Earticle

The research objective of this study is to derive the standards for efficient development and the conservation level for the eco-friendly development and the demarcation of forestland among the rural areas. The problems of the classification were discussed through the literature review. To solve the problems, the evaluation criteria were suggested through the Delphi survey and the AHP method. The result of this study showed that the classification criteria for forestland have not been developed from the past framework. Moreover, the classification of the zoning among the rural areas is affected by the distinction between reverse forestland and semi-reserve forestland according to ｢Forest law｣ in 1985. As a result of the Delphi and AHP survey, the derived items for the evaluation of the conservation level and the efficient development were significantly different from the evaluation indexes for the land suitability assessment and the classification criteria of the forestland under the ｢Forest Land Management Law｣. The necessity of reorganizing the classification system for the zoning in the rural areas is brought up as a significant topic by presenting the current issues on classification for the forestland through the legislation analysis. Finally, the evaluation standards from the statistics will contribute to the improvement of eco-friendly standards for developing the forestland and the classification of the zoning in the rural areas.

The land regulation be classified into three categories in Korea. This research focuses on analyzing the effects of land-use regulation on land price and the change of land price. it is found that the zoning regulation on land have negative or positive effects on land price in the empirical analysis. Especially, the land-use regulation in agricultural land and forest land have greatly effects on building density. This result shows that regulation policy has large impacts on the real estate value.

The Rosario plan(Transit-Oriented Development, TOD) in Seoul was proposed in the 1980s before the concept of TOD was implemented in the United States and Japan and was intended to solve complex urban problems through upzoning. Upzoning in the station’s sphere of influence has existed since the mid-1990s, yet upzoning has been contested in that critics claim it somewhat hindered new development. In Seoul, upzoning has been considered as the act of changing land into a commercial or semi-residential zone according to the urban master plan, while its purpose is to create a highly dense station’s sphere of influence by allowing a drastic FAR(Floor Area Ratio) change than in other areas. By performing a one-way ANOVA and regression analysis on the FAR and its rate of change, this paper concludes that the upzoned areas had a higher FAR and a higher rate of change than areas that have not been upzoned. This study empirically proved the effects of all of upzoning cases on the FAR in Seoul for the first time and confirmed the long-term effects of urban planning. It is expected that future studies can further advance the analysis of the real impacts on the “high-density complex in the station’s sphere of influence” - the purpose of the Rosario plan by performing an additional analysis including the “use” of buildings.

Throughout the process of modernization around the world, architectural and urban planning of most of cities has been planned on the basis of quantitative expansion. Therefore, it has obvious limitations in terms of mass production of uniform cityscape that does not reflect regional personality. In order to improve the disadvantages of the existing urban planning and zoning system, the newly proposed〝Form-Based Codes〞are based on the characteristics of the buildings and the space that reflect the regional characteristics. It is presented as an alternative to offset the shortcomings of the plan and is being introduced in many cities overseas. In this study, the Transit Zoning Code of Santa Ana City, which was established on the basis of Form-Based Codes, was analyzed based on the urban criteria that directly affect the composition of the building and the scale of street space, size, and height of the building, and it will suggest implications for the development of a urban space in many cities in Korea.

