Earticle

Health insurance review & Assessment service (HIRA) has enforced cutting the drug costs when physicians prescribe split extended release drugs, starting from December, 2010. The objective of this study is to analyze extended release and enteric coated drugs on pharmaceutical reimbursement list in Korea, and to investigate the impact and barriers of the health insurance review on splitting extended-release formulation drugs. By using the ingredient code, extended release and enteric coated formulations make up 7.8% of all drugs in April, 2011. The most frequently used drugs are agent affecting circulatory and digestive system. From the extended release and enteric coated formulations (n=112), 34.8% (n=39) were not available in other dosage forms. According to questionnaire survey for 169 pharmacists (response rate: 73.8%), the rate of splitting and crushing of extended release and enteric coated drugs decreased. When pharmacists correct physician’s prescription errors, the biggest problem was lack of other dosage forms. So it is necessary to develop variety of other dosage forms, and computerized checking system for splitting extended-release drugs. It is also important to inform physicians and patients in regard to the problems of split prescription of extended release and enteric coated drugs.

요즘 한국 대중문화 현상을 대표하는 핵심어 중 하나는 ‘여혐’과 ‘남혐’으로, 이는 ‘여성혐오’와 ‘남성혐오’의 줄인 말이다. 타자 성(gender)을 격하게 혐오하는 여성혐오 가 형성하는 강력한 연대감의 근저에는‘전적으로 좋음(all good)’과 ‘전적으로 나쁨(all bad)’의 분열기제가 깔려있다. 본 연구는 멜라니 클라인(Melanie Reizes Klein)의 두 자리 이론을 토대로 ‘편집-분열자리’에서의 분열이 외현화되어 나타나는 여성혐오에 대해 조명하고, ‘우울자리’에서의 통합과정을 통해 서로가 소통해 나갈 수 있는 방안 을 모색하고자 한다. 극단적 혐오주의 안에 나타나는 분열로 인해 형성된 간극 (interval)이 빠져죽는 틈(gap)으로서가 아니라, 담고 담기는 살리는 공간(space)으로의 변모 가능성을 제기하는 것이다. 여성혐오가 파편화된 부분대상 관계에서 전체대상 관계로 그 지평이 확장되는 우울자리에 이르면 통합이라는 창조적 공간이 펼쳐지게 된다. 그롯슈타인은 정신분석적이고 인식론적인 측면에서 인간의 내재된 초월성에 대 해 말하고, 편집-분열자리와 우울자리 너머에 어떤 자리가 있다는 것을 제안한다. ‘이는 초월적 자리’로서 목회상담은 은혜의 흔적을 가진 공간(space)이라 할 수 있다. 멸 절될 것 같은 자신의 내적 불안이 끊임없이 투사된 혐오의 화살촉들이 십자가의 사랑 으로 녹아져 내리기까지 목회상담의 공간은 확장되어져야 한다. 이천년 전 예수님이 ‘이미’ 이루신 통합을 주님 다시 오실 그날까지 ‘아직은’ 분열된 세상의 회복을 위해 적어도 목회상담자로서 우리가 가진 분깃의 몫을 감당할 필요를 가진다.

Recently, in Korea, there is an emerging term Yeohyum –abbreviation meaning female-directed hatred- as one of the key words representing a state of Korean popular culture. Popularly created and consumed, this hatred discourse serves to give rise to social atmosphere that takes hostility and violence toward female for granted. At the bottom of strong misogynic solidarity supported by intense hatred of the other gender lies a splitting mechanism that attempts to separate‘all good’from‘all bad.’ Based on Melanie Klein’s theory of dual positions, this study seeks to shed lights on misogyny coming from externalization of splitting in the paranoid-schizoid position, as well as to find a way to facilitate communication with one another through the integration process in the depressive position. This means to propose a possibility to shift the interval developed by splitting within extreme misogyny, from rather than a gap to sink into and die in, to a life-giving space of containing and being contained. With misogyny drawn near to the depressive position where fragmented, partial object relations expand their horizon toward whole object relations, a creative space of integration begins to emerge. In a word, this study, from the perspectives of both the object relations theory and pastoral counseling, is on the journey from splitting in misogyny to integration being self and other together. Furthermore, James Grotstein’s concept of the transcendent position embracing Bion’s concept of ‘O’ provides a new horizon for pastoral counseling. Joseph, standing before God, is suggested as the biblical person in the transcendent position beyond Klein’s dual positions. The transcendent or spiritual position provides new horizon for pastoral counselors to tolerate the state of‘already but not yet’with clients, the seekers for basileia.

