Earticle

개화기 국어 그리고 그 어휘 연구는 오래전부터이지만 개화기 국어 교과서의 어휘 연구는 박영섭(1993), 정길남(1997) 등에 와서 본격화되었다. 개화기 국어 교과서의 어휘 연구는 첫째, 어종과 품사 연구에서 성과가 있었다. 둘째, 개화기 국어 교과서의 어휘에 대한 연구 성과로 두드러진 주제는 역시 신어와 차용어이다. 셋째, 그밖에 난해어에 대한 연구와 쌍형어의 관점에서 연구 성과가 있었다. 의미부류를 세우고 어휘를 의미영역별로 분류하는 시도도 있었다. 향후 개화기 국어 교과서의 어휘 연구는 기존 연구의 오류를 포함한 불완전성을 해소하는 작업에서 출발해야 한다. 그리고 현대국어 어휘 연구에 맞닿는 연구 방향으로 나아가야 한다. 그 이후에 <말뭉치 차원>의 연구, <개별 어휘 차원>의 연구, <어휘체계 차원>의 연구가 수행되면 진전된 연구 결과를 맺을 수 있다.

The study of lexicon in Korean modernization period began long ago, but the study of lexicon in the textbooks began in earnest in the following areas: Park Young-seop (1993) and Jeong Gil-nam (1997). The lexical study of the Korean language textbooks in Korean modernization period, first, was fruitful from studies of word type and parts of speech. Second, the outstanding subjects of research on lexicon in the textbooks are neologism (new words) and borrowings (loan-words), too. Third, there were other achievements in studying abstrusity word and in terms of pare type words. Other attempts were made to classify the meaning and to classify the lexeme into semantic field. In the future, lexical studies should start with addressing the deficiencies of existing research. And we should move on to study the lexicon in modern Korean. Advanced results can then be obtained when studies at the level of the corpus, at the level of individual lexeme and at the level of the lexical system are carried out.

The English compound preposition into, as in He went into the shop, is not formed in the way that it is interpreted. Its semantic interpretation, [TO [IN [SHOP: DEF]]], is constructed in the reverse order of its two components in and to. A growing body of analyses of this opposite nature assumes that one component (in) is incorporated into the other (to) to form the compound preposition (into). This paper addresses and discusses issues that arise from this incorporation theory with respect to modification, complementation and alternation. It argues that the preposition is not incorporated at the level of phrasal syntax, but listed in the lexicon through associations between its two components and their modular properties. It also offers an analysis of the lexical item in the spirit of both parallel architecture of grammar and relational morphology.

The purpose of this paper is to describe a means of extending a unification-based syntactic processor so that it is capable of inferring appropriate internal representations of the syntactic properties of newly encountered words. We begin with a description of the parser in section 2, focusing on those aspects most relevant for the learning procedure. The hypothesis construction part of the procedure is discussed in section 3, the hypothesis manager in section 4. Section 5 discusses the instantiation of the procedure under categorial grammar. Section 6 discusses formal foundations and definitions of the notions presented in the body of the paper

이 글은 표준어 규정에 대한 문제점을 살펴보고 이에 대한 대안을 논의했다. 기본적으로 한글 맞춤법은 글에 대한 것이고, 표준어 규정은 말에 대한 것이다. 이러한 원리에 따라서 표준어의 대상언어가 무엇인지 규정해야 한다. 본고는 먼저 우리의 표준어 규정의 문제점을 살펴보고 그에 대한 대안으로 현대라는 시간의 개념을 제외하고, 공통어의 개념을 넣어서 ‘서울말을 중심으로 두루 사용하는 공통어로 한다’로 규정할 것을 제안했다. 한편 맞춤법의 대상이 되는 대상언어의 개념이 중요하다고 생각하고 그에 대해서 논의했다. 그러한 의미에서 표준어는 어휘부와 문법 부분을 나누어 규정을 만들 것을 제안했다. 특히 어휘에 관한 것은 규정에 넣지 말고 표준어 사전을 만들 것을 제안했다. 문법 부분은 음운론과 형태론, 통사론 등의 규칙적이고 체계적인 면을 규정에 만들어야 한다고 주장했다. 이러한 일은 한국어을 모국어로 하는 화자에게 중요할 뿐 아니라 제2외국어로 한국어를 배우는 사람에게도 중요한 일이다. 이글은 한글맞춤법과 표준어 규정이 튼튼한 이론적 기반 위에서 성립되어야 한다는 점을 강조했다.

This paper introduces the problem of the Hangeul spelling system and standard language provision, then make a counterproposal. The Hangeul spelling system is the provision about a written language. Especially, I focus to the standard language provision(＝forward SLP). SLP is the provision about a sound language. We argue target language of standard language. The concept of target language is very important. I argue that SLP must divide lexicon and grammar. We need a standard dictionary for standard words. SLP only must have the provision about phonological, morphological and syntactical rules. This method is not only important Korean native speaker, but also foreigner learning korean language. This paper emphasis that the Hangeul spelling system and standard language provision must have a theoretical foundation.

