Earticle

본 논문은 한국어 번역 능력의 숙달도 평가를 위한 구인 체계를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 구인이란 평가할 대상과 내용을 결정하여 구체적인 기준으로 나타내는 것으로, 측정하고자 하는 능력의 구성 요소를 평가 구인으로 설정하는 것을 말한다. 이 연구는 번역 능력을 출발언어 이해 능력, 언어 간 전환 능력, 도착언어 표현 능력의 세 가지 주요 구성 요소로 보며, 번역 방향에 따라 평가해야 할 능력이 구분됨을 설명한다. 한국어 통번역 평가에서는 모국어로 번역할 시에는 한국어 이해 능력과 전환 능력을 중심으로 하며, 한국어로 번역할 시에는 전환 능력과 한국어 표현 능력을 평가해야 한다고 제안한다. 전환 능력은 번역 능력의 본질적인 요소로서, ‘전달 정보와 전달 방식에 대한 선택과 결정’을 평가의 핵심으로 한다. 한국어 이해 능력과 표현 능력 평가 구인의 설정은 한국어능력시험의 읽기 평가 구인과 쓰기 평가 구인을 참조하여 이루어졌다. 읽기 평가 구인은 사실적 이해력, 추론적 이해력, 평가적 이해력을 포함하고, 쓰기 평가 구인은 번역 과제 수행, 언어 사용, 전개 구조를 포함한다. 본 연구는 설정된 평가 구인을 실제 번역 텍스트에 적용하여 분석함으로써, 한국어 번역 능력 평가 구인 체계의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다. 이러한 연구는 한국어 번역 능력 평가를 위한 구인 근거를 마련하고, 평가 도구 설계 시 참고할 수 있는 중요한 정보를 제공한다.

This study aims to present a construct system for assessing Korean translation proficiency. A construct defines the subject and content of an assessment using specific criteria. It involves setting the components of the ability to be measured as evaluation constructs. The study views translation ability as comprising three main components. These are comprehension ability in the source language, ability to transition between languages, and expression ability in the target language. It explains that the abilities to be assessed vary depending on the translation direction. In assessing Korean translation and interpretation, the study proposes specific focuses. When translating into one’s native language, the emphasis should be on Korean comprehension and transition abilities. Conversely, translating into Korean should assess transition and Korean expression abilities. Transition ability is an essential element of translation ability. It centers the assessment on ‘the selection and decision regarding the information and method of conveyance’. The constructs for assessing Korean comprehension and expression abilities were informed by the Korean Language Proficiency Test. The reading assessment construct includes factual, inferential, and evaluative understanding. The writing assessment construct covers translation task performance, language use, and development structure. By applying these constructs to actual translation texts, the study confirms the applicability of the Korean translation ability assessment construct system. This research provides a foundation for constructs in assessing Korean translation ability. It offers essential information for the design of assessment tools.

인도에서는 건축물에 대한 장엄이 여러 부분에서 행해졌고 불교에 수용되면서 불탑과 불전 및 사찰의 다른 건축물에까지 확대되고 있다. 불전의 장엄에서도 세존께서 교화하시던 빠른 시기에 이미 성립되고 있고 율장에서는 다양한 불교미술의 장엄을 사용한 내용이 언급되고 있다. 이러한 장엄들은 세존께서 교화하시던 때부터 불전이 신행의 중심을 이루고 있으나, 의례는 대부분이 불탑을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 한국에서는 불전이 창건되면서 여러 장엄이 발전되고 있고 건축양식과 불교회화를 중심으로 전개되었다. 그렇지만 현존하는 사찰은 대체적으로 임진왜란 이후에 건축되었으므로 이전 시대의 장엄에 나타났던 특징을 많이 확인할 수는 없다. 주불전의 본래 목적은 예경의 의례를 통한 수행과 기복의 의미가 내포되어 있었으나 조선후기에 이르면 포교와 교육공간을 총괄하는 기능을 갖추게 되었고 제한된 공간에 여러 교학의 상징성을 추가하게 된다. 이러한 역할과 기능에서 건축적 장엄과 불화의 장엄이 조합되어 세존의 가르침을 손쉽고 빠르게 전달할 수 있는 교육과 포교의 체계를 갖추었으며 주불전은 조화와 통합이 유기적으로 체계화된 상징성으로 귀결되어 불보살의 세계를 표현하는 역할로 발전되고 있다. 따라서 조선후기 주불전의 장엄은 시대의 생태를 쫓아서 본래의 목적인 의례에서 더 나아가서 포교 및 교육공간을 총괄하는 역할로 발전되면서 미학적인 감각을 통합시켰고, 그 당시에 발달하였던 교학을 바탕으로 경전을 재해석하여 불보살의 세계인 정토를 현재의 이곳에 구현하고자 노력하였으며, 현실에서 불보살들의 정토를 상징하는 장엄을 완성하고 있었다.

