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The color, shade and appearance of natural teeth and oral structures are a complex phenomenon, with many factors such as lighting conditions, light scattering translucency, opacity, gloss and the human eye and brain influencing the overall perception of tooth color. In clinical practice and research, measurements of the color of natural tooth, gingiva, restorative craniofacial and dental materials are important and applicable to many field. The application of color science in dentistry has enabled the measurement of tooth color in an objective way, with the most common color space in current use being CIE Lab system. This article will provide the color science pertinent to teeth and adjacent structure and measurement with geometrical aspects of measuring systems. Also, the article includes the color difference and perception aspects of tooth color together with a review of the range of tooth color measured in different populations.

As the population who visits dental clinics to improve revision of abrasion and function due to malocclusion is increasing and interests in orthodontic treatment are also increasing, this study aims at understanding the elements which prevent the selection of orthodontic treatment time and the orthodontic patients want to resolve and using them as basic materials which is necessary for orthodontic patients. The research adopted 353 patients and their guardians whovisited orthodontic specialty dental clinics and a survey was made June 21, 2010 to July 16 by self-filling in method. 1. Per start time of straightening and sex element, 50.8% men and 60.1% women started at the age of 20~29 years, which showed statistical significance (χ2=21.222, p<.01). 2. Per job element, students were most and it was public servants, professions and office workers in order, which showed statistical difference (χ2=291.510, p<.001). 3. Per education background, undergraduate students were most and the next was adults who graduated universities (χ2=290.973, p<.001). 4. Per Tooth arrangement and start time, “Bad” was mostly recognized and 20~29 years old adults were most high by taking 47.2% weight (χ2=86.395, p<.001). ‘Crooked Teeth (Dense Growth)’ was most in start time of treatment and the 20~29 years old adult category was 60.3% to be highest. 5. ‘Normal’ was answered mostly in recognition of necessity of orthodontic treatment and start time of orthodontic treatment and ‘Necessary’ was next, which was shown at the result of adults who started treatment 20~29 years old and showed statistically significant difference ( χ2=123.348, p<.001). 6. ‘Bad tooth arrangement’ was mostly answered per motivations and start time of orthodontic treatment. The start time of orthodontic treatment was most in 20~29 years old adults with 62.6% weight to show to show statistically significant difference (χ2=107.638, p<.001). 7. ‘Expensive’ was mostly chosen and 51.2% in 20~29 years old adults to show statistically significant difference (χ2=26.107, p<.05). 8. ‘Satisfactory’ was most in satisfaction and start time of orthodontic treatment and the category of 20~29 year band was highest with 63.7% weight to show statistically significant difference (χ2=26.107, p<.01).

The current degree of perception and practice of the oral health for Elementary-school students had been surveyed as a part of trying to administer the oral health in the light of an experience of the oral health education and a degree of concern. Questionnaire survey in twice and the oral health education were executed for totally 123 persons by using a formal questionnaire in June of 2010 for Elementary-school students in Cheongsong gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. 1. The oral cavity health perception was had ever received education experience Students education got better scores. It showed a subtle difference statistically (p<0.05). 2. In a degree of diet control perception of the subjects after the oral health education, the Carbonic acid beverage maleficence was 3.65 point, the cariogenic food was 3.69, the Detergent food was 3.61. They showed enormously high results. The relatively high results appeared after the oral health education had been done (p<0.05). 3. In a degree of perception of the subjects after the oral health education, the permanent teeth eruption time was 3.12 point, the permanent teeth total number was 3.29, the tongue brushing was 3.47, the toothbrushing frequency was 3.22 and the regular check-up was 3.51. It showed a subtle difference statistically (p<0.05). 4. In a variation of a practicing degree after the oral health education had been done, a practicing degree of brushing time was 3.02, that of using rotation method was 3.29, that of a regular check-up was 2.31, It showed a subtle difference statistically (p<0.05). In a variation of a diet control practicing degree after the oral health education had been done, it was not subtle statistically (p>0.05).