서울시 빗물받이에 투기되고 있는 국내산 및 국외산 담배꽁초 종류별 발견비율과 담배꽁초에서 용출되는 nitrosamines 종류별 농 도를 용도지역별로 알아보았으며, Monte-Carlo simulation을 통해 섞여있는 담배꽁초에서 용출되는 NDMA 농도를 예측하였다. 연 구결과 Monte-Carlo simulation을 통한 혼합 담배에서의 NDMA 예측결과 평균 12.5 ng/L를 나타내었으며, 신뢰구간 95%에서 10.5~14.8 ng/L, 불확도를 고려하였을 시 10.1~15.3 ng/L을 나타내었다. Monte-Carlo simulation 예측결과에 대한 민감도 분석 결과 국외산 M과 국내산 E가 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 한편 단독주거지역에서는 국내산 R과 E가 가장 많이 발견되는 것으로 나타났으며, 연립주거지역은 국내산 R과 국외산 DH이 많이 발견되는 것으로 나타났다. 상업지역 중 상업 일반지역은 국외산 M, MB, 상업중심지역은 국내산 E, 국외산 M, 근린상업지역은 국내산 E, 국외산 DH가 많이 발견되는 것으로 나타났다. 공업지역은 국내산 E와 R이 많이 발견되는 것으로 나타났다. 담배꽁초에서 용출되는 ntrosamines 종류별 농도 분석 결과 주거지역은 NMOR과 NDPA가 높은 농도로 검출되었으며, 상업지역은 NMOR과 NDMA가 높은 농도로 검출되었다. 공업지역은 NMOR과 NDMA가 높은 농도로 검출되었다. Monte-Carlo simulation을 통한 예측값과 용도지역별 NDMA 실측값을 비교한 결과 50% 유사성을 나타내었으 며, 이를 통해 향후 정확한 nitrosamines 종류별 예측을 위해 nitrosamines 생성에 영향을 미치는 영향 인자에 대해 예측을 위한 연구 가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we evaluated the discarded rate of domestic and foreign cigarette butt in great inlet, nitrosamines concentration of mixed cigarette butts and predicted NDMA from mixed cigarette butts using Monte-Carlo simulation. According to the results, prediction of NDMA from mixed cigarette butts through Monte-Carlo simulation was 12.5 ng/L of NDMA and the concentration range was 10.5~14.8 ng/L in 95% confidence interval. Besides the range of the predicted values was expanded to 10.1~15.3 ng/L with considering of uncertainty. From the sensitivity result, foreign cigarette butt M and domestic cigarette E were the most influenceable component to mixed tobacco. Meanwhile domesitc cigarettes, R and E were abundantly found in housng area but R and DH were observed mostly in appartment area. Among the cases of commercial zone, cigarette butts were found mostly in general commecial area (M and MB), central commercial area (E, M) and neighbourhood commercial area (E, DH). In the case of manufacturing area, E and R were discovered abundantly. According to the analytical results of nitrosamines leaching concentration, NMOR and NDPA were found the highest compound in residental area, in the case of commecial area, NMOR and NDMA were found mostly. NMOR and NDMA were also detected highly in manufacturing area. Comparing the results of NDMA prediction through Monte-Carlo simulation with estimated NDMA value from zoning, 50% similarity was figured out. From this result, estimation research has to be operated related to precusor in the future.

Police station is a one of the governmental organizations to keep the citizen’s daily life safe and convenient. It should be designed to provide convenience for the citizen and reflect policemen’ requirements. From old stations which were built over 30 years ago to today’s ones, however, they have little reflection of the user’s requirements. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the circulation pattern or spatial organization at police station building and to reflect the design requirements into other police building design. This paper conducted a survey on the existing police station buildings to examine he circulation pattern and spatial organization, aiming to propose proper planning guidelines. Results of this study are found as follows: First, the spatial organizations are divided into a civil affairs agency, investigation and information agency, police administration and woman areas. Second, the civil affairs agency is located near road or parking lots for easy approach. Third, the investigation and information part needs collective zoning plan into work similarities. Fourth, it is important to keep the citizen access away and to plan separate area in the site or building for the safety and security part. Finally, the police administration area is close to the office of the chief police and the meeting room because the chief officer needs to meet the police administrator or discuss the other citizens at any time.

