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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of athlete’s enthusiastic learning activity and learned theoretical knowledge on the exercise performance and quality of life. To achieve the purpose of the study, a graduate student, who was a member of the National Taekwondo Demonstration Team, was selected. Various data were collected including a training daily log, study group materials, and in- depth interview during six months. Triangulation was employed in order to ensure reliability and validity in data collection, and peer debriefing and process of literature review were included for the analysis as a meaningful section in the system. According to the findings, the participant’s enthusiastic learning activity from the learning of theoretical knowledge was effectively applied to the skills learning in the sports environment, which led to a positive improvement, and a recovery after a long period of gap. The implications of the study might be used for a basic information related to the influence of the athlete’s academic learning on exercise performance. Furthermore, the new findings generated may provide important information for the athletes, coaches, personnel at the university level, and the parents to improve athlete’s performance and their quality of life.

이 연구는 사격선수의 성취목표성향과 자기관리 및 인지된 운동수행이 어떠한 관계를 형성하고 있는지를 구조방정식모형을 통해 실증적으로 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 대한사격연맹에 2014년 등록된 대학 사격선 수 112명을 선정하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 16.0과 AMOS 7.0 프로그램을 활용하였으며, 연구의 목적에 부합하도록 빈도분석, 탐색적요인분석, 확인적요인분석, 상관분석, 구조방정식모형분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 연구결과를 얻었 다. 첫째, 성취목표성향 하위요인인 과제지향성은 자기관리에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 성취 목표성향 하위요인인 과제지향성과 자아지향성은 인지된 운동수행에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋 째, 자기관리는 인지된 운동수행에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

For the research object of this study 112 university shooting athletes, registered with Korea Shooting Federation in 2014, have been selected. Statistics processing was carried out through SPSS 16.0 and AMOS 7.0. The following results were obtained by analysis of frequency, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation model analysis to serve it’s purpose. First, task orientation had passive influence on self-management. Second, task orientation and ego-orientation had passive influence on perceived exercise performance. Third, self-management had passive influence on perceived exercise performance.

이 연구의 목적은 포스트휴먼 시대 스포츠문화의 두 얼굴(양면성)을 알아보고 나아가야 할 방향을 제안하는 것이다. 이를 위해 문헌 분석 및 해석 방법을 활용했다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 포스트휴먼 시대 스포츠문화의 밝은 면은 운동수행 능력의 향상, 스포츠과학과 인간의 공 존과 참살이(웰빙) 실천이다. 둘째, 포스트휴먼 시대 스포츠문화의 어두 운 면은 인간성 상실, 탈 육체성과 스포츠의 본질 훼손이다. 셋째, 포스 트휴먼 시대 스포츠문화가 나아가야 할 방향은 포스트휴먼 시대 스포츠 의 참 의미 찾기, 인간과 스포츠과학 기술의 협력적 감응, 그리고 스포 츠의 새로운 도전과 모험이다. 포스트휴먼 시대에 우선적으로 숙고해야 하는 것은 ‘우리가 스포츠를 하는 이유는 무엇이고, 우리는 스포츠를 통해 무엇을 얻을 수 있는가?’라는 물음이다. 연구자들의 결론은 시대 를 불문하고 스포츠는 인간을 위한 것이 되어야 한다는 점이다.

The purpose of this study is to search for light and shadow as two faces of sports culture in the post-human era and to suggest directions. To this end, the research method investigated and analyzed literature related to the subject. The results are as follows. First, the light of sports culture in the post-human era is the improvement of exercise performance, the coexistence of science and humans, and the practice of well-being. Second, the shadow of sports culture in the post-human era is the loss of humanity, the degeneration, and the damage to the quality of sports. Third, the direction of sports culture in the post-human era is the search for the true meaning of post-human, the cooperative response between humans and science and technology, and new challenges and adventures. In the post-human era, what we need to be wary of is why we play sports and what we will get through sports. After all, the important thing is that it should be a sport for humans.