이분법적 사고는 경험을 상호배타적인 범주로 평가하는 판단 양식으로, 경계선 성격 장애가 보이는 대표적 인지적 왜곡중 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 경계선 성향이 높은 대학생들이 낮은 대학생에 비해 이분법적 사고를 더 많이 사용하는지를 확인하고자 했으며, 더 나아가 이들이 이분법적 사고와 관련된 구조적 특성으로서 자기 구조의 분리를 보이는지를 조사했다. 267명의 대학생을 대상으로 경계선 성격 장애 척도를 사용하여, 경계선 성향 집단(37명)과 정상 통제 집단(42명)을 선별하였고, 이들에게 개정된 이분법 사고 지표, Beck 우울 척도, 대학생 스트레스 척도를 실시하였고, 자기 구조의 분리를 알아보기 위해 자기 측면 검사를 시행하였다. 그 결과, 경계선 집단은 통제 집단에 비해 이분법 사고 지표가 유의하게 높았다. 분리를 반영하는 구획화 지표에서도 경계선 집단이 유의하게 높아서, 그들은 긍정 속성과 부정 속성이 배타적으로 표상되어 있는 자기 구조를 가지고 있음이 시사되었다. 또한 267명의 전체 표집을 대상으로 이분법 사고가 인지적 취약성 요인으로서 스트레스와 상호작용하여 경계선 성향자들의 우울을 증폭시키는지를 알아봤는데(우울, 이분법적 사고 및 경계선 성향의 삼원상호작용), 중다 회귀 분석 결과, 경계선 성향이 높은 경우 스트레스의 유무에 관계없이 이분법적 사고를 할수록 더 우울해지기 쉬운 것으로 나타났다(이분법 사고와 경계선 성향의 이원 상호작용 효과). 즉, 경계선 성향이 높은 대학생에서 이분법 사고는 스트레스가 없는 상황에서도 우울을 초래하는, 우울 생성의 단독 효과가 있었다. 끝으로 경계선 집단의 구획화된 자기 구조가 초래하는 적응의 불안정성과 기복에 대해서 논의하였고, 본 연구의 문제점과 향후 연구의 방향을 제시하였다.

Dichotomous thinking(DT) is the judgment style that divides experiences into mutually exclusive categories and known as a cognitive distortion that characterizes the borderline personality(BP). This study investigates whether the college students with BP traits rely on DT and splitted self structure exists as the inner origin of DT. Among 267 students, BP group(37) and normal control(42) were screened. To them dichotomous thinking index-revised, Beck depression scale, college life stress scale was administered and self aspect test was included to investigate the self structure. As results, BP group scored higher DT than control. In compartmentalization index reflecting splitted structure, BP group exceeded controls suggesting BP have the self structure in which positive vs negative attributes are represented mutually exclusive categories. Multiple regression analysis showed that DT as a cognitive vulnerability factor could amplify depression of BP regardless of stress. That is, in BP trait group DT alone increased depression rather than interacted with stress. Finally, we discussed unstable adaptation caused by compartmentalized structure of BP and presented limitations of this study and directions for future researches.

본 연구에서는 대상관계이론을 주 상담접근방법으로 하면서 부수적으로 Satir의 경험주의적 가족치료를 병행하여 내적대상관계의 변화가 입양아의 내적이미지 변화에 미치는 효과성을 검증하였다. 본 상담은 2005년 3월부터 5월까지 8회 과정을 통해 실시되었다.

This article proposes a novel wireless channel estimation method suited for fast fading environment. Generally, forward error correction (FEC) requires long block code length to raise error correction capability while it deteriorates the channel tracking accuracy in pilot-aided estimation. To meet these trade-off demands, we propose a frame splitting and decision directed channel estimation (DDCE). It splits information data in half and estimate channel state information (CSI) of the former part. That of latter is simply extrapolated using the former CSI. Computer simulation result shows that the proposed method can improve bit error rate performance even at fast fading environment.

