Earticle

This study aims to evaluate color change and morphological changes through light activated bleaching by applying plasma arc to HP and CP. Forty-eight extracted bovine incisors were selected and embedded in the resin blocks. All the specimens were highly polished and discolored with commercial COCK®. High concentration HP and CP with and without plasma arc were used for bleaching. Specimens were bleached for 1 hour per week during 3 weeks. Color and morphological change were determined with colorimeter (TC-8600A), microhardness tester (MXT-a7) and scanning electron microscope (S-4200). All the collected data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA at 0.05 percent significant level. The degree of color changes (ΔE*) in all groups increased as bleaching frequency increased. Microhardness decreased in all groups after bleaching process. The SEM evaluation showed enamel surface change in all groups after tooth bleaching. Office Bleaching using plasma arc as a bleaching agent caused the degree of color change to increase. Office bleaching using the high concentration HP and CP with plasma arc also detract the outer surface of enamel.

This study was aimed recognition on the smoking knowledge and oral health management also people’s belief there of and their oral hygienic behaviors and oral condition. For this study, the researcher sampled each district from province of Korea in department of Dental Hygiene College by 326 students. When analyzed with SPSS (version 12) for frequency analysis, ANOVA, and t-test, the survey shows; 1. Regarding the general characteristics, this study shows that the majority (81.3%) of the smoker is father. they started on smoking at high school (38.7%). and they are need to smoking at drinking (36.4%). 2. The smoking is harmful to health (98.8%) and show statistically meaning difference (p=0.002) in grade. 3. The subjects recognizing the need of school education (81.5%) show no statistically meaning. 4. Over 32.6% of surveyees are interest to snack and over 36.9% of surveyees are favorated to fruit juice. 5. Over 47.7% of surveyees are thinking they maintain to the oral hygiene show no statistically meaning.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among the occupational characteristics of dental health care workers, their health-related behavior, behavioral type A, physical/mental stress and job stress in a bid to improve the collaborative job performance of dental health care workers, to boost a differentiated management of job stress and ultimately to bolster their job satisfaction. The subjects in this study were 244 dental personnels who worked in dental hospitals and clinics in some regions. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. As to connections between occupational characteristics and job stress, the dentists and dental hygienists suffered the most relational conflicts The assistant nurses suffered the most stress with physical environments. The type of occupation made a significant difference to their job stress with job autonomy, job insecurity, organizational system and underpayment. Concerning links between the length of service and job stress, all the groups suffered the most relational conflicts, no matter whether they worked for one or 11 years. The length of service made a significant difference to their job stress with underpayment. 2. As for relationship between health-related characteristics and job stress, the smokers felt the most stress with physical environments, and the nonsmokers faced the most stress with job autonomy. The workers suffered the most relational conflicts, no matter whether they drank or not. And they felt the most relational conflicts as well, no matter whether they exercised or not. Out of the health-related behaviors, whether to smoke made a significant difference to stress with job autonomy, and whether to work out made a significant difference to stress with job autonomy, organizational system and underpayment. 3. Regarding links between behavioral type A and job stress, whether they were of behavioral type A made a significant difference to stress with job requirements and job autonomy. 4. As for the influence of job stress on physical/mental stress, stress with job requirements, job autonomy and underpayment had something to do with physical/mental stress. Heavier stress with those factors led to more physical/mental stress, and physical/mental stress was significantly different according to stress with job autonomy, job insecurity and underpayment (F=4.547, R2=0.119).