Background The range of motion of the ankle joint in stroke patients facilitates the smooth performance of functional movements and highlights the necessity of adequate ankle joint range of motion for performing these functional movements. Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of sit-to-stand exercises combined with joint mobilization with movements (MWM) and passive ankle stretching followed by sit-to-stand exercises on lower extremity functions, balance, and gait performance in stroke patients. Study design Two-group pre- and post-test design Methods A total of 34 chronic stroke patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. Sit-to-stand using MWM group (SUG) performed sit-to-stand exercises combined with MWM. Passive stretching group (PSG) performed passive ankle stretching followed by sit-to-stand exercises. A two-way ANOVA was used to examine the interactions between the two groups. The statistical significance level (α) was set at 0.05. Results SUG showed statistically significant difference in the dorsiflexion active range of motion (AROM), the five time sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and the 10-meter walking (10MWT) (p < 0.05). PSG showed statistically significant difference in the FTSTS and 10MWT (p < 0.05). A post-hoc analysis was conducted to compare pre- and post-test outcomes between groups; however, no statistically significant differences were found in dorsiflexion AROM, the FTSTS and 10MWT. (p >0.05). Conclusions Sit-to-stand exercise combined with MWM may be suggested as an effective program for improving lower extremity functions, balance, gait performance of stroke patients.

Sildenafil citrate is a potent and selective inhibitor of phosphodiester-ase type-5 used to treat erectile dysfunction. We investigated the ef-fects of sildenafil citrate treatment on peripheral fatigue and exercise performance after exhaustive swimming exercise in rats. The rats in the sildenafil citrate-treated groups received sildenafil citrate orally once a day for 14 consecutive days at respective dosage. On the 14 days after starting experiment, each animal was submitted to swimming test with intensity equivalent to overload. The exhaustion was defined as a state in which coordinated movements did not return to the water surface for breathing within 10 sec. Western blot for monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1, MCT4, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) were per-formed. Exhaustive swimming exercise decreased time of exhaustion and increased lactate concentration, however, sildenafil citrate en-hanced time of exhaustion and decreased lactate concentration. Ex-haustive swimming exercise increased MCT1 and MCT4 expressions in the gastrocnemius muscles and sildenafil citrate further enhanced MCT1 and MCT4 expressions in the exhaustive swimming exercise rats. Exhaustive swimming exercise decreased nNOS expression in the gastrocnemius muscles and sildenafil citrate enhanced nNOS expres-sion in the exhaustive swimming exercise rats. The most potent effect appeared in the 20-mg/kg sildenafil citrate. Sildenafil citrate might be proposed as a potential ergogenic aid through antiperipheral fatigue.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the combined re-covery method of cold water immersion (CWI) and protein supplement intake after eccentric exercise that causes muscle fatigue in elite soc-cer players. Eleven semiprofessional soccer players participated in this study. Participants were divided into CWI group, combined protein and CWI group (PCWI), and passive resting group (CON). The participants completed the eccentric exercise for one hour and performed one of three recovery methods. The muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles significantly decreased at 48-hr postexercise com-pared to before exercise in all recovery groups (P<0.05), with no signifi-cantly different between the recovery groups. The time required to sprint 40 m was significantly longer in all groups at 24 hr and 48 hr after exercise than before exercise (P<0.05). The vertical jump height was significantly decreased at 48 hr after exercise compared to before ex-ercise in the CON and CWI groups (P<0.05). The muscle soreness val-ues were higher at 6 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr after exercise than before exer-cise in all groups (P<0.001). The perceived recovery quality was re-duced after exercise in the PCWI (P<0.01) and CON groups (P<0.001) compared to before exercise; it was unchanged in the CWI group. The recovery quality decreased at 6 hr, 24 hr, and 48 hr after exercise in all recovery groups (P<0.01). In conclusion, the combined recovery meth-od was less effective than CWI alone for the recovery of exercise per-formance.

Purpose: This study was conducted to establish a safe and effective way to participate in sports activities by analyzing the dynamic balance ability and whole body muscle function according to the functional movement score (FMS) and by confirming the effect on the exercise performance ability of college students. Methods: We assessed 27 male college students. They were divided into the High FMS group and Low FMS group based on a total score of 14. The dynamic balance ability of both arms and feet was measured with the Y-balance test kit, and each hand-push, hand-pull, upper body-push, upper body-push, trunk rotation, lower body-push, and lower body-pull were measured with the smart muscle testing device. Results: The Lower Quarter Y-balance test and whole body muscle function measurements showed that the High FMS group was significantly higher than the Low FMS group (p<.05) in all items. The Upper Quarter Y-balance test measurements of the High FMS group was significantly higher than that of the Low FMS group in the right medial (p=0.016), right composite (p=0.004), and left composite (p=0.021). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the High FMS group's Lower Quarter dynamic balance ability, Upper Quarter dynamic balance ability, and whole body muscle function were superior to those of the Low FMS group, confirming that the FMS score is related to the general public's exercise performance ability. Therefore, it seems that it can be provided as basic data for safe and effective training for the general public's continuous participation in sports activities.

