Earticle

본 연구는 교육용 프로그래밍 언어인 스크래치를 활용한 교과 통합형 수업이 초등학생의 문제 해결력 및 학습 몰입에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 첫째, 스크래치 활용 교과 통합형 수업이 초등학생의 문제 해결력에 어떤 영향을 미치는 가? 둘째, 스크래치 활용 교과 통합형 수업이 초등학생의 학습 몰입에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? 이러한 연구문제를 해결하기 위해서 경상북도 구미시 지역의 5학년 학생 66명을 대상으로 한 설문조사를 분석에 사용하였다. 조사 도구는 우옥희(2000)가 사용한 ‘문제 해결력’ 검사지 와 석임복, 강이철(2007)이 사용한 ‘학습 몰입’ 검사지를 지도교수의 조언을 바탕으로 재구성 하여 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스크래치를 활용한 교과 통합형 수업이 초등학생의 문제 해결력에 미치는 영향을 알 아보기 위하여 실험 집단, 통제 집단으로 나누어 T-검정을 실시한 결과 스크래치 활용 교과 통합형 수업을 실시한 집단의 문제 해결력 향상에 유의미한 변화가 있었다. 다만 문제 해결 력의 하위 영역인 ‘문제의 해결책 고안’ 영역에서는 집단 간의 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 둘째, 스크래치를 활용한 교과 통합형 수업이 초등학생의 학습 몰입에 미치는 영향을 알아 보기 위하여 실험 집단, 통제 집단으로 나누어 T-검정을 실시한 결과 스크래치 활용 교과 통 합형 수업을 실시한 집단의 학습 몰입 향상에 유의미한 변화가 있었다. 다만 하위 영역인 ‘도 전과 능력의 조화’ 영역에서 통제 집단에서도 유의미한 변화가 있었다.

purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of integrated curriculum using Scratch programming on problem-solving and learning-flow for elementary school students. For this purpose, the following questions were set: First, what is the effect of integrated curriculum using Scratch programming on problem-solving for elementary school students? Second, what is the effect of integrated curriculum using Scratch programming on learning-flow for elementary school students? To answer these questions, a survey was conducted in 66 fifth-graders in Gumi city, Gyeongbuk province. The questionnaire and scale to measure change of problem-solving ability is employed by Wu(2000) on the basis of professor’s advice. And the questionnaire and scale to measure change of learning-flow level is employed by Seok and Kang(2007) on the basis of professor’s advice. A SPSS Statistics 18 for Windows program was used to process the collected data statistically. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, independent samples t-test to examine the effect of integrated curriculum using Scratch programming on problem-solving found that the change of problem-solving ability on Scratch-using group differs significantly. But ‘design problem-solving plan’ as subordinate factor doesn’t differ significantly. Second, independent samples t-test to examine the effect of integrated curriculum using Scratch programming on learning-flow found that the change of problem-solving ability on Scratch-using group differs significantly. And ‘balance of challenge and ability’ as subordinate factor also differs significantly. Scratch is based on graphic user interface not text user interface and is easy to use and designated to stimulate curiosity of pupils. Its graphic – characters’ appearance, background pictures, colour component is suitable for children and Scratch has block-assembling intuitive interface and reacts immediately. Therefore children seldom get bored with Scratch. Besides problem solving learning model is used on the integrated curriculum containing various learning factors and a number of subjects. High level and integrated thinking is essential to use various background knowledge on many subjects not a single one. It is found out that on the process learners performed problem-solving learning repeatedly and it helped learners to improve problem-solving ability.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting nursing students' learning flow in COVID- 19 pandemic situations through mixed-method research. Method: Of the 245 nursing students participating in the survey, 20 participated in a focus group interview. Quantitative data were analyzed using stepwise multiple regression analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: The factors affecting the learning flow of nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic were their self-regulated learning ability (b ¼ .24, p ¼ .001); learning motivation (b ¼ .23, p ¼ .001); selfefficacy in clinical practice (b ¼ .14, p ¼ .014); and lecture type, or a mixture of recorded and realtime video lectures (b ¼ .13, p ¼ .022). As a result of the qualitative study, eight categories and 22 subcategories were derived. The eight categories are: a lack of preparation in the starting of virtual classes, adapting and growing in a new learning environment, enhancing nursing knowledge and skills through virtual clinical training, self-regulation difficulties when studying alone due to social distancing, difficulty concentrating when learning online, disadvantages of virtual learning, concerns about academic performance, and missing opportunities to enjoy college life. Conclusion: Students attempted to discover their own learning expertise through virtual learning while concerned that they would be unable to fully establish their competence to work as actual hospital nurses due to a lack of clinical practice. In such a learning environment, systematic support and strategies are needed to increase the learning flow of nursing students.