The liquid film behavior between two rotating rollers has been analyzed for many years. Their contributions were, however, limited almost within the areas of polymer laminar flow in there. When the slip contact of two rotating rollers is used as a role of vehicle to distribute the liquid discharged on to each roller after splitting from the nip, there was few available relationship to control the roller speed and to design system. On this work it was possible to get out a certain relationship between the discharged film thickness ratio and the roller surface seeds without any help of pressure limit at the splitting point. The hydrodynamic analyzation of Newtonian liquid behavior around the point was well proved on some manipulative experiment. The thickness ratio increases along with the roll surface speed ratio increases. And the discharged volume flow rate ratio on each roller surface varies with square of the speed ratio. Both of these relationship have a decision factor also made up by the speed ratio.

본 연구는 제 17대 국회의원선거에서 처음으로 도입된 1인 2표제가 유권자의 투표행 태와 정당체제에 어떠한 영향을 주었는가를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연 구는 설문조사 자료를 분석하였다. 1인 2표 도입이 유권자의 투표행태에 미친 가장 큰 영향은 분할투표이다. 1인 2표를 처음으로 실시한 17대 총선에서의 분할투표율은 20.8%로 그 규모가 그리 크지 않았다. 이는 부분적으로 이 제도의 도입이 급속히 이루어져 사표방지를 위한 전략적 투표와 같 은 이 제도가 가지고 있는 유용성이 유권자들 사이에 널리 인지되어 않았기 때문으로 판단된다. 동시에 총선과정을 주도했던 쟁점들에 대하여 유권자가 어떤 입장을 취하는가 에 따라 일괄투표가 강하게 나타나 분할투표의 폭이 줄어들었다고 판단된다. 분할투표를 한 유권자들의 특성을 보면 20, 30대의 진보적 성향의 젊은 남성들로서 탄핵과 개혁의 이슈에 민감하며, 정당에 대하여 호불호의 감정이 분명한 인사들이었다. 이들의 투표행 위는 정당의 행위나 정치현실에 대한 냉철한 판단에 근거하여 분할투표를 했다기보다는 감정적 판단에 근거하여 분할투표를 한 것으로 보인다. 1인 2표제의 도입은 정당체제를 변화시킬 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 양대 정당인 열린우 리당과 한나라당은 유권자들의 일괄투표에 힘입어 거대정당의 지위를 유지하는 혜택을 받 은 반면, 군소정당인 민노당의 경우 일괄투표율이 낮았고 분할투표율이 높았으나 민주당 지지자의 일괄투표율은 상대적으로 높았다. 분할투표의 혜택은 열린우리당과 민노당이 가 장 많이 보았다. 열린우리당은 제1당이 될 수 있었고, 민노당은 이 제도로 제 3당이 될 수 있었다. 또한 군소정당의 지지자들은 자신의 표가 사표로 처리되는 것을 피하기 위하 여 전략적 분할투표를 한 것이 두드러지게 나타났다. 동시에 자신들의 정치적 선호에 따 라 선호적 분할투표를 하는 유권자도 적지 않게 존재하고 있다는 사실도 발견되었다. 이 러한 투표행태의 변화는 정당체제가 다당체제로 변화하고 있음을 보여주는 것이다.

This survey reviews beamforming methods that pair rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) with integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) under Cramér–Rao-based sensing criteria. We organize the literature by three goals—joint CRB–rate optimization, rate-under-CRB design (maximize rate subject to CRB guarantees), and CRB-under-rate design (minimize CRB subject to rate or SINR constraints)—and by three hardware settings (fully digital MIMO, RIS- and STARSassisted links, and millimeter-wave hybrid arrays). Common solver patterns combine the weighted minimum mean-squared error (WMMSE) method or fractional programming–quadratic transform (FP–QT) for the communication block with semidefinite relaxation (SDR), sequential convex approximation (SCA), or simple majorization for the sensing block, stitched together through alternating optimization (AO). A comparison table maps each study to its architecture, scenario, objective, and metrics. The main takeaway is practical: the RSMA common stream adds a useful control to traverse the CRB–rate tradeoff; surfaces improve angular diversity but require robust calibration; and hybrid designs benefit from hardware-aware formulations.