This study examined the effects of kinesiology taping leggings on exer-cise performance and physiological responses during CrossFit training in women aged 20–30 years. A randomized crossover design was em-ployed with 42 healthy participants. Each participant completed two 3-week training periods wearing either taping leggings or regular leg-gings, separated by a 2-week washout period. Sixteen variables, in-cluding strength, endurance, power, agility, balance, proprioception, functional movement, heart-rate variability, exercise satisfaction, and lower-limb circumference, were measured. Significant improvements were observed in isokinetic strength (148.25±12.45 to 151.78±12.38 N·m), joint-position sense (2.18°±0.65° to 1.95°±0.62°), exercise satis-faction (6.85±1.42 to 7.34±1.28), and edema reduction (31.5% decrease). Most other fitness variables showed improvement trends but were not statistically significant. Taping leggings provided selective but meaning-ful benefits in enhancing proprioception, improving subjective satisfac-tion, and reducing edema during CrossFit training.

Unbalanced movements between the bilateral sides may lead to dyski-nesia and reduced motor function. The upper limbs are the most com-plex joints with different rate of usage between the limbs. The dominant side is repeatedly used more than the contralateral side for better dex-terity and musculoskeletal utility. Such imbalance between the two bi-lateral sides may lead to further difference in movement ability. This study aimed to observe the feasibility of the mirror feedback method in the upper limb movements in the old people with mild cognitive impair-ment. Twenty-seven-old people with history of stroke were selected. Motion sensors were used to assess the location and motion of two limbs in synchronized lateral raise that include the abduction and ad-duction motions during the mirror feedback and no feedback trials. The results of the mirror feedback showed comparatively similar motions between the left and right upper limbs. The results of the study may in-dicate possible recommendation of mirror feedback method for syn-chronizing exercise motion of the upper limbs for the old people with mild cognitive impairment.

The aim of the present study was to determine whether 1 week of train-ing cessation can affect exercise performance in well-trained soccer players. Upon the completion of a competitive season, 11 male soccer players went through 1-week training cessation. Performances in the 5-m (1.05±0.04 sec vs 1.02±0.03 sec, P=0.03) and 10-m (1.79±0.06 sec vs 1.74±0.06 sec, P=0.03) sprints were significantly increased after 1 week of detraining with a trend for an increase in the 20-m sprint per-formance (3.07±0.06 sec vs 3.02±0.07 sec, P=0.06). However, the re-peated sprint performance (total sprint time [45.7±2.6 sec vs 48.0±2.6 sec, P=0.01] and fatigue index [5.8%±2.8% vs 7.8%±3.2%; P=0.04]) were reduced. In addition, no significant differences were observed for the 30 m (4.23±0.06 sec vs 4.24±0.09 sec, P=0.63), agility (right: 8.08±0.17 sec vs 8.03±0.37 sec, P=0.54; left: 8.05±0.21 sec vs 8.04±0.30 sec, P=0.84), coordination (13.98±1.21 sec vs 14.06±1.34 sec, P=0.75), Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 (1,040.0±291.8 m vs 1,134.5±232.7 m, P=0.08), and knee extensors and flexors peak torques at all applied an-gular velocities (P<0.05) after detraining. These results indicate that short-term detraining for well-trained soccer players has a significant effect on the speed endurance performance. It is therefore important for the players and their coaches to plan a suitable training program to maintain exercise performance especially speed endurance during off-season.