The purpose of this study is to explore 'Flow Experience' of those studying English speaking and listening in the e-Learning environment. The exploration of flow experience in this study is based on the literature research of Csikszentmihalyi's flow models and other studies. There have been many studies on flow experience focusing on arts, leisure and sports in accordance with Csikszentmihalyi's original theory, however, his flow theory has recently been adapted to the educational field. Nonetheless, it is in the e-learning environment, rather than the face-to-face traditional teaming environment, that there is not enough flow state measurement scale. Therefore, it is important to develop as a stepping stone a flow state scale for those who study English speaking and listening by the cyber-native-speaker on e-Learning environment to improve their satisfaction and achievement.

The popularity of the Internet introduces many network-enabled services that can be accessed by the user. But the adversaries are trying to deny these critical services to the user through Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Presently, dealing with DoS attack which targets the application layer using slow traffic rate is one of the key challenges faced by the service providers. In this paper, a deep classification model using flow data is proposed to detect slow DoS attack on HTTP. The classifier is evaluated using CICIDS2017 dataset. The results obtained show that the classifier can obtain 99.61% accuracy.

본 연구의 목적은 대학 온라인 학습자들의 학습몰입, 온라인 학습의 효과성, 그리고 학습소진간의 관계를 조사 하는데 있다. 총 149명의 대학생이 연구에 참여하였고 학습몰입, 학습소진, 그리고 배경질문을 포함한 설문 작성을 완료하였다. 연구의 결과로 학습몰입이 높은 참가자들은 학습소진이 낮았다. 또한, 지각된 온라인 학습의 효과가 인지 적 학습몰입과 학습소진의 관계에서는 부분적으로 매개했지만 정의적 학습몰입과 학습소진의 관계에서는 매개효과를 나타내지 않았다. 인지적 학습몰입이 높은 학습자들은 온라인 학습을 보다 효과적이라고 지각했기 때문에, 학습소진을 낮추기 위해서 학습자의 인지적 학습몰입을 높일 수 있는 방법을 찾는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구의 시사점으로, 대학차원 에서 학생들에게 행정적 지원과 적절한 온라인 학습 환경을 제공하려는 노력이 뒷받침되어야 하겠다.

This study aims to investigate the relationship among the learning flow, perceived effectiveness of online learning and learning burnout in college online classes. A total of 149 college students participated in the study and completed the survey including learning flow, learning burnout and demographic information. The results showed that participants with higher learning flow showed less learning burnout. In addition, the perceived effectiveness of online learning partially mediated the relationship between cognitive learning flow and learning burnout, but did not mediate the relationship between defined learning flow and learning burnout. Since learners with higher cognitive learning flow perceived online learning as more effective, it is necessary to find out how to build learners’ cognitive learning flow to decrease learning burnout. The results imply that universities should provide students with administrative support and an appropriate online learning environment.

본 연구는 고위험 산모 시뮬레이션 교육을 받은 간호대학생의 메타인지, 학습몰입이 문제해결과정 에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 고위험 산모 시뮬레이션 교육을 경험한 간호학과 학생 125명을 대상자로 하였고 SPSS 29.0 프로그램을 사용하여 기술 통계, t-검정, 분산 분석, Pearson’s 상관 계수, 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 메타인지, 학습 몰입, 문제 해결 과정이 평균보다 높았으며, 메타인지는 학습몰입(r=.55, p<.001), 문제해결과정(r=.66, p<.001)과 유의한 상관 관계가 있었고 학습몰입과 문제해결과정도 유의한 정적 상관(r=.68, p<.001) 가 있었다. 문제해결과정에 영향을 미치는 요인은 메타인지, 학습몰입이었으며, 이들 변수의 총 설명력은 57.2 %로 나타났다. 결론적으로 간호대학생의 학습몰입과 메타인지를 강화하여 문제해결과정을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으 로 사료된다.