본 연구는 도시공간에 있어서 한정된 토지의 효율적 활용과 개발밀도의 안배라는 용적률 규제제도의 기능과 역할에 주목하여, 부산시의 주거지역을 대상으로 실증분석을 통해 용적률 현황을 분석하고 지역적 공간특성의 도출을 도모함으로써 용적률의 제도적 문제점을 진단하는 한편 이를 토대로 현행 용적률 규제제도의 개선방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구 대상지인 부산시의 경우 전용주거지역은 전체 주거지역 면적의 0.1%에도 미치지 못하고 있는 실정이어서 전용주거지역을 제외한 일반주거지역과 준주거지역을 대상으로 하였다. 또한 본 연구의 수행에 있어 자료의 구득 및 연구의 시간적ㆍ내용적 한계로 인하여 제2종일반주거지역이 가장 넓은 해운대구와 준주거지역 면적이 가장 넓은 동래구를 연구의 대상지로 선정하였다. 주거지역 세분화에 따른 공간특성을 분석하기 위하여 먼저 한국토지정보시스템(KLIS)을 이용하여 용적률 현황을 분석하였으며, 용적률의 군집과 공간적 경계불균형이라는 공간특성을 분석하기 위하여 통계적 분석기법의 추론적 오류를 최소화하고 국지적 수준에서의 공간적 상관구조를 분석할 수 있는 국지적 공간연관성지표(LISA: Local Indicator of Spatial Association) 중 Getis-Ord Gi*와 Anselin의 Local Moran's Ⅰ방법을 본 연구에서 활용하였다. 두 개 구의 주거지역을 대상으로 한 용적률 군집지역 분석의 결과는 주거지역의 종별 밀도허용의 고저와 현황 용적률이 비교적 상관성이 있게 나타나고 있음을 실증적으로 보여주고 있고,제3종일반주거지역과 준주거지역 모두 공간적 경계불균형지역의 50%가 경계지역에서 발생하는 것과 비교하여 제2종일반주거지역은 61%가 경계지역에서 공간적 경계불균형이 존재하고 있었다. 이처럼 용도지역 경계부분에서 불균형지역이 나타나는 현상은 양호한 거주환경의 조성과 용도지역별 위계적 인접성 유지라는 목적이 제대로 반영되지 못함에 기인한 것으로 사료된다. 종세분화를 위한 합리적인 기준의 재정립을 통해 도시관리계획재정비 차원에서 세분화된 용도지역의 재편과 함께 허용용적률의 세분화 방안도 검토해 볼 필요가 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to propose the improvement of the classified residential zoning. For this study, residential zones in Dongrae-gu and Haeundae-gu, Busan Metropolitan City were sampled. KLIS(the Korea Land Information System) and LISA(Local Indicator of Spatial Association) were used to recognize the conditions of Floor Area Ratio and to analysis the special characteristic in the residental zones. The classified residential zoning, which are serve to improve the living environment, is controlled in terms of floor area ratio. The development density such as floor area ratio must be adjusted to an appropriate level. If the density is too low, there will be the problems such as inefficient uses of land. While if the density is too high, there will be traffic problems and the lack of public convenience facilities. Both of them will eventually lead to damage to the living environment. Classified Zoning Control in residential zone appropriate to the level of current development density in Busan was investigated. So It is recognized that the residential zones are required to make a readjustment. It is expected that the findings of this study can be used as reference material for the readjustment of classified residential zoning in Busan.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the public open space incentive zoning according to survey in site and interview on expert. Public open space incentive zoning did not reflect the quality urban environment. Also, equity of public open space incentive is advancing. Specially, mixed-use apartment was excepted in public open space mitigation regulation. Therefore, change of urban environment and problem by this and study improvement way of system. Standard that can estimate various kind of incentive and quality of public open space should be readied.

This study developed the land use management index(LUMI) which reflects the behavioral control characteristics of zoning system. This index was used to derive the overlap index and the regulatory index of the case sites. The overlap index, which is expressed by a single numerical value for each administrative district, is useful for comparing the designated area between local governments, but it is limited to show the actual land use regulation situation. On the other hand, since the regulatory index can express the spatial distribution of designated zones, it is useful to grasp the intensity of regulation in space. The land use management index(LUMI) will be useful for identifying the regulatory characteristics of region and deriving the zones that need to be managed based on the characteristics. In addition, the land use management index(LUMI) of the target year can be set and various management measures can be implemented to achieve this.

Historically, the zoning regulation have been introduced in an effort to suppress the disorderly mix of land uses and consequent negative externalities so that the asset value of the real properties could be safely preserved. For the purpose, the Euclidean zoning have adopted the hierarchical/cumulative and exclusive allocation of land uses by grouping an in-kind uses of land. On the other hand, however, the zoning system also has been criticized in that it brought about unexpected consequences such as residential segregation and increasing commuting distances. Furthermore, some have even claimed that it has no effects in sheltering the real asset values. This study, in this context, tries to review the theoretical debates surrounding such issues as above and to empirically investigate the changes in land prices that occur due to the up-zoning case in urban districts, taking Wangshimri area in Seoul City as the study area. The study specifies a hedonic price model composed of various independent variables representing the physical and locational characteristics that are assumed to contribute to the land price. The explaining power of the model (the R-squared value) is estimated to be 0.85, and most of the explaining variables show high levels of significance. The regression analysis clearly evidences significant influences of up-zoning on the rising land prices.