In India, decorations for architecture have been routinely done and expanded to Buddhist pagodas and other structures of the Buddha's central hall and temples. The decoration of the Buddha's central hall has already been established at the earliest times of Buddhism, and the use of various Buddhist art decorations is said in the Qing dynasty. These ornaments are the center of faith and practice of Buddha 's hall from the time of Buddhism, and consciousness is mostly centered on the sutpa. In Korea, as the space of Buddha was created, various decorations were developed, and it was developed around architecture style and Buddhist painting. However, since the existing temples were built after the Japanese invasion in general, it is impossible to confirm many characteristics of the decoration of the previous period. The main purpose of the main Buddha's central hall was to carry out the ceremonial ceremony and the meaning of the patriarchy. However, in the late Joseon period, it had the function of supervising the mission and education space and added the symbolism of the plural teaching to the limited space. In these roles and functions, the combination of architectural decoration and Buddhist decoration combines to form a system of education and proscription that can easily and quickly deliver the teachings of the Buddha. The spaces of the main Buddhas result in symbolism that harmonization and integration are organically organized, And to express the world of Buddha and Bodhisattva. Therefore, the decorations of the main Buddhist place in the late Joseon dynasty pursued the ecology of the times and developed into a role to take charge of the missionary education and the space for the mission and to integrate the aesthetic senses. Based on the texts developed at that time, Interpreted and tried to realize the world of Buddhahood in the present place, and in reality embodies the decoration symbolizing the pure land of Buddha and Bodhisattvas.

The use of structural equation modeling based on the formative measurement has been increasing in the IS community. However, there has been the lack of discussions on the merits/demerits of formative measurement despite its requisite limitations in theory testing and knowledge build-up. Based on real survey data, we conducted rigorous empirical tests to uncover implications of formative measurement associated with interpretational compounding and weak external consistency. The findings are resounding: (1) The formative approach resulted in a significant interpretational compounding in which standardized weights of the measures of a formative construct widely fluctuated according to the change of dependent constructs; (2) The estimation of formative models is not necessarily consistent with the degree of external consistency highlighting the limitation of positioning the formative construct as a mediating, point variable; and (3) Formative models consistently inflated path coefficients and model fit indices increasing the chance of Type 1 error.

