining the result of both synthesis, we synthesized the hybrid material of TiO2-WO3 from the mixture of two precurcors and ratio between Ti and W in hybrid material was examined. This hybrid metal oxide had potential to be used as novel type of photo-catalytic material. The effect of reaction condition such as pH, conductivity, reaction time, precursor concentration to TiO2 and WO3 formation was investigated in this research. The morphology of the inorganic material induced by peptide was clearly depended on the condition which was used. All the synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently quantified and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM); transmit electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). This research provides interesting insight of “bottom up” synthesis of hybrid metal oxide nanoparticles.

Methicillin-resistance Staphylcoccus aureus (MRSA) is the most problematic gram-positive bacterium in public health because it has become resistant to almost all available antibiotics except vancomycin and teicoplanin. Furthermore, vancomycin-resistant Staphylcoccus aureus recently has been reported in several countries. Therefore, we investigated an anti-MRSA activity from korean medicinal plant extract. Among them, a methanolic extract of Poncirus trifoliata exhibited significant antibacterial activity against MRSA and clinical MRSA isolates. In solvent fractionations of P. trifoliata, the ethyl acetate extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against MRSA, indicating 512 /mL of minimum inhibitory concentration. To isolate a compound exhibiting anti-MRSA activity, the extract was separated by an open silica gel column chromatography and open reverse-phase column chromatography.

To extract oil from wheat bran, using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2), the sample was dried and powdered with 500 μm of the size. The supercritical fluid extraction was carried out in a semi-batch flow type process at temperatures ranging from 30-60ºC and pressures ranging from 8-25 MPa for 2 hours. The CO2 flow rate (26.81 g/min) was constant entire the extraction period. Solubility of wheat bran oil by SCO2 as a solvent was measured in all conditions. The highest solubility of oil (0.022g/g CO2) was found at 30 MPa and 60 ºC. The extracted oil was identified by GC for fatty acids components. The amount of palmitic and linoleic acid was high. The highest amount of linoleic acid (44.45%) and palmitic acid (21.45%) was found in wheat bran oil extracted at 30 MPa and 60 oC, respectively. Elaic.oleic, linolenic and butric acid were present significant amount in extracted oil from wheat bran. Tocopherols, an important phytochemical for natural antioxidant in the wheat bran oil extracted by SCO2 was analyzed by HPLC. The highest amount of α-tocopherol (399 μg/g), β- tocopherol (183 μg/g) and γ-tocopherol (312 μg/g) was found in wheat bran oil extracted at 20 MPa, 40ºC and 25 MPa, 30ºC and 20 MPa, 60ºC, respectively.

Hizikia fusiformis has various biological activities due to its antioxidant, anticoagulant, antihypertensive and immunomodulating effects. Because it is the dried form of H. fusiformis which is mainly sold in the market, a large amount of cooking drips are obtained as byproducts during the drying process. To utilize theses cooking drips produced, the physiological activities of the cooking drips of Hizikia fusiformis cooking drips (CDH) were investigated. To evaluate the free radical scavenging activity, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching activities of the CDH extracts were estimated. Using the Folin- Ciocalteau method, the content of polyphenolic compounds in CDH was colorimetrically measured. It was also shown that the cooking drips had high inhibitory activities on the tyrosinase and Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme. These results suggest that wasted cooking drips can be used as a functional component by the food and cosmetic industries.

Polysaccharide was utilized to produce edible oxygen barrier film with the combination of film matrix supporting material, glycerin. We prepared edible oxygen barrier film and determined their properties in order to select the most appropriate setting method, moisture barrier material and oxygen barrier material. Blends of polysaccharide were prepared film matrix and the films obtained were characterized in terms of water vapor permeability(WVP), oxygen permeability(OP), mechanical and thermal properties maximum stress(MS), tensile strength(TS), elongation(E), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), differential scanning calorimetry analysis(DSC).Gelatin, chitosan and curdlan film showed higher tensile strength and moisture barrier properties than any other film. Gellan gum film as a moisture barrier material had greater tensile strength, elongation and moisture barrier properties than any other films.Lastly, alginic acid film as a gas barrier material showed higher elongation than any other film.