This study analyzes the overlapping regulations and satisfaction on land use of the zoning system. The results are as follows. First, the average of zoning designations is 2.01 throughout the country. For example, there are particularly more than 10 zoning districts coincided in the cases of Gwanju. Second, 63.5% of the public believe that the number of zoning regulations is deemed excessive considering the zoning overlay and conflicts. This is followed by ambiguous contents of the regulations (29.6%), complex regulatory procedures (13.9%) and conflict and overlap in regulations (8%). Third, the district that mainly requires the system improvement is the development restricted area(265people). The next districts are plan management district (132people), green natural district (132people) and limited Development Permit Area(99people) in order. Consequently, existing system may need to be transformed to reduce overlapping regulations of zoning, to simplify and integrate the contents of restricted activities and to rationalize the designation criteria and procedures. In addition, the efforts to inform the public that the government has continuously endeavored to develop the system and to suggest effective alternatives are demanded.

우리나라 도시계획 제도의 근간인 용도지역제는 건축자유를 기본원칙으로 하되, 공공복리를 위하여 이 자유를 일정수준 제한하는 제도이다. 따라서 용도지정은 명확한 기준에 근거하여 논리적 오류없이 지정되고, 예외는 누구나 동의할 수 있는 일부 불가피한 사례에만 적용되어야만 형평성을 인정받을 수 있다. 그러나 용도지정이 일정한 논리적 근거를 따르더라도 이를 객관적으로 검증함으로써 용도지정의 객관성과 신뢰성을 제고할 방법이 도출되지 못한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 위 문제를 해소하기 위한 하나의 방법으로서, 일종의 논리연산인 부울연산을 활용하여 용도지정의 논리적 정합성을 검토하는 방안을 제안하고자 한다. 이를 검토하고자 제주특별자치도의 관리지역 세분사례를 중심으로 도시관리계획 상 관리지역 세분 기준을 형식논리로 전개하고 GIS 상의 부울연산 기법을 활용하여 논리연산도구를 제작하였다. 이를 수행한 결과 관리지역 세분의 논리적 정합성, 논리적 오류의 원인, 그리고 그 정책적 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다.

The zoning regulation is provided to restrict the private land-use activities to a certain degree in an effort to augment the level of public interest and welfare. It thus should be based on the principles that are logically clear and consistent and are free from any defect so as to be objectively agreeable by the majority of the constituents to guarantee the societal equity. The current Korean zoning consequences, however, have been criticized by many for its lack of proper procedures and effective tools to check their qualification in terms of the aforementioned conditions despite the legally dictated statements as well as advanced spatial analysis tools. By taking Jeju Island, the globally renowned resort island of Korea, as the case area, this study tries to evaluate the methodology to check the appropriateness of the current zoning outcomes in the island on the GIS platform by using the Boolean operations.

遼는 ‘因俗而治’와 ‘隨宜設官’라는 제도적 특성으로 인해 지역에 따라 통치 방식이 다르다. ｢遼史⋅地理志｣ 안에 있는 遼의 각기 다른 지역의 통치 패턴에 대한 정확한 기록은, 틀림없이 金와 元의 史官 주관적인 억측이 아니다. 대부분의 학자들은 上京道, 東京道轄軍, 府, 州, 城의 수가 본문의 기록과 일치하지 않는다고 생각하거나 ｢地理志｣에 많은 오류가 있다고 믿는다. 그래서 그들은 ｢地理志｣가 金⋅元의 史官의 필사, 억조 등으로 가득 차 있고 遼에 공식적으로 기록된 ‘底本’는 존재하지 않는다고 생각한다. 사실, 이 데이터들은 구체적인 시간의 특수한 상황만을 반영한다. 金과 元의 史官, 심지어 遼의 史官은 본래의 체제와 데이터에서 끊임없이 “層累”했을 뿐 내용상의 고변과 체제의 통일을 하지 않아 오류를 더했다. 학자들은 金과 元의 史官이 ｢遼史⋅地理志｣를 편찬할 때 추가한 ‘새로운 내용’을 지적했지만, 우리가 이러한 ‘새로운 내용’을 다듬어 낸 뒤 남긴 원본과 핵심 내용만이 ｢地理志｣를 사용할 때 가장 중요한 근거로 삼는다는 사실은 간과하고 있다. 지금의 ｢地理志｣에 나오는 州의 이름, 軍號, 州 등에 관한 기록은 遼의 실제 상황에서 유래한 것이고, 다른 내용은 후대 史官들이 허구하거나 다른 사서를 베낀 것이 대부분이다.｢遼史⋅地理志｣의 주체인 史源의 시대적 판단을 논하는 것은 金과 元의 史官이 ‘層累’ 이전의 ｢地理志｣가 遼의 어느 시대의 區劃 설정을 반영하였는지를 논하는 것이기도 하다. 오늘날의 ｢遼史⋅地理志｣의 내용은 遼가 ｢實錄｣를 편찬할 때 이미 주요 내용이 있으며, 그 주체의 일부 사료 출처는 重熙 14년(서기 1045)에 작성된 ｢實錄｣로 거슬러 올라가 興宗 시기 遼의 區劃와 府州縣의 설치 형태를 반영하며, ‘五京道’ 기록 체계는 이때 정형화되었다. 이후 大安 원년(서기 1085년), 乾統 3년(서기 1103년) 두 차례에 걸쳐 ｢實錄｣를 편찬하였는데, 모두 重熙 14년의 기록에 내용을 추가하였다. 遼가 편찬한 ｢實錄｣에 ｢地理志｣가 포함되었다는 증거는 없지만, 요나라의 區劃 설치, 州縣 연혁에 대한 내용이 기록되어 金의 陳大任 편찬 ｢遼史｣의 직접적인 사료원이 되었고, 이후 元가 편찬한 ｢遼史｣에 의해 계승되었다. ‘五京道’는 興宗의 遼의 지방 경제 區劃에 대한 통합 목표이며 완전히 구현되지는 않았지만, ‘五京道’는 遼의 財賦區劃에 대한 ‘미완성 통합’이며 ｢地理志｣의 편집에 가장 적합한 體例가 되었으며 史官에 의해 계승되었다.