This study aimed to examine the effects of metacognition and learning flow on the problem-solving process among nursing students who received high-risk pregnancy simulation education. The participants were 125 nursing students who had experienced high-risk pregnancy simulation education. Data were analyzed using SPSS 29.0. and Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and regression analysis were conducted. The results showed that the levels of metacognition, learning flow, and problem-solving process were above average. Metacognition was significantly correlated with learning flow (r = .55, p < .001) and the problem-solving process (r = .66, p < .001). Learning flow was also significantly positively correlated with the problem-solving process (r = .68, p < .001). The factors influencing the problem-solving process were metacognition and learning flow, and these variables explained 57.2% of the variance. In conclusion, strengthening learning flow and metacognition may contribute to improving the problem-solving process among nursing students.

본 연구는 보건계열 일부 대학생의 토익 학습몰입과 관련된 융복합적 요인들을 조사하였다. 설문조사는 2018년 5월 1일부터 2018년 5월 25일까지 J지역에 소재한 대학의 보건계열 토익학습반에서 임의로 선정된 대학생 255명에 대하여 무기명 자기기입식 설문지를 사용하였다. 위계적 다중회귀분석 결과, 자기효능감이 높을수록, 학업통제감이 높을수록, 학교 적응유연성이 높을수록 토익 학습몰입이 높았으며 이들의 설명력은 43.4%이었다. 연구결과를 볼 때, 보건계열 대학생의 토익 학습몰입을 높이기 위해서는 자기효능감, 학업통제감 및 학교적응유연성을 높이는 노력이 필요하다. 이러한 결과는 보건계열 대학생의 토익 학습몰입을 높이는 토익학습 프로그램 개발 및 운영에 활용될 수 있다. 추후연구에서는 보건계열 대학생의 토익 학습몰입에 영향을 미치는 구조방정식 모형의 분석이 필요하다.

This study investigates convergent factors to TOEIC learning flow among some health college students in TOEIC class. The questionnaire was performed on 255 health college students in TOEIC class from college located in J area from May 1st, 2018 to May. 25th, 2018 by using an unregistered self-administered questionnaire. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis shows the following results. The TOEIC learning flow of respondents turned out to be significantly higher in following groups: a group in which self efficacy is higher, a group in which academic control is higher, a group in which school resilience is higher. The results show explanatory power of 43.4%. As the results of the study, it is necessary to make an effort to increase self efficacy, academic control and school resilience to improve the TOEIC learning flow among health college students. These results can be used in development and operation of TOEIC learning program to higher TOEIC learning flow in health college students. Further stu

본 연구는 간호대학생을 대상으로 그릿, 정서지능, 학습몰입, 진로적응성의 정도를 확인하고 진로적응성 에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하여 진로적응성 향상을 위한 중재방안의 기초자료를 제공하기 시도되었 다. 연구대상자는 B시의 간호대학생 244명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS/WIN 23.0 통계프로그램을 사용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, 다중회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 연구결과, 대상자의 진로적응성 평균은 3.76±0.61점, 일반적 특성에 따른 진로적응성은 학과 만족도(F=3.945, p=.021)에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 대상자의 그릿(r=.401, p<.001), 정서지능(r=.703, p<.001), 학습몰입(r=.483, p<.001)과 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 진로적응성에 영향을 미치는 요인은 그릿(β=.116, p<.001), 정서지능(β=.577, p<.001), 학습몰입(β=.196, p<.001)으로 확인되었고, 설명력은 54.2%였다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 간호대학생의 진로적응성 을 증진하기 위한 중재방안을 마련하기 위해 그릿, 정서지능, 학습몰입을 향상할 수 있는 교육 및 프로그램의 개발이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to understand the impact to nursing student’s grit, emotional intelligence and learning flow on career adaptation. Data were collected from 244 nursing students in City B and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program through descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficients and multiple regression. The mean scores were 3.76±0.61 for career adaptation. Correlation analysis revealed that career adaptation was positively related to grit (r=.401, p<.001), emotional intelligence (r=.703, p<.001) and learning flow (r=.483, p<.001). The regression analysis results confirmed that grit (β=.116, p=.017), emotional intelligence (β=.577, p<.001) and learning flow (β=.196, p<.001) were influential factors in career adaptation, and the explanatory power was 54.2%. In order to enhance the career adaptation of nursing students, it is necessary to development and implement an intervention program that can increase their grit, emotional intelligence and learning flow.