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant properties of ethanol and water extracts from Ecklonia cava(EC), Eisenia bicyclism(EB) and Sargassum thunbergii(ST). Total phenolic contents were contained the higher in EC ethanol extract(29.87 mg/g of dry sample), EC water extract(21.27 mg/g of dry sample) and EB ethanol extract(15.88 mg/g of dry sample), respectively. Antioxidant activity measured by rancimat was highest in EC ethanol extract. DPPH radical scavenging activities of ethanol extracts from three seaweeds were similar to that of BHT a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Ethanol and water extracts of the EC showed the highest radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL, especially. However, all ethanol and water extracts showed low reducing power and chelating effect. Consequently, ethanol extracts from three seaweeds displayed significant antioxidant properties and EC extracts showed the highest antioxidant properties, especially. So it is considered that EC, EB and ST ethanol extracts could be used for an antioxidant agent.

Hydroquinone (HQ) functions as a skin-whitening agent, but it has the potential to cause dermatitis. We synthesized a HQ fructoside (HQ-Fru) as a potential skin whitening agent by reacting levansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides with HQ as an acceptor and sucrose as a fructofuranose donor. The product was purified using 1-butanol partition and silica-gel column chromatography. The structure of the purified HQ-Fru was determined by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and the molecular ion of the product was observed at m/z 295 (C12 H16 O7 Na)+. The HQ-Fru was identified as 4-hydroxyphenyl-β-Dfructofuranoside. The optimum condition for HQ-Fru synthesis was determined using a response surface method (RSM), and the final optimum condition was 350 mM HQ, 115 mM sucrose, and 0.70 U/ml levansucrase, and the final HQFru produced was 1.09 g/l. HQ-Fru showed anti-oxidation activities and inhibition against tyrosinase. The median inhibition concentration (IC50) of 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity was 5.83 mM, showing higher antioxidant activity compared to β-arbutin (IC50=6.04 mM). The Ki value of HQ-Fru (1.53 mM) against tyrosinase was smaller than that of β-arbutin (Ki=2.8 mM), indicating that it was 1.8-times better as an inhibitor. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation by HQ-Fru was 105.3% that of HQ (100%) and 118.9 times higher thanthat of β-arbutin (0.89% of HQ).

Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of palm oil industry, is a potential feed source for poultry. However, its use as poultry feed is limited due to its high fiber (mannan) content. Therefore, we have developed bioconversion process to improve the nutritive value of PKC as poultry feed. Previously, we showed successful bioconversion of PKC by solid-state fermentation with novel manannase producing strains, such as Bacillus subtilis MBS1 and Aspergillus oryzae MFO1. In this study, to reduce energy cost for sterilization of substrate, attempts have been made to develop novel fermentation process, which use non-sterilized PKC substrate. We have been investigated organic acid treatment of PKC substrate to control microbial contamination during fermentation of non-sterilized PKC substrate. Treatment of raw PKC with acetic acid showed reduced level of contaminants, especially Gramnegative bacteria, indicating possible use of organic acid treatment as a cost effect method for semi-aseptic fermentation. As another alternative method to steam sterilization, the use of lactic acid bacteria as adjunct culture for bioconversion of nonsterilized PKC was studied. Addition of Lactobacillus spp. during fermentation of non-autoclaved PKC significantly reduced the growth of contaminant without any effect on the growth of Aspergillus oryzae MFO1. The level of mannanase production during fermentation of non-sterilized PKC with lactic adjunct culture was comparable to that of autoclaved PKC substrate. These results suggested the possible use of organic acid and lactic strain as adjunct culture to reduce energy cost for the bioconversion of PKC as poultry feed.