이 연구는 청소년을 대상으로 치아를 포함한 구강악안면 외상의 경험과 원인에 대하여 객관적으로 알아보고자 조사되었다. 본 연구는 대표성과 신뢰성이 확보된 국민구강건강실태조사의 자료를 바탕으로 조사되고 분석되었다. 대상자는 총 18,093명으로 나이, 지역, 성별에 따라 조사되었다. 조사대상자가 전체 청소년을 대표할 수 있도록 표본추출지역을 선정하여 2단계 층화추출법을 이용하여 추출되었다. 조사팀은 대상자의 학교에 직접 찾아가서 대상자가 직접 설문지를 작성하도록 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 아래와 같다. 첫째, 대상자의 18.19%는 구강악안면의 외상경험이 있었다. 나이와 거주 지역의 크기에 따라 외상경험이 증가하였다. 또한 남성이 여성보다 외상경험이 더 많았다. 둘째, 외상의 주요한 원인은 낙상이었고, 두 번째 이유는 운동으로 인한 것이었다. 나이나 거주 지역의 크기에 따른 외상원인은 크게 다르지 않았다. 그러나 여성과 달리 남성의 주요 외상원인은 넘어짐이 아니라 운동으로 인한 것이었다. 이 연구의 결과를 참고한다면, 구강악안면 외상을 예방하기 위한 외상의 경험과 원인을 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 구강악안면 외상과 관하여 연구하기 위한 기초적인 자료가 될 것이라고 생각된다.

This study has surveyed to made an objective observation about experience and cause of oral and maxillofacial traumatic injury which included the tooth for Korean adolescent. This study has investigated and analyzed, based on the representative and reliable data of Korea national oral health survey in 2010. Total 18,093 subjects were surveyed by age, by region, and by sex. For represent those, the two stage stratified sampling method was used. The survey team had visited the school of the subjects, and those filled in self-questionnaire. The results were as follows: In the first, 18.19% of the subject was experienced oral and maxillofacial trauma. The experience of maxillofacial trauma by age was generally increased, and by region's size. Also the male was experienced more than the female. Secondly, the primary cause of trauma was fell-down, and the next it was sport or playing. The cause of maxillofacial trauma by age and region didn't change clearly. But the unlike female, the major cause of trauma was sport or playing. The results of this study could help to understand the traumatic experience and cause of oral and maxillofacial region in oder to prevention of maxillofacial trauma. Also this study could provide fundamental data for any related researcher.

This study came to be carried out in order to rightly deliver knowledge and to promote a change into positive recognition in relation to the adjusted water fluoridation program, which is operated for improving people's oral health. Questionnaire survey was carried out targeting 788 students for the department of dental hygiene at 5 universities where are located in Busan Metropolitan City, Ulsan Metropolitan City, and Masan in Gyeongsangnam-do Province from April 26, 2010 to May 4. Data analysis was performed descriptive statistical analysis and Pearson's chi-square test by using SPSS-PC Program 12.0. The significant level was indicated in the level of p<0.05. 1. The awareness level of water fluoridation program stood at 301 people (99.3%) for region with water fluoridation program and 410 people (84.5%) for region without water fluoridation program, thereby having been indicated to be higher in region with water fluoridation program (p=0.008). 2. The awareness rate of right objective was indicated to be higher (p<0.001) in region with water fluoridation program with 299 people (98.7%). 3. A method of deciding on operating the water fluoridation program was indicated to be high (p=0.002) in 'being decided by the Ministry of Health & Welfare' in both region with water fluoridation program and region without water fluoridation program. 4. The awareness rate of safety on the water fluoridation program was indicated to be high (p<0.001) in region with water fluoridation program with 96 people (31.7%) as for 'being likely to be very right.' It can be known that undergraduates for the department of dental hygiene who dwell in region with operation of water fluoridation program have high recognition and knowledge related to the water fluoridation program. Accordingly, it is considered that there is a need of general education on objective, safety and effect of water fluoridation program.