The theory of Prosodic Lexical Phonology (Booij & Rubach 1984, Booij 1992, Booij & Lieber 1993, Inkelas 1989, 1993) argues that there coexist morphological and prosodic structures in the lexicon and many phonological phenomena can be explained by simultaneous reference to both structures. The goal of this paper is to show further evidence for copresence of morphological and prosodic structures in the lexicon through the analysis of invisibility in English. In order to argue for copresence of prosodic and morphological structures in the lexicon for more explanatory account of invisibility, we have addressed the following questions; i) Does invisibility apply to only prosodic units? ii) Is invisibility relevant to only suprasegmental rules such as stress rules? iii) How can we explain invisibility that refers to particular morphological categories such as word-class? iv) Why is the whole prosodic unit not rendered invisible? Through the analysis of the above questions, we have shown the prosodic structure should be posited in the lexicon, along with morphological structure. In addition, we argued that invisibility turns off in prosodic word level universally.

This study demonstrates how online hotel reviews can classify customer loyalty by analyzing textual features such as sentiment, rating, and loyalty keywords. Using a review dataset from TripAdvisor, the research applies sentiment analysis tools (VADER, TextBlob, SenticNet) and topic modeling techniques to classify loyalty. Results show that loyalty keywords imply a significant difference in their presence between loyal and non-loyal customers. At the same time, a considerable difference in their presence between loyal and non-loyal customers, while sentiment scores present significantly moderate results. However, Rao-Striling diversity and review length do not exhibit a significant difference. The study contributes a framework for using review content to identify loyal customers, offering practical methods for businesses to enhance customer retention and improve CRM strategies. Limitations include reliance on sentiment scores for loyalty classification and the exclusion of behavioral data, suggesting future research could incorporate more comprehensive customer data for validation.

This paper has claimed that the resultative construction in English can be explained by the selective binding process in the Generative Lexicon Theory, rather than by the co-compositional process. The reasons can be attributed to the facts that the former deals with the non-adjacency problem concerning the subject predication more easily and that it can address the core semantic change of the object or the subject in a direct way and the secondary semantic change on the verbal status more indirectly than the co-composition approach which can cope with the secondary semantic change of the verbal extension nicely but cannot properly address the core issue of the semantic change that takes place to the direct object in the case of the object predication or to the subject in the case of the subject predication. Previously, the process of co-composition was suggested to deal with resultative constructions in English. However, the co-composition operation seems to be based on common or similar information between the two arguments which are co-composed. Yet, it can hardly be viewed that elements both in object predication and in subject predication in resultative constructions share much information in common or symmetrically affect each other. Thus, I believe proposing an alternative generative option for the construction can be justified.

This paper claims that the appropriate framework to address Light Verb Constructions is the Generative Lexicon Theory which has both the semantic structure and syntactic structure for each lexical representation. This paper further claims that two types of Light Verb Constructions identified by Kearns (1988) need to be approached differently within Generative Lexicon Theory: True Light Verbs are processed by the Type-Coercion mechanism while Vague Action Verbs are processed by the Co-Composition mechanism. These two different generative mechanisms explain why only True Light Verbs reveal differences from their simple verb counterparts. Addressing the two types of Light Verb Constructions with two generative mechanisms, this paper also supports the view that Light Verb Constructions are semi-productive semantic phenomena, rather than pragmatic phenomena.

This study examines instances of codeswitching in the English writing of Korean middle school students. A corpus of 98 student journals was constructed and analyzed for switches to and from Korean and Roman scripts. Although there are many reasons why people codeswitch, these switches are motivated by gaps in the learners' lexicons. They therefore offer insight into what language the learners lack but need to communicate about their lives. The results show that recourse to the mother tongue is done far more often for nouns than any other part of speech. Interestingly, words borrowed from English are often rendered in Korean rather than English. This study examines the frequency of codeswitching and examines the semantic properties of the codeswitched items. Having determined areas of lexical gaps, the article suggests how direct instruction in these areas would benefit students as developing writers.

This study proposes an experimental approach to build a domain-dependent sentiment lexicon that is crucial for sentiment analysis of Chinese texts in the Deco Sentiment Analysis platform developed in Digital Language and Knowledge Contents Research Association (DICORA research center). More than 150,000 hotel review data were trained with word2vec models, and 80 emotional words were first selected as seed words. TF-IDF notion was used to measure the importance of the sentiment vocabulary in hotel reviews. In order to build the feature vector representation of each candidate word, the similarities between a term and the other 80 seed words were calculated and the upcoming step was expanding the lexicon with a double propagation method that requires recognizing feature words related to the sentiment expressions. Through the bootstrap of sentiment terms and features, the expansion of the sentiment lexicon could be performed. The evaluation of the expanded result is confirmed with rates set at 77.4% of precision and 92.6% of recall performance.