Supercritical fluid extraction is an alternative to conventional separation process technique which takes advantage of the enhanced solvent power of supercritical fluids. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) extraction was applied for bio-industry (foods, medicines, cosmetics, ect) which enable to high value-added business creation. SCO2 was used as a solvent for extracting oils from wheat flour at temperature 40℃ and pressure 10-20 MPa. Oil extraction yield increased with increasing extraction pressure. The extract was analyzed by GC and GC/MS technique. The odors in the oil extracted at different conditions was composed of Methyl alcohol, Methane, Trimethoxy, Chloroform and Cyclotetrasiloxane. The main fatty acids of wheat flour oil extracted SCO2 were Linoleladic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:2n6t), γ-Linolenic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:3n6), Palmitic Acid Methyl Ester (C16:0) and Elaidic Acid Methyl Ester (C18:1n9t). Further study is going to investigate the oxidation stability of comparing the oils extracted by SCO2 and soxhlet extraction with liquid hexane by measuring acid value.

Acarbose fructoside (acarbose-F1) was synthesized by the acceptor reaction of a levansucrase from L. mesenteroides B-512 FMC M1FT with acarbose and sucrose. The derivative was purified by P-2 column chromatography and HPLC, and the structure was confirmed to be 1I-β-D-fructofuranosyl-α-acarbose after 1H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC analyses. The inhibitory effects of acarbose-F1 on 9 different starch hydrolytic enzymes (20 different sources) and on a dextransucrase were kinetically characterized and compared with acarbose. Acarbose or acarbose-F1 inhibited the reactions of α-glucosidase, amyloglucosidase, α-amylase, CGTase and dextransucrase but did not affect the reactions of β-glucosidase, β-amylase, pullulanase, isoamylase, or dextranase. Compared to acarbose, acarbose-F1 exhibited stronger inhibitions on α-glucosidases from rice or A. niger, with competitive patterns and on amyloglucosidase from A. niger, or α-amylase from A. oryzae with mixed noncompetitive patterns. In addition, acarbose-F1 was a novel substrate for dextransucrase with Km and Vmax values of 189.0 mM and 8.51 μmol/mg/min, respectively. Although acarbose-F1 inhibited dextransucrase activity in sucrose reaction digest resulting dextransucrase activity of 18.3% compared to without acarbose-F1, the acarbose-F1 inhibition was smaller than acarbose resulting of 2.9% dextransucrase activity compared to without acarbose.

Basic characteristics of astaxanthin and Haematococcus pluvialis cracked cell were investigated, and the extraction conditions were optimized for the astaxanthin production from H. pluvialis cracked cells. First, the chemical compositions of H. pluvialis cracked cell, based on dry matter were 55.5% of carbohydrate, 16.64% of crude lipid and 13.41% of crude protein. Sugar composition of H. pluvialis cracked cell was glucose (62.3%), mannose (16.6%), galactose (10.5%) and fucose (5.6%). The extraction of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis was examined using various solvents, such as acetone, ethanol, dichloromethane and methanol. Acetone was selected as the best solvent for the extraction of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis. Response surface methodology (RSM), based on a two-factor interaction model, was applied, and optimization of the extraction parameters such as β-glucanase concentration and sonication time was performed. Astaxanthin yields was the highest when it was extracted after H. pluvialis cell was treated by β-glucanase (2%) and the sonication was carried out spontaneously with the extraction for 75 min.