This research is composed of one preliminary test and three primary tests targeting 8 high school cycle players, and aims at investigating an influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on aerobic exercise performance ability of Heart Rate (HR), Distance and Rating of Perceived exertion(RPE) and presenting an effective solution to it. For this research, 8 high school cycle players are selected. Then the preliminary test and the three primary tests of Normal race (NO) group, Maltodextrin mouth rinse race(MA) group, and Saccharin mouth rinse race (SA) group are fulfilled. The preliminary test takes fulfills the check of the basic body composition component of stature, weight, body fat, etc., and checks the maximum oxygen consumption using gas analyzer. The primary test arranges 70% strength of Wmax value measured by the preliminary test, and carries out one-hour time trial staying over 80rpm. When it can't stay over 80 rpm, the race is supposed to be quit. The primary test is proceeded in the respectively different ways. NO group proceeds a general race of routeway strength without doing anything. MA group proceeds a race of the same strength after mouth rinse of 7% maltodextrin liquid 25 ml of 70 g/1L for 15 seconds before exercise, and SA group proceeds a race of the same strength after mouth rinse of 0.1% saccharin liquid 25ml of 1g/1L for 15 seconds before exercise. Every 15 minutes during exercise, using RPE scale, the test checks on aerobic exercise performance ability and individual exercise intensity which each student feels. To put the research finding together, the primary test of carbohydrate mouth rinse shows the increase in aerobic exercise performance ability of HR, Distance and the affirmative results in RPE of individual subjective feels of exercise intensity. This shows that carbohydrate mouth rinse before exercise may induce an affirmative physiological change from the players. This result seems to make sure of an improvement effect in exercise performance and fatigue. However, in consideration of personal difference, it is thought that it would be necessary to continually study on metabolic test at various exercise type and strength through carbohydrate mouth rinse in long-term, on the basis of this research finding.

Few studies have shown the impact of unhealthy habits on arterial stiff-ness, respiratory muscle strength and exercise performance in early normal weight adulthood. This study sought to determine the effects of physical activity and smoking on its parameters in normal weight male participants. Forty-eight participants were divided into four groups: phys-ically inactive nonsmokers and smokers and physically active nonsmok-ers and smokers (n=12 in each group). All of the participants were mea-sured for body composition, arterial stiffness, respiratory muscle strength and exercise performance. Two-way analysis of variance design was used to test the main and interaction effects of physical activity by group (smokers vs. nonsmokers). P-value of less than 0.05 was considered as a statistically significant difference. As a result, cardio-ankle vascular index and respiratory muscle strength were diminished in smokers and physically inactive participants, while body and visceral fat mass were increased in both those groups. Fat-free mass was lower in only physi-cally inactive participants. This study also found the interaction effects on body fat and arterial stiffness. In conclusion, participants with healthy normal weight, but smoked and performed inappropriate physical activ-ity, exhibited body composition imbalance, decreased respiratory mus-cle strength, exercise performance, and increased arterial stiffness. Therefore, smoking cessation and exercise in younger adults are appro-priate ways of improving body composition, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic capacity and arterial stiffness instead of trying to control their weight by smoking.

Voluntary exercise has previously been shown to enhance cognitive recovery after acquired brain injury (ABI). The present study evaluated effects of two differentially distributed protocols of delayed, voluntary exercise on cognitive recovery using an allocentric place learning task in an 8-arm radial maze. Fifty-four Wistar rats were subjected to either bilateral transection of the fimbria-fornix (FF) or to sham surgery. Twen-ty-one days postinjury, the animals started exercising in running wheels either for 14 consecutive days (FF/exercise daily [ExD], sham/ExD) or every other day for 14 days (FF/exercise every second day [ExS], sham/ExS). Additional groups were given no exercise treatment (FF/not exer-cise [NE], sham/NE). Regardless of how exercise was distributed, we found no cognitively enhancing effects of exercise in the brain injured animals. Design and protocol factors possibly affecting the efficacy of post-ABI exercise are discussed.