The purpose of this study is to examine the attitude and perspectives on the department and the curriculum of Dental Hygienics Department held by some of the students of the said department as well as their awareness on the career prospects. The summarized result of the study relevant to the purpose of the study is as follows; Firstly as for the preference to the dental hygienics major shown in the application priority when the students first applied for the admission into the department, first priority was 50.9%, which was the largest. The majority of students, 55.6%, also answered that they chose dental hygienics major because it seemed more likely that they could find a job opportunity. Concerning the level of the background knowledge on the department, 39.9% of the students answered they did a little of background knowledge, followed by 25.0% who answered they are totally clueless on what the major was all about. Secondly, as for the satisfaction level for their major, 72.2% answered satisfactory. The reason why some of the students were not satisfied appeared, as shown in the survey, that the student had low aptitude for the major, which accounted for 10.7% of the answers, or that the content of the courses were too difficult, which was given by 4.9%. To the question whether they would recommend dental hygienics major to people they know, 72.6% answered that they would not. As for the question asking the intent to change the major, 90.0% answered that they would not change the major, while the remaining 10% answered they would. Thirdly 93.2% of the students appeared to hope to get a job as a dental hygienist, while 6.3% answered they would not. For the reason why they wanted a job as a dental hygienist, 42.2% answered the economic consideration, while 29.1% answered the possibility of career development. As for the location of practice, 64.2% chose urban area, while 23.8% answered they hoped to find a job in small or medium sized cities. In case of the type of institute they wished to work for, 41.9% answered they hoped to work in a general hospital, followed by a dental clinic, which accounted for 24.2%, and public health care center (15.8%.) Fourth, the level of preference to the department appeared to be high, with 50.9% of the students answered that they applied for the major as the first priority, followed by second priority application (25.2%). 21.0% said the major was not that they wanted, with 2.9% answered ‘other.’ The age had a statistically significant difference. The interviewees aged between 26 and 30 had the highest ratio of first priority, which was 68.2%. Fifth, for the reason for application to the current major, 55.6% answered that it would be easier to find a job after graduation, followed by ‘by the recommendation from others.’ (20.9%) This also had a statistically significant tendency. For all of the first year, second year, and third year students, the main reason for choosing the current major was that the major was promising in terms of the opportunities to find a job, followed by ‘by the recommendation from others.’ Sixth, by the age group, 31~35 years old group had the highest level of satisfaction, which was 4.50, followed by 26~30 (3.73), 20 or below (3.23), and 36 or above (3.00), which showed statistical significance for the difference. By the grades, the first year students were 3.27, second year 3.13, and the third year 3.17. But, the grade did not involve a statistically significant difference. For those who waited for another year after graduating high school to get into the colleges had a statistically significant difference and the satisfaction level was higher when they took longer to get into the college. Seventh, on the awareness of the social status of the dental hygienists, by the school year, third year students were 1.88, first year students were 1.87, and second year students were 1.75. The differences were statistically significant. The application priority also turned out that the first priority was 1.91, second priority 1.80, others 1.73. Those who answered the current major were not what they applied for was 1.67. The difference here was statistically significant. Eighth, as for the preferred type of the institute to work for by the general characteristics and the priority of the major during the time of the application for admission, 44.9% answered that they preferred a general hospital, followed by the dental clinics (26.0%.) There was no statistically significant difference by the age. For those aged 20 or below, the dental department in a general hospital was the most preferred. Also, in the age group from 21 to 25, the dental department in a general hospital was 41.6%. The age group from 26 to 30 showed a 30% ratio of the preference for the general hospital. The age group from 31 to 35, 50% answered private dental clinics, while the remaining 50% answered the dental hygiene centers in school.

The purpose of this study is to find out the awareness on oral hygiene by the adult population in Busan. For this purpose a survey to examine the method of brushing their teeth, the frequency of brushing, the frequency of eating snacks and the types thereof, presence of smoking or drinking behaviors, etc. It is the intent of this study to contribute to the enhancement of the awareness and knowledge on oral hygiene held by the adults. Firstly, as for the oral health, the average satisfaction level was 2.54, which was below average. By the age groups and the current oral health conditions, the differences shown among the sub groups were statistically significant. The group aged from 40 to 45 (M=2.83) had a higher level of satisfaction on their systematic health compared to other groups such as 50~55 (M=2.48) and 46~49 years old group (M=2.47) (F=2.715, p<.05) By the professions, the office workers (M=2.84) had the highest satisfaction level, followed by the unemployed or house wives (M=2.64) (F=2.270, p<.05) Secondly, as for the smoking habits, 74.8% (237 interviewees) answered ‘Never.’ In terms of drinking behavior, 51.1% (162 interviewees) answered they drink ‘occasionally.’ The frequency of eating snacks appeared to be ‘once a day’ with the largest portion of the subject groups, 164 interviewees (51.7%) It was also revealed that the females had a higher tendency of eating snacks then males. Thirdly, the frequency of the brushing was, for the majority of the subjects, ‘twice a day – once in the morning and once in the evening,’ given by 141 interviewees (44.5%) The differences by gender, educational backgrounds, profession, and the age group were statistically significant. In case of the females, they appeared to have a tendency of more frequent brushing. In terms of the ages, people tended to brush their teeth less as they get older. It appeared that the higher education level lead to more frequent brushing of their teeth, as well. As for the question when the people visited a dentist for treatment, most of the interviewees, 240 of them, answered that the see a dentist when ‘they feel a pain or discomfort in the teeth.’ (75.7%) It was followed by ‘when they discovered a cavity,’ showing that most of the people visited a dentist when they feel a pain or discover a cavity in their teeth. For the reason why they feel intimidated by the dental treatment, 87 (38.5%) pointed to the economic burden of the treatment. This tendency had statistically significant differences by gender and age subgroups. In case of the males, economic burden seemed to be of high importance, with the same tendency in the female group. Thus, it is envisaged that it is necessary to remind the males of the importance of the dental treatment, while for the female it would be more important to help them overcome the fear of dental treatment.