Lactic acid is a very important chemical having various applications in the field of pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, leather and food industries. 85% of lactic acid is used in the food related applications but recently it has drawn much attention to many other industrial applications like biodegradable plastic production. Lactic acid is able to be produced by chemical synthesis or bacterial fermentation, but none of chemical production routes shows technical and economical viability. Significant advantage of biotechnological production of lactic acid by fermentation over chemical synthesis is that can use cheap raw materials The raw material cost for the fermentative production of lactic acid usually accounts for 68% of total manufacturing cost. Among the nutrient sources available, cellulosic and hemicellulosic materials are renewable and most abundant. Enzymatic hydrolysate of wood has been regarded as one of the most inexpensive carbon source for the fermentative production of biochemicals. Even though wood hydrolysate is a good source for fermentable glucose and xylose, it contains some unknown toxic or inhibitory compounds for cells.In this presentation, we will show the production of lactic acid using several lactic acid bacteria utilizing lignocellulosic hydrolysate. Detailed results will be presented.

Subcritical water hydrolysis was carried out to produce valued materials from squid viscera, the waste product of fish processing industries. The reaction temperatures for hydrolysis of raw and deoiled squid viscera were maintained from180 to 280ºC for 5 min. The ratio of material to water for hydrolysis was 1:50. Most of the proteins from deoiled squid viscera were recovered at high temperature. The protein yield in raw squid viscera hydrolyzate was decreased with the rise of temperature. The reducing sugar yield was higher at high temperature in subcritical water hydrolysis of both raw and deoiled squid viscera. The highest production of amino acids in raw and deoiled squid viscera hydrolyzates were 233 mg/g at 180ºC and 534 mg/g at 280ºC, respectively. Most of amino acids reached their maximum yields at the reaction temperature range of 180-220ºC for raw material and 260-280ºC for deoiled material. The recovery of amino acids from deoiled squid viscera was about 1.5 times higher than that of raw squid viscera.

One of the putative NRPS (Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase) gene clusters of Streptomyces peucetius ATCC 27952 is selected and its domain architecture is predicted as C-A-T-C-A-T-E-C-A-T-C-A-T-C by homology search within NRPS database. The product of this gene cluster is predicted as a siderophore that is ferric-specific ligand to scavenge and transport iron into the cells. In previous study, isolated peptides were confirmed to be hydroxamate type siderophore by Universal CAS assay, Csaky test. Using a gene knockout/comparative metabolic profiling, it is confirmed that this peptide is synthesized by NRPS encoded by sp970 gene cluster. As a result of the deletion of sp970 gene cluster, it is confirmed that S. peucetius mutant does not produce the peptide. The mass spectrum of this peptide shows 4 series of molecular ions (m/z 645, 659, 673, 687). Through tandem mass spectrometric analysis, the structure of this peptide can be proposed as cyclic form which consists of four amino acids, N-acetyl-formyl-hydroxy Ornithine, Arginine, hydroxyl Ornithine, formyl-hydroxy Ornithine, and neutral modification. In future work, it plans to elucidate the exact structure of the peptide by using GC-MS analysis for characterization of this nonribosomal peptide.This present study is the discovery of a novel nonribosomal peptide product from Streptomyces peucetiusby genome mining and mass spectrometry.

Berberis koreana bark was fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei(L.P) and Bifidobacterium longum B6(B.L) for improving its antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activity. Extraction yields of the crude extracts and fermented extracts were 5.32% and 11.52%, respectively. It was found that the fermentation process greatly improved the extraction yield of hard woods. The cytotoxicity of all the fermented extracts on human fibroblast cell line(CCD986SK) was low as 15%, which was lower than the crude extracts as 16-25%. Tyrosinase activity was inhibited as 20.1% and 26.04% for crude extract and fermented extracts, respectively. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated as fellows: for DPPH radical scavenging, highest activity was observed in fermented extracts as 65.4% at 1mg/ml concentration. For SOD-like test, fermented extracts as 31.9% at 1mg/ml concentration. The total phenol contents in the fermented extracts was increased up to 10 ppm by ultrasonifiction extraction. The result, fells that the bark of Berberis koreana can be considered as a candidate of new functional cosmetic agents by employing the fermentation process.

Enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of ginseng leaf, stem and root for the extraction of active substances such as ginsenoside and oligosaccharide were examined using various enzymes such as Pentopan, Promozyme, Celluclast, Ultraflo, Pectinex, Ceremix, Viscozyme and Tunicase. Ceremix was selected as the best enzyme for the extraction of active substances from ginseng leaf, stem and root in terms of extraction yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-factor interaction model, was applied for statistical experimental design, and the extraction parameters such as Cereminx concentration, pH and temperature were optimized: particle size of raw material of 0.15 ㎜, pH of 5.0-5.5, Ceremix concentration of 1%, the extraction temperature of 55-60℃ and extraction time of 2 hr.

Berberis koreana bark extracts was encapsulated with edible polymers, gelatin or chitosan. The sizes of most nano particles were in the range of 100-300 nm. The nano particle by gelatin showed relatively higher anticancer activities then chitosan nano particles. The cytotoxicity of all the nano-particles on human kidney cell (HEK293) was low as 15% at 1 mg/ml concentration, which was relativity low cytotoxicity. The growth of human lung cancer cells, human stomach cancer cells, human breast cancer cell, human liver cancer cells and human colonicnic carcinoma cancer cells were inhibited as 74.5%, 79.8%, 86,6%, 68.4%, and 80.7% respectively. These inhibition ratios were generally higher than those from crude extracts of Berberis koreana bark. The selectivity was also higher than that of crude extracts. It was found that nano-encapsulation of the extracts crude improve their biological activities possibility due to effective delivery systems.

Seaweeds have been attracted recently as multifunctional foods for maintaining human health. So, this study was carried out to verify the innate and adaptive immune enhancing activity of Ecklonia stolonifera, edible brown seaweeds, water extract (ESWE). ESWE was added to macrophages and splenocytes obtained from Balb/c mice. After then, NO production and TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in macrophages were measured. Cell proliferation and IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in splenocytes were also determined. As a result, it was confirmed that ESWE increased NO produced from activated macrophages for removing invaded bacterial at the concentration of 1-100 μg/mL. Also, pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, levels in macrophages were enhanced when ESWE was added. For splenocytes, ESWE boosted IFN-γ secretion at the concentration of 0.1-100 μg/mL while IL-2 secretion was increased at 0.1 μg/mL only. In addition, it was founded that ESWE considerably stimulated the cell proliferation at all tested concentration. In conclusion, it is considered that ESWE could strengthen both innate and adaptive immunity.

Anticancer activities of Spirulina maxima extracts under three different conditions (EtOH at 80℃, water at 100℃, and ultrasonification at 60℃) were examined. Their extraction yields were 10.3%, 19.8%, and 33.46%, respectively. Cell differentiation of HL-60 cell was greatly accelerated up to 170% in adding 0.5 mg/ml of ultrasonification extracts. On the other hand, EtOH extract showed the lowest differentiation as 125%. It indicates that Spirulina maxima would have anticancer effects by showing the increasing tendency of extinction mechanism. Compared to the control group, B cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) expression from HL-60 was estimated as 96(IOD) in adding the extracts from ultrasonification, which can tell that this extracts would work out inhibity the latter parts of cancer cell transmission. Therefore, the ultrasonification extract of S. maxima can be used as one of anticancer resources after further analysis and purification.

Glutathione S-transferase(GST) and antioxidant activities of Acer mono and Acer okamotoanum were compared after being extracted at 20MPa and 60℃ for 15 minutes with water. All the extracts from Acer mono and Acer okamotoanum showed relatively high scavenging activities. Specifically, bark of Acer okamotoanum extract showed the highest activity as 97.4%. Both of Acer mono and Acer okamotoanum showd high ability on nitrite scavenging, but decreasing tendency according to increasing of pH. Bark of Acer okamotoanum also had high ability as 53.4% of scavenging ability at pH 1.2. On SOD-like test, the wood of Acer okamotoanum was shown the highest activity as 46.2% at 1.0 mg/㎖ concentration. Generally, the bark of both Acer mono and Acer okamotoanum had higher activity than other parts, but interestingly, the wood of Acer okamotoanum showed the highest activity on SOD-like test. GST activation of bark of Acer okamotoanum was observed as 197.3% in adding 1.0 mg/㎖. From these results, the extracts from high pressure extraction have relatively good antioxidant and GST activities, compared to those from other conventional extraction processes. It also concludes that the bark of Acer okamotoanum had better biological activities than other parts of Acer mono.