Dental examination project is useful to detect dental caries and malocclusion of children early. Its effects are not fully achieved due to lack of active post-examination management. This study evaluated interest of parents of elementary school children on the examination. Its consistency with results sheets and their compliance to recommendation and determined related factors to improve effects of School dental health management project. This study recruited 1,338 parents of first and forth-grade students at two elementary schools located in Busan metropolitan city & Gyeongnam city performing Dental Examination Project in 2009 and investigated results of the examination, the parents’ visited dental clinics of results, whether the students visited dental clinics following results of the examination The parents of first -grade students showed good memory of dental caries and malocclusion and higher consistency for malocclusion. The parents of forth-grade students had higher consistency for dental caries. In addition, when parents had fewer knowledge on dental health, their memory and its consistency with real results were found to be better. Visiting rates of dental clinics according to grade were 74.3% due to dental caries in first-grade students and 51.3% due to malocclusion in forth-grade students. Visiting rate in children with dental caries were 73.3% in family income of over 3 million won and 54.8% in children with malocclusion in family income of less than 3 million won. Lower level of knowledge on dental health of parents was observed to be associated with higher visiting rate. Among students with abndrenl results of the examination, 71.7% of the children with dental caries of parents having same memory with real results visited the hospitals while 65.9% of those of parents having different memory with them did. For malocclusion, 53.3% and 38.5% of the students of parents with same memory and with different memory respectively saw dentists. When parents had few knowledge on dental health, they were considered to follow results of the examination well because they thought them more seriously and gave more attention to them. Moreover, when satisfaction on the project was examined according to income levels, some parents did not show high satisfaction. Therefore, to meet expectation of the parents with low satisfaction as well as parents with low income level and relatively high compliance, School Dental Health Project should be specialized and diversified to become an essential medical service of school health.

Background: Influenza continues to affect a large number of people resulting in many deaths throughout the world. Method: This study explores the perceived level of pandemic influenza and the frequency of exposure to infectious agents and infection control practices among the hygienists. This research was based on self-filling servey which 128 dental hygienists in dental clinic and dental hospital on October 2009. For the data analysis, an SPSS WIN 11.5 program was used and its signification level was 0.05. Data analysis were perform by comparing the difference of answer rate between each variable through analyzing frequency and One-way ANOVA, Chi-Square Tests about independent variable with general characteristics and dependent variable with questionnaire contents. Result: 1. There was significant difference in there perceived level pandemic influenza to experience of education on pandemic influenza prevention according to general characteristics. 2. The career, experience of education factors infection control and experience of education on pandemic influenza prevention related to organization showed significant correlation (p<0.05). 3. There was significant difference in there practice about sterilization and disinfection of dental instrument depending upon the respondent’ career (p<0.05). 4. There was significant difference to were gloves and a mask according to workplace (p<0.05). 5. There was significant difference in the time to change the gown according to experience of education factors infection control (p<0.05). 6. There was significant difference in time to change there apron according to experience of education on pandemic influenza prevention (p<0.05).

The self-reported questionnaire research was carried out from September 1, 2008 to October 31 targeting juniors for department of clinical pathology, department of radiation, department of dental technology, department of dental hygiene, department of physical therapy, and department of occupational therapy, which are the departments of training medical technicians in the health division of D university. As a result of surveying recognition of course of study according to major academic department, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. Students in 48.1% responded it to be proper to the currently educational period in the major academic department. However, even the opinion as saying of being short was indicated to be 44.9%. In the question about necessity for a change in the currently 3-year curriculum, the opinion as saying of being necessary for extension was the highest with 44.7%. There was significant difference according to academic department (p<0.001). 2. As for a reason for thinking that the extension in the course of study is necessary, the security of enough clinical practice time was indicated to be 45.9%. The biggest reason for requiring the course of study specially in more than 4 years was indicated to be 46.6% for being available for high-quality employment, and 21.3% for being easy for entering graduate school. There was significant difference according to academic department (p<0.001). 3. To the question about whether the stature of junior college will get higher given a rise in the course of study, 72.4% responded as saying of being probably so. In the vacational-education field given extension in the course of study, 70.4% was indicated to be likely to get higher in competitive edge. 4. In the response to the most proper educational period in the academic department, it was indicated to be 49.0% for 4-year system and 36.7% for 3-year system. There was significant difference according to academic department (p<0.001). 5. The opinion as saying that the successful opening and operation of the major in-depth course in the bachelor’s degree have influence upon autonomy of the course of study in junior college was indicated to be 62.6%. The opinion as saying of having intention of considering positively or affirmatively given being possible for the opening of the major in-depth course was indicated to be 61.6%.