본 연구는 현행 국민연금에서 분할연금의 문제점을 고찰하고 이에 대한 개선방안의 검토를 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위하여 분할연금의 특성을 보다 명확하게 규명하였으며, 현재 분할연금의 현황 및 문제점을 고찰하였다. 그리고 독일, 캐나다, 그리고 일본의 분할연금제도를 비교 분석한 후, 국민연금에서 분할연금의 개선방안을 장기적 개선방안과 단기적 개선방안으로 나누어서 제시하였다. 본 개선안에서는 분할의 시기와 분할의 방법, 분할연금의 재산권적 특징을 제도에 좀 더 반영할 수 있는 개선방안, 타 공적연금과 형평성을 이룰 수 있는 방안, 제척기간 규정에 관한 개선방안, 가입기간 중 혼인기간 규정에 관한 개선방안, 그리고 분할연금의 의무자 보호에 관한 개선방안을 제시하였다.

The aim of this article is to suggest policy alternatives of pension splitting in National Pension. Thus, first of all, the characteristics of pension splitting and the pensioners are examined. Also, issues of pension splitting in National Pension, which are required to reform, are reviewed. Then, pension splitting systems in Germany, Canada, and Japan is analyzed. As a result. there are two suggestions to reform pension splitting system which are long-term alternative and short-term one. In the long-term and short-term alternative, six policy alternatives of pension splitting in National Pension are examined, which are the time of pension splitting, how to split the pension, strengthening property rights on pension splitting, extinction date for the application, the rule for duration of marriage, and protecting the person responsible for pension splitting.

This study explores the notion of translator style through a corpus-based analysis of non-literary translation, an area less frequently scrutinized compared to literary translation. It addresses the gap in research by focusing on howtranslators manage sentence segmentation during the translation process. This is an aspect often overlooked by prior studies which have traditionally prioritized lexical characteristics within sentences. The corpus comprises translations fromthree seasoned translators of English business books into Korean, supported by interviews that delve into their translation choices. Results reveal distinct stylistic patterns in handling sentence structure, suggesting that such strategies can significantlymark a translator’s style. Among three translators, the one who stated he could freely alter the segmentation of sentences in the original text was found to split sentences more frequently in his actual translations than the other two, who believed that the original sentence segmentation should not be altered. This difference was statistically significant. The findings in this study are meaningful as they were derived fromthe corpora that were meticulously designed tominimize external influences fromother agents such as editors. This study not only extends the understanding of translator style but also suggests practical implications for identifying individual translator's stylistic signatures in non-literary texts.

In this paper I show outline the way of creditor protection in the Company Law in Japan with the perspective of Balance between necessary creditor protection procedures and flexible corporate reorganization, especially about what kind of scheme the precedent has been seeking to protect the creditors in cases of abusing Company Split and new means for creditor protection.

本稿は、会社法における債権者保護のあり方について、とりわけ日本における平成17年の会社法制定後に多発した濫用的会社分割について、判例がどのようなスキームによって債権者保護を図ってきたかを概観した上で、平成26年の法改正後の会社法規定の概要と、なお残る問題点について紹介し、機動的な組織再編行為を重要視するあまりに債権者保護が疎かになることを防ぐべきとの観点から、両者のバランスをどのように図るべきかにつき、若干の検討を加えるものである。