목적: 본 연구는 교수자의 커뮤니케이션 스타일이 학습몰입과 수업만족에 미치는 영향을 검증해보고자 진행하였다. 방법: 본 연구 의 조사 대상자는 수도권 대학교에서 뷰티 관련 수업을 듣고 있는 재학생을 대상으로 하여 2024년 9월 첫째 주부터 셋째 주까지 설 문조사를 실시하였으며, 회수된 설문지 257부 가운데 불성실한 응답을 제외하고 250부만 실증분석에 활용하였다. 본 연구는 교수 자의 커뮤니케이션 스타일이 학습몰입을 통해 재방문의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 규명하기 위해 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 25.0) 프로그램 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 교수자의 커뮤니케이션 스타일 중에서 전문형과 신뢰형은 학습몰 입에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고, 전문형과 협력형은 수업만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 학습몰입이 높을수록 수업만족에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 전문형·신뢰형· 협력형의 커뮤니케이션 스타일과 수업만족 간의 관계에서 학습몰입은 부분 매개 효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 결론: 교수자의 커뮤니케이션 스타일 중에서 전문형은 학습몰입과 수업만족에 긍정적인 영향 을 미치므로 교과목에 대한 전문적인 지식과 기술을 개발하고 최신 지식을 갖고 있는 것이 필요하다. 또한 커뮤니케이션 스타일 중 에서 신뢰형은 학습몰입을 향상시키고, 협력형은 수업만족에 긍정적인 영향을 주고 있다. 따라서 교수자의 커뮤니케이션 스타일과 전문성은 교육의 질을 향상시키는데 매우 중요한 요소임을 알 수 있다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was conducted to verify the effect of the educator’s communication style on learning flow and class satisfaction. Methods: The subjects of this study surveyed students taking beauty-related classes at universities in a metropolitan area for three weeks from the first to the third week of September 2024, and only 250 copies of the 257 collected questionnaires were used for empirical analysis, excluding insincere responses. This study conducted an analysis of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 25.0) program to find out how the educator’s communication style affects the class satisfaction through learning flow. Results: Among the educator’s communication styles, the professional type and the trust type had a positive effect on learning flow, and the professional type and the cooperative type had a positive effect on class satisfaction. In addition, the higher the learning flow, the more positive it had on class satisfaction, and it was analyzed that learning flow had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between professional, trust, and cooperative communication styles and class satisfaction. Conclusion: It is essential to develop professional knowledge and skills and maintain up-to-date knowledge regarding course subject matter, as the professional style positively affects learning flow and class satisfaction. The trust-oriented style enhances the learning flow, while the cooperative style significantly contributes to class satisfaction. Therefore, an educator’s communication style and expertise are critical to improving educational quality.

目的: 验证教育者的沟通方式对学习流程和课堂满意度的影响。方法: 本研究以2024年9月第一周至第三周为期 三周的时间对大城市地区大学修读美容相关课程的学生进行调查，仅对收集到的257份问卷中的250份进行实证 分析，不包括不真诚的回应。本研究对社会科学统计包 (SPSS 25.0) 程序进行了分析，以了解教育者的沟通方 式如何通过学习流程影响课堂满意度。结果: 教育者的沟通方式中，专业型和信任型对专注力有正向影响，专业 型和合作型对课堂满意度有正向影响。此外，专注力越高，对课堂满意度的影响越大，分析专注力在专业、信 任、合作沟通方式与课堂满意度的关系中具有部分中介作用。结论: 发展专业知识和技能并保持有关课程主题 的最新知识至关重要，因为专业型会对专注力和课堂满意度产生积极影响。以信任为导向的风格可以增强专注 力，而合作型则可以显着提高课堂满意度。因此，教育者的沟通方式和专业知识对于提高教育质量至关重要。