Objectives: Dental hygienists learn new knowledge and technologies on their work via continuing education and improve their qualifications as the people who are engaged in the professional job. Hence, I intend to understand the continuing education situation and satisfaction of the dental hygienists in Busan region and provide the basic material which contributes to the development of the continuing education of the dental hygienists. Methods: I conducted a self-administered question survey of the target subjects. That is, I visited the subjects in person, explained the purport of the survey to those subject and then asked them to directly write the answer the questions in the questionnaire. I analyzed the questionnaires collected by using a SPSS/PC program and the difference of significance depending on the group of the subjects was tested by Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability test. I set the level of the statistical significance at α=0.05. Results: Among the subjects, the population aged 20～29 took a lion’s share with 86.7% (or 215 persons) and in working place, dental clinic accounted for 58.9%, showing the highest figure. In employment period, dental hygienists who were working for less than 3 years took the highest portion at 74% (or 181 persons). In the question of asking the number of participating in the continuing education for the recent 3 years, 58.5% of the total respondents said that they participated once or twice, taking the highest portion and the ratio of the persons who had participated in continuing education was 2.0%. And the ratio of the persons who had never participated was 12.5%. With regard to the reason of participating in continuing education, “necessity of re-education and acquiring new knowledge” accounted for the highest portion at 29.8% (or 74 persons), followed by “information education” with 22.2% (or 55 persons). In the non-participation reason, 31.5% of the respondents answered that they did not participate for “personal reason,” taking the highest. Followed by “a shortage of the promotion of continuing education” with 29.8% and “no necessity” with 17.3%. In satisfaction of continuing education, 94.4% of the subjects was satisfied with an education place, showing the highest figure. The satisfaction of education fee was 64.5% and the satisfaction for education content showed 91.1%, being a very high ratio. In the necessity of improvement, “keeping the current situation” accounted for 73.8%, taking a high figure. Conclusions: The study showed that most of the dental hygienists who were then receiving continuing education were very satisfied with the education and wanted to acquire new technologies or knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge and practice of infection control among dental hygiene students in an attempt to find out their awareness and practice of infection control and help improve infection control education. The subjects in this study were 283 dental hygiene students in two different colleges in Seoul. A self-administered survey was conducted from March 2 to 8, 2009, and the collected data were analyzed with a SPSS 12.0 program. The level of significance was set at a=0.05. The major findings of the study were as follows: 1. The juniors found themselves healthier than the sophomores, and academic year made a statistically significant difference to that (p=0.0277). 2. As for infection control education experiences, the students had more experiences to receive that education with academic year (p<0.001), and the place where they received that education differed with academic year. Many of the sophomores received that education in other classes, and the juniors learned about that as one of separate courses. The gap between them was statistically significant (p<0.001), and academic year made a statistically significant difference to the reason why they received that education (p<0.001). 3. The students felt a higher need for infection control education with academic year (p=0.0143). 4. 76.6 percent of the sophomores and 76 percent of the juniors were advised by their colleges or professors to be vaccinated against contagious diseases. The disease which they were most widely vaccinated against was hepatitis type B, followed by the influenza, the measles, varicella, tuberculosis and rubella. 5. Concerning what to do to prevent infection, the students attached the most importance to hand washing (p=0.0047), followed by wearing protective devices (p=0.0006), infection control education (p=0.0052), more powerful law of infection control (p=0.0099), vaccination against contagious diseases (p=0.0264), and raising awareness of the importance of infection control (p=0.0277). They took a statistically significantly different view of the importance of those things. 6. The students had more experiences to be injured by infectious wastes with academic year, and academic year made a broad statistically significant difference to that (p=0.0028). And they treated the wound in a significantly different manner according to academic year (p=0.0024). 7. Hand washing got more prevailing with academic year (p=0.0364). In order to boost the knowledge and practice of dental hygiene students, more practical and authentic infection control education and the development of a variety of practice programs are required. Students should keep learning about infection control, and their infection control practice should be checked on a regular basis. In addition, their knowledge should be assessed to provide differentiated infection control education in consideration of academic year.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine factors affecting the knowledge of dental hygienists on the elderly and their attitude toward them in a bid to assist dental hygienists to have systematic knowledge of the elderly and take a more positive attitude. And it’s also meant to pave the way for the development of efficient senior dental hygiene education programs. Methods: The subjects in this study were every dental hygienist who worked in randomly selected dental clinics in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province. A survey was conducted in person with structured questionnaires after the necessity and purpose of the study were explained. After 300 questionnaires were handed out, the answer sheets from 290 dental hygienists were gathered, and 284 answer sheets were analyzed except six incomplete ones. Results: As for the relationship of the demographic characteristics of the dental hygienists and their experiences related to the elderly to knowledge about the elderly, the dental hygienists who had ever offered dental hygiene instruction to elderly people (p=0.049), who had ever dwelled with elderly people under the same roof (p=0.012) and who had ever done volunteer work in behalf of elderly people (p=0.020) had more knowledge about the elderly. Concerning the relationship of their demographic characteristics and experiences related to the elderly to their attitude, the older dental hygienists (p=0.046) took a better attitude. Conclusion: In conclusion, the dental hygienists didn't have a sufficient knowledge on the elderly and just took a neutral attitude toward them, but their attitude could be said to be unfavorable. Therefore theoretical and practical education should be provided in response to their needs for senior dental hygiene education in order for them to be better knowledgeable about the elderly and take a more positive attitude toward them.