경주 월성해자에서 출토된 신라 초기 기와 중 무와통작법과 모골와통작법으로 제작된 기와의 측면부의 분할흔적을 관찰한 결과 일반적으로 알려진 분할방법과 달리 추가로 2차 작업을 한 분할기법이 새롭게 확인되었다. 이 기법을 와도분할면에 남아있는 특징에 주목하여 <쐐기분할기법>으로 명명하고 유사사례와 사용시기를 추정하였다. 신라기와 중 쐐기분할기법이 사용된 것은 대부분 최초의 암막새로 추정된 토기구연암막새와 일부 미구기와 등이다. 당시 토기구연암막새가 생산된 경주 손곡동‧물천리유적 C-Ⅰ-2지구 3호 토기요지 출토품에서 쐐기분할기법이 확인되지 않은 점으로 볼 때, 이 기법의 사용여부는 당시 기와제작집단과 사용처가 한정될 가능성을 보여준다. 쐐기분할기법의 존재는 당시 기와생산과정에서 기와 측면부를 매끈하게 만들기 위한 시도로 추정되며, 월성해자와 동궁과 월지유적에서 주로 기와가 출토된 점은 기와 사용처가 제한되었을 가능성이 크다. 삼국통일 직후인 679년(신라 문무왕 19)에 생산된 ‘의봉4년개토’명 단판타날기와를 비롯한 여러 종류의 단판타날기와는 측면을 여러 차례 다듬어서 와도분할흔적을 지운 모습이 확인되는 점으로 볼 때, 이미 신라는 6세기에 기와를 생산하면서 일반적인 분할작업을 사용한 것과 추가적인 작업공정을 한 것으로 구분했다고 생각된다. 그리고 이러한 특정기법의 사용은 기와를 제작한 와공집단의 특징을 반영한 모습으로 생각된다

According to the observation of the splitting traces on the side of the early Silla Dynasty roof tiles excavated from the moat of the Wolseong Fortress in Gyeongju, there was a new finding that the second separation process was performed by cutting the side and then sticking the cut side with a wedge, unlike the commonly known method. This technique was named the <Wedge Splitting Technique> by emphasizing the shape of the wedge remaining on the cut side, and similar cases and time of use was estimated. Silla’s roof tiles that used the wedge splitting technique were mostly togi guyeon ammaksae (roof-end tiles with earthenware strip around the rim), which were presumed to be the first roof-end tiles, and some convex roofing tiles. Considering that the wedge splitting technique was not confirmed with the earthenware artifacts excavated from the Earthenware Kiln No. 3 in District C-I-2 of Gyeongju Songok-dong and Mulcheon-ri Sites where togi guyeon ammaksae were produced, whether this technique was used or not may reflect the difference between the tile-making groups and the limitation of tile use at the time. It is presumed that the wedge splitting technique was used to smoothen the side of the tile during the production of tiles at the time, and considering that it was mainly excavated from the moat of the Wolseong Fortress, Crown Prince Palace, and the Wolji Site, it is highly likely that the tiles were used exclusively. Considering that various types of short stamped roof tiles, including short stamped roof tile with the inscription of ‘Uibong 4 Nyueon Gaeto (儀鳳4年開土),’ which was produced in the 19th year in King Munmu’s reign (679) immediately after the unification of three kingdoms, were trimmed several times on the sides to erase the splitting trace, it is presumed that the production of roof tiles in Silla around the sixth century was divided into general splitting and additional splitting works. And the use of this specific technique is thought to reflect the characteristics of the tile-making group.

The purpose of this study is to examine the aspects of the ‘Splitting of the Subject’ in Christopher Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great in terms of the Lacanian Psychoanalysis Theory. A renowned theorist of human passions, Lacan maintains that human desire is in fact a structured subconsciousness as Saussure proposes the language is. Human subject is the crucial matter of Lacanian psychoanalysis. In this context, Christopher Marlowe is a great Renaissance dramatist who dramatizes the conflicts between unlimited human aspirations and the limitations of reality. In Tamburlaine the Great, Marlowe displays powerful emotions with embellished poetic languages and intense dramatic sequences. As a careful organizer of dramatic language, he is keenly aware of the fact that human language is structured to manifest the speaker’s subconscious desire. Hence Tamburlaine’s dramatic world may be justly interpreted by Lacan’s view of the ‘Splitting of the Subject.’ In Lacanian paradigm, the splitting subject reveals by self-identification and alienation. For Lacan, psychoanalysis concerns itself primarily with understanding human speech, while linguistics, rhetoric, and poetics are its indispensable correlatives. In Tamburlaine the Great, Tamburlaine’s poetic language and Lacan’s paradigm in relationship between human speech and the splitting subject are discussed in this paper.