본 연구는 보건계열 대학생의 토익학습에서 자기효능감, 학업통제감 및 학교적응유연성과 TOEIC 학습몰입의 관련 성을 파악하고 TOEIC 학습몰입에 미치는 융복합적 영향을 분석하였다. 자료수집은 2018년 5월 1일부터 5월 29일까지 자기 기입식 설문지를 사용하였으며, 조사대상은 임의로 선정된 J시 소재 대학의 토익학습반에 참여하는 보건계열 대학생 255명 으로 하였다. TOEIC 학습몰입은 자기효능감, 학업통제감 및 학교적응유연성과 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 공분산 구조분석 결과, 자기효능감, 학업통제감 학교적응유연성 및 TOEIC 학습몰입의 인과관계가 확인되었다. 학교적응유연성은 자기효능 감 및 학업통제감보다는 TOEIC 학습몰입에 더 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 이상의 연구결과를 볼 때, 보건계열 대학생의 TOEIC 학습몰입을 높이기 위해서는 이들 요인들을 관리하는 노력이 필요하다. 이러한 결과는 보건계열 대학생의 토익 학습몰입을 높이는 토익학습 교육과정 개발에 활용이 기대된다. 향후연구에서는 TOEIC 학습몰입에 영향을 미치는 추가요인에 대한 조사가 필요하다.

This study investigates convergent influence on TOEIC learning flow and its association with self efficacy, academic control and school resilience among health college students. Data collection was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire from May 1 to May 29, 2018 and the target was randomly selected 255 health college students in TOEIC class from college located in J city. TOEIC learning flow was positively correlated with self efficacy, academic control and school resilience. With the analysis of covariance structure, we could confirm relationship among self efficacy, academic control, school resilience and TOEIC learning flow. School resilience was more influential on TOEIC learning flow than self efficacy and academic control. The results of the study indicate that the efforts to manage these factors are required to increase TOEIC learning flow of health college students in TOEIC class. The results are expected to be used to develop TOEIC learning curriculum increasing the TOEIC learning flow among health college students in TOEIC class. In the following study, the survey about additional factors of influence on TOEIC learning flow will be needed.

This paper tried to investigate the relationship between motivational factors for study and learning flow in case of foreign language learning. In this context, a research model was proposed with learning flow as a dependent variable and subject-specific interests, self-efficacy as independent variables. Also parental involvement and teacher leadership were included as moderating variables for analysis. Data were collected from middle school students in Gyeongnam province. The research result shows that subject-specific interests and self-efficacy have a positive influence on learning flow. However, parental involvement did not have an influence on the relationship between subject-specific interests and learning flow as well as their relationship between self-efficacy and learning flow. The hypothesis regarding the moderating role of teacher leadership was partially accepted. It turned out that teacher leadership did have an influence on the relationship between self-efficacy and learning flow, however, no moderating effect on the relationship between subject-specific interest and learning flow.

It is important to keep learners’ feeling positive during learning to enhance learning performance. According to flow theory,challenge-skill balance is a precondition for flow experience: Learnersfeel anxietywhen the challenge of learning is higher than their ability, feel boredom when the challenge of learning is lower than learners’ ability, and engage in flow status when the challenge of learning matches the learners’ ability. However, the current empirical study reveals that emotions related to enjoyment may appear when the learners’ skill is equal to or higher than the learning challenge. Nevertheless, boredom emotion may appear when learners perceive the courses are difficult but unimportant. These empirical survey results revealed the necessary of rethinking the appearance of boredom and enjoyment emotions in computer education.

In recent years, the anticipation of human mobility flow has significant applications in various domains ranging from urban planning to public health. This study proposes a hybrid Graph Neural Network and Long Short Term- Memory network-based model for nationwide human mobility prediction, effectively capturing inter-urban movement patterns. We validate the feasibility and effectiveness of our model using the Korean internal-city mobility dataset, which captures real-world population movement patterns across various urban regions. Our experimental results accurately predict inter-city mobility, advancing urban planning, health, and transport.

2004년 오염총량제 도입 이후, 하천 유량자료의 중요성이 대두되었다. 그러나 총량 모니터링 지점은 8일 주기로만 측정을 수행하기 때문에, 연속적이고 신뢰성 있는 유량자료를 제공하지 못하는 실정이다. 이에 반해 하류의 유량관측소는 수위–유량 곡선식을 활용하여 연속적인 측정을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구 에서는 총량 모니터링 지점의 유량 산정을 개선하기 위해 강우–유출 모형인 GR4J와 딥러닝 모형인 LSTM을 적용하였다. 총량 모니터링 지점의 결과를 유량관측소에서의 유량 산정 결과와 비교하기 위해 2013년부터 2023년까지의 자료를 활용하였으며, 그 결과 두 지점 간의 상관계수는 0.91 이상으로 강한 상관성을 보였다. 예측 성능 측면에서 LSTM 모형은 GR4J 모형보다 더 우수한 결과를 보였다. 특히 유량관측소 자료와 GR4J 모형의 시뮬레이션 결과를 함께 활용했을 때, 훈련 단계에서 상관계수 0.99, 검증 단계에서 0.95라는 안정적인 성능을 보였다. 본 연구의 결과는 단속적 측정으로 인한 유량자료의 불연속성을 해결하는 기술적 방법을 제시하며, 수자원 공급과 총량제 운영의 신뢰성을 높이는 데 기여할 것으로 사료된다.