Physical performance (PP) and functional balance (FB) abnormalities are frequently encountered problems in patients on maintenance renal hemodialysis (MRH). Although the exercise therapy is an adjunctive to the routine medical care for patients with chronic kidney disease of various stages; but the benefits as well as the long-term effects of different exercises on the PP and FB in patients on MRH are not yet fully described. In this study; Sixty-six patients on MRH (36 males, 30 females), age 35–45 years, were randomly assigned into one of the three groups: aerobic exercise training group (AETG), resistance exercise training group (RETG), and control group (CG). The PP (evaluated using the 6-min walk test “6MWT”) and the FB (evaluated via the Berg balance scale “BBS”) were the main study outcomes evaluated prestudy (evaluation-1), after 3 months (evaluation-2) and 2 months poststudy cessation (evaluation-3). Results revealed that the PP and FB mean values and percentages of changes at evaluation-2 were 444.25± 21.83 (33.1%), 413.57 ±28.55 (22.52%), 337 ±12.23 (0.33%) m, 50.05 ±0.89 (22.95%), 49.95± 2.06 (22.52%), 41.28± 1.75 (0.94%) for AETG, RETG, and CG respectively. At evaluation-3; the PP and FB mean values and the percentage of changes were 425± 21.49 (27.36), 366.86± 17.47 (8.5%), 336.68 (0.42%) m, 44.4± 1.85 (8.06%), 42.95± 2.04 (5.003%), 39.48± 2.06 (-4.44%) for AETG, RETG, and CG respectively. In conclusions; both aerobic exercise training (AET) and resistance exercise training (RET) have favorable effects, with the AET has higher short and long-term favorable effects on the PP and FB than RET in patients on MRH.

The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility and therapeutic potential of creative dance (CD) based exercise as a rehabilitation intervention for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Participants were 10 adolescents with spastic CP (mean age, 17.5± 2.12 years; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I [n= 3] and II [n= 7]). Outcome measures included the Gross Motor Function Measure-88 (GMFM-88; dimensions D and E), spatiotemporal gait parameters, lower limb range of motion during walking, and body image, assessed using the Body Cathexis Scale (BCS). CD was provided in 2-hr classes, twice weekly, for 12 weeks, during which participants learned movement concepts and developed their own movement. All participants completed the intervention, with an attendance rate of 98% and high satisfaction rating. GMFM-88 dimensions D (P= 0.01) and E (P= 0.005); walking speed (P= 0.005), cadence (P= 0.009), step (P= 0.005), and stride length (P= 0.005); and sagittal ranges of motions of hip (P= 0.009) and ankle (P= 0.03) during walking were significantly improved. The time of opposite foot off (P= 0.028) and first double-limb support (P= 0.028) significantly decreased, whereas the percentage of single-limb support time (P= 0.02) increased. Additionally, BCS scores were significantly improved. In conclusions, CD-based exercise can improve gross motor function, gait performance, and body image in adolescents with CP.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of proprioceptive exer-cise training on soccer skills and physical fitness in young soccer play-ers. Nineteen young soccer players participated in the study. Partici-pants were divided into proprioceptive exercises training (PT) and con-trol (Cont) groups. The physical fitness and soccer skill performance test assessed at pre- and posttraining. Balance ability and power sig-nificantly improved in both groups after 8 weeks of training (P<0.05). Dribble in the PT group was similar between pre- and posttraining, with a statistically significant difference in the Cont group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences within and between groups according to training in the left and right feet for juggling. The PT and Cont groups did not differ significantly regarding short passes posttraining. However, a significant improvement in long passes was observed in the PT group after training period (P<0.05). Shooting was no different between and within the groups. In conclusion, these inconsistent findings are thought to be due to the applied exercise method, training duration, and the specificity of the physical growth period of the young players. There-fore, it is necessary to increase the frequency and time of propriocep-tive exercise training and apply factors for cognitive ability improvement to training programs for young soccer players in future studies. These studies could suggest appropriate training methods necessary to im-prove the performance of young soccer players.

The presented study was aimed at identifying for the first time the influ-ence of sports vision exercises on fundamental motor skills and cogni-tive skills of 7- to 10-year-old developmental dyslexic Persian children. A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted. The statis-tical population of this study was 7- to 10-year-old dyslexic children re-ferring to two centres of learning disorder in the city of Isfahan. Twenty two of these children were selected using available and purposive sampling from the statistical population and were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental and control. The former (experimental group) participated in sports vision exercise courses for 12 weeks (3 one hr sessions per week) and the latter (control group) continued their routine daily activities during the exercise. Before the beginning and at the end of the exercise, Gardner’s test of visual perception test - revised and Dehkhoda’s reading skills test was administered to both groups. The results showed that the sports vision exercises increases motor skills, visual perceptual skills and reading skills in developmental dys-lexic children. Based on the results of the presented study it was con-cluded that sports vision exercises can be used for fundamental and cognitive skills of developmental dyslexic children.