f wy) as well as their interactive influence (pwfwy). Thus, it is reasonably expected that high-strength steel bars can greatly reduce the necessary amount of shear-reinforcing bars. On the other hand, although the bond strength is influenced by the amount of shear reinforcing bars, it is not affected by the yield strength. Thus, there is often an issue that bond failure occurs before shear failure depending on the arrangement of shear reinforcing bars. It is a common practice to set sub-ties for the transverse confinement of the main re-bars as a method to prevent the bond failure. However, it can also become a factor in decreased work efficiency due to the complexity of the construction. This study experimented with simultaneous use of high-strength transverse reinforcing bars (f wy=800㎫) and U-shaped transverse reinforcing bars of regular strength (f wy=300㎫) in an attempt to decrease the necessary quantity of shear reinforcing bars. The effect of this attempt was investigated through fundamental experimental research in terms of the improvement in shear resistance and bond strength as well as the ease of construction.

To relieve noise between floors in Korea, recent domestic and overseas studies have been developing materials that have the properties of ceramic, which is an inorganic compound, and polymer, which is an organic compound, to introduce a new function to polymer. This study conducted a bending strength experiment between re-bar and new composite concrete mixing POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silses-quioxanes) nano complex on the inside of concrete, and by assembling the inside of each concrete with 3 and 4 main re-bars as an experiment to supplement various problems that occur by the expression of this strength and the distribution of the reinforcement. The number of the main re-bars. and the direction of laying the concrete were applied as the principal variables of the experiment. Upon experiment, there were no differences in the bond strength based on the location of the main re-bar, and a 2 % increase in the bond strength was shown in the specimen laid in the same direction as the main re-bar in comparison to that of the specimen laid in a different direction from the main re-bar. The experiment results displayed that the composite concrete had uniform performance based on the rapid reaction speed of POSS nano complex.

The character of standing box printing reguires a rich representation on a light and a shade of color and cause the modern photographs to be abundant of the ink and also show the continuity of which any other printing is incapable because of its profound gradation.The clear printing in gravure can be said to be due to the good transfer of the ink-the completion of the transference of the ink into the stencil paper and the clear transference of the printing tone.The most inportant matter is the distance between the printing press and the doctor line. It is the matter of the structure and arrangement because of giving the most affect on the dryness of the ink in the cell.The glue of the ink in gravure changes by the kinds of the dye and the cellusolve used.

Although the research of high strength materials is in process briskly in the inside and outside of the country, in south korea, the research of high strength materials is insufficiency. Generally shear resistance of RC beam is influenced dominantly by amount of shear-reinforcing bars(p w ) and yied strength(f wy). Therefore, I come to the conclusion that if use shear reinforced bar with shear reinforced bar, it leads to decrease of the quantity of shear reinforced bar and effects on the security of shear-restraint force of member. This study experimented with not only the mixture of high strength-reinforced bar and U-shaped reinforcement normal strength -reinforced bar devises efficient improvement, but also it incites improvement of bond capacity and carries out an experimental study for improvement of member resisting force, finally it evaluates bond capacity quantitatively on the lines of main reinforcement the restraint method.

일반적인 HMI system은 원격 감시제어를 네트워크를 통하여 하고 있으나 기능이 제한 적이 다. 본 논문에서는 산업용 HMI 시스템을 변형된 상태분할 알고리즘을 적용 하였다. 이 방법은, 미리 예상되는 질의어에 대한 데이터들을 갖고 모델링을 하였다. 그 결과, 모델링하는데 많은 시간이 절약되었고, 시스템을 안정적이고 정밀하게 구성하여 98.15%의 높은 인식률을 나타냈다. 음성 HMI 시스템을 산업용에 적용하여 인간이 직접적으로 활동할 수 없는 작업 환경에서도 산 업용 기기들을 안정적으로 구동시킬 수 있다. HMI 시스템 엔진의 성능을 최적화하였다.

Currently, The HMI system is being used on the network is limited in the ability. In this paper, an Industrial HMI applied the transformed state splitting algorithm. this study suggests by applying a transformed the Successive state splitting algorithm, for the modeling in the questions of the expected data. So, you can save time and reliable and precise as high as 98.15 percent repregented recognition rate. HMI system applied to the voice of industrial equipment the man can not act directly in the industry environment was able to drive devices. Optimize the performance of the engine was the voice of HMI system.