Objectives: This study was conducted to know obstacle factors of students who study E-Learning in college and important factors of influencing E-learning. 201 students were participated. Methods: This study performed a survey on such an issue from March 2 to March 6, 2009 for 201 students who studied at college in Daegu. The obtained results were as follows; Results: 1. Positive perception of E-Learning is 45.3% (the highest) and negative one was 9.5% (low). 2. Important factors of E-Learning were learning contents which was 45.7% (the highest) and learning cost was 2.5% (the lowest). Obstacle factor of E-Learning was interaction with the professor which was 50.2% (the highest). 3. In relation between students types and perception of E-Learning, the more number of web surfing, the higher points of positive perception of E-Learning was resulted and statistically related (p<0.001). 4. In correlation of E-Learning, Perception of E-Learning was related positively to understanding of the lesson and web surfing numbers per week was correlated positively to average surfing time and amount per day and statistically related (p<0.01). Conclusion: By the above results, the most important factors of E-Learning was learning contents (45.7%) and obstacles of E-Learning was interaction with the professor which was 50.2% (The highest). The more number of web surfing per week, the higher perception of E-Learning was resulted and statistically related (p<0.001).

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the drinking of college students to their dietary habits and toothbrushing behavior in some areas. It’s specifically meant to investigate the dietary habits, snack intake, toothbrushing method and toothbrushing frequency of college students and their length of toothbrush use in a bid to suggest some of the right directions for dietary habits and dietary control and facilitate research efforts about the right toothbrushing and oral care. The subjects in this study were 246 students in some regions, on whom a survey was conducted. The collected data were analyzed with a SPSS 10.0 program. 58.5 percent of the students investigated had meals irregularly (p<.01), and 50 percent occasionally ate between meals. As for a favorite type of snack, 39 percent had a liking for crackers or biscuits. Regarding toothbrushing method, the largest group that accounted for 28 percent used a rolling method or rub method. As to the average length of toothbrushing, 51.2 percent spent less than three minutes (p<.05).