Immuno-modulatory activities of fresh ginseng could be improved by employing ultrasonification extraction process. Fresh ginseng was extracted at 60℃ with water for 60min, and then treated with ultrasonification at 40 kHz for 15min. From HPLC analysis, amounts of ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rg1, Re, and Rf were increased up to 2-3 times, compared to these from conventional water extraction. The extracts also showed low cytotoxicity on human kidney cell (HEK293) as 15%. For human B and T cell growth, fresh ginseng extracted by ultrasonification process showed the highest cell growth as 9.33ⅹ104 cells/ml and 8.50ⅹ104 cells/ml, respectively, which were increased up to 35% compared to those from conventional extraction process. The secretion of cytokine for IL-6 and TNF-αfrom human T cell were also increased to 8.5ⅹ10-4 pg/ml and 8.3ⅹ10-4 pg/ml, respectively in adding the extracts. Based HPLC peaks comparison between crude extracts and the extracts treated with ultrasonification, ultrasonification process definitely plays an important role in effectively extracting biologically active compounds, which could result in improving immuno-modulatory activities.

This study was to improve immune activities of Acer mono by employing high energy extraction using 40 ㎑ ultrasonific wave at 60℃. The cytotoxicity of all extracts on normal human cell(HEL299) was lower than 20% in adding 1.0 mg/㎖. Especially, the extracts from ultrasonic extraction showed the lowest cytotoxicity as 15% in adding 1.0 mg/㎖. The growth of B cell in adding water extracts were observed as 4.1×104 cells/㎖ and ultrasonification extracts as 5.9×104 cells/㎖. Generally, the growth of human immune B and T cell in adding the ultrasonification extracts was increased up to 40%, compared to those from water extraction. The secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from those cells were also enhanced up to 30~40% by ultrasonification extraction process. As a result of in vivo experiments, IgG levels in the blood was enhanced to 44.2 ng/㎖ in daily feeding of 100 mg/㎖ to ICR mouse, while the water extract secreted IgG level as 29.5 ng/㎖. In conclusion, ultrasonic extraction process could improve its immune activities because of less heat damages during the process.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of enhancing biological activities of fresh ginseng which has no commercial value. Fresh ginseng was extracted under high pressure extraction condition at 80℃ and 120 bar for 20min. On the basis of HPLC analysis, amounts of ginsenosides in fresh ginseng were increased up to 10-30% by High Pressure Extraction (HPE) process, compared to conventional water extraction at 100℃. Quantitatively, amounts of Rh1 and Rg3 which were main protopanaxatriol ginsenosides, were measured as 620.08ppm and 313.97ppm. Rh2, Rg2 and Rf which were protopanaxadiol ginsenosdies group were also increased up to 665.16ppm, 415.21ppm, and 477.34ppm, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on human normal kidney cell, HEK293 was 11.3% which was much lower than those from conventional extraction processes in adding 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of the highest concentration. Human stomach adenocarcinoma and human lung carcinoma cell growth were inhibited up to 80% and 87%, respectively in adding 1.0 mg/ml of extracts. These values were higher 30-40% than those from water extraction at 100℃. It was found that fresh ginseng associated with high pressure extraction process could improve its anticancer activities because the extraction process could generate more active compounds of Rg1, Rg2, Rh1, Rh2, Re, Rf and Rd than those from normal extractions. Some compounds such as Rg1, Rg2, Rh1 and Rh2 were found in the extracts from high pressure process in fresh ginseng