한국어 심성어휘집의 구조와 검색 과정을 연구하기 위해 한국어 단어 30,930개와 비단어 30,930개에 대한 어휘판단시간을 수집하였다. 참가자는 52명이었고 각 참가자는 61,860개의 자극에 전부 반응하였다. 자극은 단일 단어 방식으로 제시되었으며, 참가자는 화면 중앙에 제시되는 자극이 단어인지 비단어인지 판단하였다. 수집된 데이터베이스의 신뢰성을 검증하기 위해 빈도, 연습, 품사, 길이 등의 영향을 분석하고 가상실험(virtual experiment)을 실시하였다. 두 개의 가상실험 결과는 실제실험 결과와 상당히 일치하였다. 결과를 바탕으로 한국어 심성어휘집 연구에서 메가스터디(megastudy)의 이용에 대해 논의하였다.

Fifty-two Korean students were recruited for the first Korean megastudy to construct a database of lexical decision times on 30,930 Korean words and nonwords. The stimuli were 1-5 syllable in length and included nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Participants were asked to decide if a stimulus on the screen was a word or a nonword. Each participant responded to a total of 30,930 words and 30,930 nonwords. The analysis of the lexical decision data obtained showed significant effects of frequency and length. Response times were also affected by POS, supporting the proposal to take into account of POS in the study of the mental lexicon. Practice effect was strong only in early blocks, and some signs of fatigue were apparent at later blocks. Two virtual experiments replicated the results of actual experiments, showing that the database was reliable. Based on the results, the use of megastudy in the understanding of the Korean mental lexicon was proposed.

단어 내 글자의 위치 부호화가 유동적인지 조사하기 위해 한국어 심성 어휘 프로젝트(KLP)의 2글자(=음절) 비단어에 대한 어휘 판단 데이터를 분석하였다. 어두 글자와 어말 글자를 전위하면 단어가 되는 전위 비단어(예, ‘국천’) 588개와 그에 대한 통제 비단어(예, ‘국증’) 588개를 대상으로 위계적 혼합 효과 분석을 실시하였다. 과제 변인, 고유 속성 변인, 전위 속성 변인 등이 통제된 모형에서 글자 전위 효과가 관찰되었다. 전위 비단어는 통제 비단어에 비해 어휘 판단 시간이 더 길었고 오류율도 더 높았다. 이러한 글자 전위 효과는 한국어 2글자 단어 재인시 글자 위치 정보가 고정되어 있지 않을 가능성을 보여준다. 또한 전위 속성 변인들의 효과가 유의하게 나타났으며 단어 빈도 및 어종의 효과는 유의하지 않게 나왔는데 이는 글자 전위 효과의 전어휘적 성격을 보여준다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 한글 단어 재인에서 전위 효과가 나타나는 단위, 전위 효과의 전어휘적/어휘적 근원 등에 대해 논의하였다.

The transposed-letter (TL) effect refers to the phenomenon that nonwords generated by transposing positions of letters in a word are responded more slowly than control nonwords. TL effect has been interpreted as evidence that the coding of letter position is flexible. In Korean, to investigate flexibility of the position coding, more studies are done by transposing syllables since TL effect has rarely been found in Korean. In the present study, the lexical decision data for 588 syllable-transposed nonword and control nonword pairs from the Korean Lexicon Project were analyzed to examine the syllable transposition effect. Hierarchical linear mixed-effects (LME) models revealed that syllable-transposed nonwords were harder to reject than matched controls, which supports the flexible coding of syllable position. The results also showed that the pre-lexical properties of nonwords had significant effects on nonword rejection, but word frequency and word type had no effect on the rejection of nonwords. The results suggest that the locus of transposed-syllable effects in Hangul is pre-lexical.

본 연구에서는 연상어휘 및 태도분석을 통하여 성과 성폭력 (강간, 성희롱)에 대해서 사람들이 가지고 있는 인지적 표상의 구조를 확인하고자 하였다. 성과 성폭력 연관 어휘의 분석결과, 성에서는 남녀 모두 성관계를 가장 많이 생성하였고 아울러 성은 성관계와 남녀의 긍정적인 이성관계 및 성별을 의미하는 것으로 확인되었다. 강간은 강간의 대상 행위자에 대한 성별의 차이가 분명하게 관찰되었다. 즉 남학생은 여자를 여학생은 남자를 상대적으로 많이 생성하였으며, 강간은 폭력에 의해 강제로 여성에게 가해지는 범죄라는 사실을 인식하고 있었다. 성희롱에서는 사건발생장소와 가해자에 대한 연상이 많았고, 연상 빈도가 높은 어휘들의 연합강도는 남자에 비해서 여자가 강하게 나타났다. 태도조사에서는 강간통념 및 성희롱통념에 대해서 대부분의 하위영역에서 남학생들이 통념을 더 많이 수용하였다. 성 및 성폭력사건에 대한 도식을 확인하고자 요인분석을 실시한 결과 개념정의 및 법률적 규정에 준하는 표상을 확인할 수 있었고, 성을 제외하고 성폭력에 대해서 남녀간의 지각 차가 큰 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이들 결과는 성에 대한 관련 개념들이 복잡한 관계로 도식적인 표상을 구성하고 있을 가능성을 시사하는 것이다. 마지막으로 연구의 의의, 제한점 및 연구방향을 제시하였다.