Streamflow data have become more important after the introduction of the Total Pollution Load Management System in 2004. However, Total Pollution Load Monitoring Stations record measurements every 8 days and cannot provide continuous and reliable flow data. In contrast, Flow Monitoring Stations provide continuous data using rating curves. In this study, the GR4J (Ge'nie Rural a 4 parameters Journalier) Rainfall–Runoff Model and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Model were used to improve flow estimation from Total Pollution Load Monitoring Stations. From 2013 to 2023, results of Total Pollution Load Monitoring Stations were compared with flow estimates from Flow Monitoring Stations, showing a high correlation with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.91. The LSTM Model performed better than the GR4J model. Flow Monitoring Station data combined with GR4J simulations produced stable results, with correlation coefficients of 0.99 (training) and 0.95 (testing). In conclusion, the results provide a practical method to fill voids caused by intermittent measurements and improve reliability in water supplies and total load management.

이 연구는 유러닝 이용 교육에서 신기술의 발전에 따라 나타나는 특징과 문제점 들을 사례를 분석하여 연구하였다. 이러한 유비쿼터스 환경에서 인간은 컴퓨터 능력을 갖고 있는 장치와 상호 교류가 가능하며, 유러닝을 통해 학생들은 열린 자세를 갖으며 스스로 공부하는 데 동기부여를 갖게 된다. 이는 학습과 의사소통을 효율적으로 할 수 있게 하며, 시간과 비용 에너지를 절약 할 수 있게 한다. 국내▪외 사례에서 살펴보았듯이 유러닝의 발전을 도모하기 위해서는 여러 가지 측면에서 고려되어야 할 것이지만, 교육, 학습태도, 관습, 인간관계 등에 있어 현재 보다 훨씬 광범위하게 수집되어 오용되거나 유출되는 문제를 반드시 해결해야 할 분야이다. 이를 위해 법이나 제도 그리고 윤리적 관점에서 고려되어야 할 것으로 본다.

This paper provides the emerging flow of new communication technology using ubiquitous learning (u-Learning). In the intelligent Ubiquitous environment, humans and devices with computing abilities become interoperable. u-Learning will lead students to open their minds to the world and motivate self-learning, which may lead them to learn and communicate more efficiently, and save time, cost and energy. Through case research, regarding education, learning attitude, custom and, personal relations, one must solve the fundamental issues of misuse and outflow problems regarding personal information that will be widely collected in detail than the present condition, and in order for this not to happen, further support of the law and system, plus ethical perspectives must be considered in order to progress.

본 연구는 비대면학습 환경에서 간호대학생의 미디어멀티태스킹, 학습몰입과 자기조절학습전략 간의 관계를 파악 하고 자기조절학습전략 예측 요인을 규명하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 본 연구의 대상자는 G광역시와 K시 두 개 대학 의 간호대학생 212명을 편의추출하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS WIN 23.0을 이용하여 변수 간의 상관관계는 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, 자기조절학습전략 예측 요인은 단계적 회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 비대면학습 환경에서 간호대 학생의 미디어멀티태스킹과 자기조절학습전략(r=.45, p<.001), 학습몰입과 자기조절학습전략(r=.59, p<.001), 미디어멀티 태스킹과 학습몰입(r=.32, p<.001)은 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 교우관계 만족도, 미디어멀티태스킹과 학습몰입은 자기조 절학습전략을 45% 설명하였다. 비대면학습 환경에서 간호대학생의 자기조절학습전략을 상승시키기 위해서는 교우관계 만족도, 미디어멀티태스킹과 학습몰입을 증진 시킬 수 있는 다양한 중재 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the predictors of self-regulated learning strategies among nursing university students. Data were collected from 212 nursing university students in G metropolitan city and K city. The SPSS WIN 23.0 version program was used for data analysis. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. There were significant correlations between media multitasking and self-regulated learning strategies(r=.45, p<.001), learning flow and self-regulated learning strategies(r=.59, p<.001), and media multitasking and learning flow(r=.32, p<.001). Friendship satisfaction, media multitasking and learning flow explained 45% of the variance for self-regulated learning strategies. To increase the self-regulated learning strategies among nursing university students, it is necessary to develop multiple interventions that enhance friendship satisfaction, media multitasking and learning flow.