A survey was conducted after clinical practice among 150 dental hygiene students at colleges in North Jeolla Province to determine the state of the practice and their satisfaction in 2008, consequently obtaining the following results. 1. 37.3% of the respondents were relatively satisfied, 28.0% were average, 19.3% were relatively dissatisfied, 10.0% were very satisfied, and 5.3% were very dissatisfied with their department. 2. Clinical practice was primarily evaluated by dental hygienists (78.7%), followed by dentists (12.7%), and nurse assistants (8.7%) were in charge of clinical practice for dental hygiene students. 3. As for the help of clinical practice to their major, it was average for 42.7% of the respondents, somewhat helpful for 28.0%, very helpful for 15.3%, not very helpful for 11.3%, and of no help for 2.7%. 4. As for their satisfaction with clinical practice institutions, they gave 3.09 points for acquisition of clinical techniques and clinical leaders' concerns, 2.91 for acquisition of theoretical knowledge and practice hours, and 2.86 for clinical leaders' educational style. 5. As for the frequency of performance for clinical practice, they gave 4.00 points for arrangement and cleaning before and after treatment and 3.94 for apparatus cleansing and sterilization. As for the infrequency of practice, they gave 2.33 for patient reception and 2.03 for brushing instruction. Saliva ejection (3.64) was most frequently practiced, followed by endodontic treatment (3.63), filling (3.46), and cement mixing (3.29). On the basis of these results, it is necessary to give technical education and set a definite goal for practice focusing on oral health education as well as training by oral health experts and treatment assistance with the objective of allowing dental hygiene students to make efficient practice.

The purpose of this study was to compare the oral health conditions & behaviors, the necessity of oral health education, and the health behaviors between dental hygiene students and health-unrelated students. Questionnaire survey was carried out targeting 177 students in Jeonbuk region. As a result of comparative analysis, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. The oral health condition was indicated that dental hygiene students (35.6%) and health-unrelated students (37.8%) are recognizing it to be healthy and that dental hygiene students (81.6%) show an interest in oral health compared to health-unrelated students (58.9%). 2. The characteristic related to oral health was 3 times in the averagely toothbrushing frequency per one day. Thus, dental hygiene students (50.6%) were higher than health-unrelated students (42.2%). The toothbrushing time was indicated to be high in response as saying of 'after having a meal' for both departments. 3. As for the daily light-meal intake frequency and a handling method, two departments were large in about 1~2 times and toothbrushing. However, it was indicated to have been rather higher in a case of no oral care after taking a light meal. 4. As for a path of acquiring knowledge on oral health, the dental hygiene students (72.4%) through school instruction and the health-unrelated students (42.2%) through mass media were indicated to have acquired information. 5. As for necessity of oral health education, ‘very necessary’ was higher in health-related (46.0%) students than health-unrelated (16.7%) students. What is thought to be most important for oral health was responded by majority as saying of ‘toothbrushing.’ The next was indicated to be regular ‘visit to dental clinic’ and ‘oral health education.’ 6. As for the oral health knowledge level, the difference in knowledge level by item was indicated to be higher in dental hygiene students than health-related students. Oral health behavior level wasn't shown difference between two departments. 7. Oral health education and knowledge level was indicated to be r=0.275, p<0.01. Statistically significant correlation (r=0.554, p<0.01) was indicated in the oral health education and behavior. Even in the oral health knowledge and behavior, the statistically significant correlation was indicated (r=0.178, p<0.05). Based on these results, there was considerable difference in oral health behavior and oral health knowledge level between health-related students and health-unrelated students. Therefore, it is considered that oral health recognition will need to be enhanced through a program available for efficiently managing oral health education and oral health in line with health-unrelated students.