This study was conducted to explore the cognitive representation of sexuality and sexual violence using an association of lexicon and attitude survey. A total of 679 undergraduates (research 1: 274, research 2: 405) participated in the study. Participants were asked to associate words that related to sexuality, rape and sexual harassment and they completed a survey questionnaire in research 1. Also other participants rated the degree of relationship between each concept and associated lexicon in research 2. The surveyed data were analyzed by frequency, t-test and factor analysis. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. The sexuality represented a sexual intercourse, heterosexual relationship and sex. Students thought that rape was a crime and assaultive behavior toward women. Sexual harassment occurred in the mass transport and the workplace sexual harassment and it was mainly committed by superiors. Also male students were more likely to accept the rape myths and the sexual harassment myths then female students. By factor analysis, five-factors structure was extracted in sexuality and rape, four-factors in sexual harassment. These factors accounted for respectively 53.6%, 57.3% and 51.3% of total variance. The cognitive representation on rape and sexual harassment was significantly different between male students and female students except for sexuality. Finally implications of results were discussed.

이 논문은 개념사 연구와 연계한 국어사 연구 방법을 모색하기 위한 실험적 연구 이다. 전통적으로 국어사는 한국어의 음운, 어휘, 문법의 역사를 대상으로 한 연구인 데 비해 개념사는 역사학적 언어학의 차원에서 역사적으로 중요한 개념의 형성과 변 화 과정을 연구하는 학문 분야로 알려져 있다. 국어사와 개념사의 관계는 연구하고자 하는 대상 어휘 또는 개념의 차이뿐만 아니라 연구 대상을 바라보는 관점에서도 일정 한 차이가 있다. 국어사의 관점에서는 어휘나 단어의 역사에 내재하는 언어 변화 원 리를 탐구하는 데 중점을 둔다면, 개념사에서는 역사적 의미를 갖는 어휘의 개념 형 성과 변화에 관심을 기울인다. 이 논문에서는 현대 언어학의 관점에서 언어의 역사에 해당하는 어휘사, 단어사, 어원 연구와 개념사 연구가 어떻게 접맥될 수 있는지 검토하고, 개념의 구조를 파악 하는 방법으로서 ‘중층성’의 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안으로 ‘역사사회언어학적 연구’ 를 제안하고자 하였다. 이 방법론은 어휘의 의미와 개념 분화 과정 및 새로운 개념어 출현 등을 역사․사회적 요인과 관련지어 연구하는 방법을 의미한다. 근대의 새로운 학술어 번역이나 새로운 문자 생성 원리 등이 그 자체로 국어 어휘사의 한 분야일 뿐 만 아니라 개념사와 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있으므로, 개념사와 연계한 연구가 국어 어휘사의 발전에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This paper is an experimental study to explore research methods on the history of the Korean lexicon in connection with research on the history of concepts. Traditionally, the history of the Korean language is the study of the history of the phoneme, lexical, and grammar of the Korean language, while the history of concepts is known as an academic field that studies the formation and change process of historically important concepts at the level of historical linguistics. The relationship between Korean language history and conceptual history has certain differences not only in the vocabulary or concept to be studied, but also in the perspective from which the research object is viewed. From the perspective of Korean language history, the focus is on exploring the principles of linguistic change inherent in the history of vocabulary or words, while from the perspective of conceptual history, attention is paid to the formation and change of vocabulary concepts with historical meaning. In this paper, we examine how the study of lexical history, word history, and etymology corresponding to the history of language and the study of conceptual history can be connected from the perspective of modern linguistics, and solve the problem of ‘multilayeredness’ as a method of understanding the structure of concepts. As a way to do this, we wanted to propose ‘historical sociolinguistic research’. This methodology refers to a method of studying the meaning of vocabulary, the process of conceptual differentiation, and the emergence of new conceptual words in relation to historical and social factors. Since the translation of new modern academic languages and the principles of new character creation are not only a field of Korean language history in themselves, but are also closely related to conceptual history, it is expected that research linked to conceptual history will make a certain contribution to the development of Korean language history.