Background: To investigate the mediating effect of learning flow in the relationship between blended learning achievement and learning satisfaction in dental hygiene students, and to identify whether face-to-face studies should be substituted with non-face-to-face studies. Methods: Total 134 dental hygiene students, who underwent blended learning in the dental hygiene class during the first semester of 2021, were recruited. The research tools were blended learning achievement, learning flow, and learning satisfaction, comprising 15 questions in total. Mediation regression analysis was used to analyze the mediating effect of learning flow in the relationship between learning achievement and learning satisfaction, and that between each variable. Results: Learning flow and learning satisfaction (r=0.490, p<0.001) were positively interrelated, and the interrelation between variables was statistically significant. Class environment had the biggest effect as a subfactor of class achievement, and it appeared to have an effect on class attitude and learning motive. The effect of learning flow on learning satisfaction was statistically significant. Learning flow was partially mediated by both blended learning achievement and learning satisfaction. Learning flow was directly related to blended learning satisfaction and learning achievement. Conclusion: The results showed the possible use of blended learning in dental hygiene theory and practical subjects.

With the innovative development of ICT, a change in the social paradigm has an effect on education, so the current educational environment has been drastically transformed into online education. In particular, non-contact classes are conducted in all universities, as e-Learning which has been only conducted in cyber universities is also applied to the general education programs managed by general universities, in the midst of COVID-19. This study, therefore, aims to examine the effect of learners' learning presence on both learning flow and learning satisfaction in non-contact university class. The subjects included 253 undergraduates majoring in the department of aviation tourism & service in H University located in Chungnam, and a statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS WIN 21.0. The findings are as follows: First, cognitive presence, emotional presence and social presence, among the learning presence has significantly positive effects on the learning flow. Second, cognitive presence, emotional presence and social presence, among the learning presence has significantly positive effects on the learning satisfaction. Third, the learning flow has a significantly positive effect on the learning satisfaction. The results suggest that it is necessary to make efforts to enhance the learning satisfaction by managing systematic learner-centered curriculum and using various contents in non-contact university class.

본 연구는 대학생의 학습몰입, 자기주도학습, 학습성과가 온라인 수업만족도에 미치는 영향요인을 파악하여 비대면 온라인 수업의 효과를 극대화하고, 활성화할 방안의 기초자료를 제공하고자 시도된 서술적 조사연구이다. 대학 생의 학습몰입, 자기주도학습, 학습성과, 온라인 수업만족도는 유의한 정적인 상관관계를 보였고, 온라인 수업만족도에 학습몰입, 학습성과는 정적인 영향이 있었으나 자기주도학습은 직접적인 영향은 없었다. 온라인 수업만족도에 대한 설 명력은 49%였다. 본 연구결과에 따라 온라인 수업만족도를 높이기 위해서 온라인 수업에 대한 대학생의 학습몰입, 학 습성과를 향상시킬 방안이 필요하다. 또한 교수자와 대학은 온라인 수업의 질적인 향상을 위한 적극적인 노력과 지원이 요구된다.

This study is a descriptive research study to verify the relationship between university students' learning flow, self-directed learning, learning outcomes, and online class satisfaction, and to identify factors that influence online class satisfaction. There was a significant positive correlation between university students' learning flow, self-directed learning, learning outcomes, and online class satisfaction. Online class satisfaction had a positive effect on learning flow and learning outcomes, but self-directed learning had no direct effect. The explanatory power of online class satisfaction was 49%. Based on the above results, in order to increase online class satisfaction, a plan is needed to improve university students' learning flow and learning outcomes for online classes. In addition, instructor and university are required to actively endeavor and support to improve the quality of online classes.