Due to the system characteristics of “governing according to customs” and “setting up officials as appropriate”, The rulers of the Liao Dynasty chose different ways in different regions. The accurate recording of different jurisdictional models in different regions of the Liao Dynasty in the Geographical Records of Liao Shih is not something that later Jin and Yuan historians could subjectively fabricate. Many scholars believe that the number of troops, prefectures, states, and cities under the jurisdiction of Shangjing Road and Dongjing Road does not match the recorded information in the main text, or that there are various errors in the Geographical Records. They believe that the Geographical Records is filled with copied and fabricated content by officials of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, and there is no official record of the “base version” of the Liao Dynasty. In fact, the data only reflects the special circumstances of specific times. The historians of the Jin and Yuan dynasties, and even the current historians of the Liao dynasty, only constantly “layered” on the old format and data, without conducting content analysis and unifying the format, resulting in errors being added to errors. Although scholars have pointed out the new contents added by the Jin and Yuan historians when compiling the Geographical Records of the Liao Shih, they have overlooked that the original text and core content left behind after unraveling these new contents are the most important basis for us to use the Geographical Records. The records of state names, military numbers, and other information in the current edition of Geographical Records are based on the real situation of the Liao Dynasty, while other content is mostly fabricated by later historians or copied from other books. Exploring the main historical origins and chronology of the Geographical Records of the Liao Shih, that is, exploring which period of the Liao Dynasty the Geographical Records reflected before the accumulation of Jin and Yuan historians. The content of the current edition of Geographical Records of the Liao Shih was already available during the revision of the Shilu during the Liao Dynasty. The main historical source can be traced back to the Shilu written in the 14th year of the Chongxi reign (1045), which reflects the division of the Liao Dynasty and the establishment of prefectures and counties during the reign of Emperor Xingzong of Liao. The Five Capital Roads narrative style was established at this time. Afterwards, Emperor Daozong compiled the Shilu twice in the Yuan year of Da’an (1085) and the third year of Emperor Tianzuo’s Qiantong (1103), both of which were continuously added to the records in the 14th year of the Chongxi reign. Although there is currently no evidence to suggest that the Shilu compiled by the Liao Dynasty includes the Geographical Records, the content that records the division and evolution of states and counties in the Liao Dynasty ultimately became the direct source of historical materials for Chen Daren’s compilation of the Liao Shih during the Jin Dynasty, and was later inherited by the Yuan Dynasty’s compilation of the Liao Shih. As the integration goal of Xingzong for the local economic divisions of the Liao Dynasty, the Five Capital Road was not fully implemented. However, as the “unfinished integration” of the financial and tax divisions of the Liao Dynasty, it became the most suitable format for writing Geographical Records and was followed by historians.