인터넷이 생활의 저변에 확산된 현재의 환경에서 디지털콘텐츠를 접할 수 있는 기회가 많아지고 더불어 디지털콘텐츠를 통해 부가가치를 생산해 내려는 산업적 관심이 높아져 가고 있다. 디지털콘텐츠의 장점을 적절히 활용하여 수익을 창출하기 위해서는 무엇보다 디지털콘텐츠가 가지는 특성을 이해하는 것이 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 경험재로써의 디지털콘텐츠에 초점을 두고 사용자가 디지털콘텐츠를 경험하면서 느끼게 되는 특성을 도출해 내었다. 문헌조사를 통해 디지털콘텐츠를 이루는 8개의 element를 찾아내어 각 element를 이용하는 사용자의 디지털콘텐츠 인식 구조를 도출해내기 위해 Repertory Grid 방법을 수행하였다. 5점 척도로 점수를 부여하는 Repertory Grid 방법으로 인터뷰와 인터넷을 이용한 설문을 동시에 시행하여 피험자로부터 48개의 construct을 도출해냈다. 본 연구결과의 의의는 미리 정의된 특성을 부여하지 않고 순수하게 사용자의 경험으로부터 도출되는 디지털콘텐츠의 특성을 도출해 내었다는 데 있다. 즉 디지털콘텐츠의 본질을 정의하고 분류체계, 품질체계를 규정할 수 있는 연구의 초석을 마련하였다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct equivalence of the five general factors (subjective health, eating habits, physical activities, sedentary lifestyle, and sleeping behaviors) and to compare the latent means between male and female middle school students in Incheon, Korea. Methods: The 2008 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey data was used for analysis. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test whether the scale has configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender. Results: Configural invariance, metric invariance, and factor invariance were satisfied for latent means analysis (LMA) between genders. Male and female students were significantly different in LMA of all factors. Male students reported better subjective health, consumed more fast food and carbonated drinks, participated in more physical activities, showed less sedentary behavior, and enjoyed better quality of sleep than female students. Conclusion: Health providers should consider gender differences when they develop and deliver health promotion programs aimed at adolescents.

Two dimensions (power and affection of leadership style are proposed as the basis of identifying the leadership style in the study. Validity indicates the degree to which an instrument measures the construct which is under investigation. "Construct validity is evaluated by investigation of what qualities a test measures, that is, by determining the degree to which certain expIanatory concepts or constructs account for performance on the test"(American Psychological Association, 1966, p. 131. An attempt to validate one's scales by examining a matrix of correlations has been developed by Campbell and Fiske (1959) and is called multitrait-multimethod approach to construct validation, The study presented here attempted to assess the construct validity of the two leadership dimensions mentioned above. Three methods of measuring these dimensions were used (projective method, questionnaire, and behavioral measure) and two constructs were evaluated (power and affection). According to Campbell and Fiske, for relative construct validity, (a) the entries in the validity diagonal should be significantly different from zero and sufficiently large to encourage further examination of validity, (b) a validity diagonal value should be higher than the values lying in its column and row in the heterotrait-heteromethod triangles, (c ) a variable should correlate higher with an independent effort to measure the same trait than with measures designed to get at different traits which happen to employ the same method, (d) the same pattern of trait merrelationship be shown in all of heterotrait riangles of both the monomethod and heteromethod blocks.

This commentary responds to Frank J. Boster's essay titled "Too many? Too few? Just right? Construct proliferation and need for a construct dump," which recently appeared in Asian Communication Research. The authors agree with Boster's call to reassess constructs in communication research and present additional evaluation criteria. In particular, the commentary emphasizes the importance of multilevel explanations and proposes a distinction between constructs that provide empty explanations (skyhooks) and constructs that provide grounded explanations (cranes). By incorporating behavioral and biological measures alongside psychometric remedies, the communication research community can strengthen construct validity and advance the field's explanatory power.

The main causes for the risks of used-car trading lie in the information asymmetry between buyers and sellers and the absence of a trust mechanism. This study proposed applying the Ethereum blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) to construct a used-car trading and management information system that supports decentralized data storage services. This mechanism could support the permanent storage, immutability, and traceability of car maintenance data through the operation of smart contracts. Furthermore, car information is stored and managed by IPFS. Slither monitors the security of this system by detecting security bugs in the operation of smart contracts.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Revised Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (RNPQ-K) Methods: The English version of RNPQ was translated into Korean using standard translation guidelines. Survey data were collected from 314 physical therapists working in Korea through a social networking service. Item analysis, internal consistency, reliability, content validity, and construct validity of the RNPQ-K were evaluated. Results: The RNPQ-K was composed of 12 items. No floor and ceiling effects were observed in physical therapists. The internal consistency had a Cronbach’s α-coefficient of 0.64. The content validity score was more than 0.93 and the exploratory factor analysis for the construct validity testing generated three factors. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the RNPQ-K can be applied to Korean users to assess and quantify pain knowledge. It is hoped that this tool can be used in physiotherapy research related to pain interventions or as a measure to verify the effectiveness of pain reconceptualization in patients.

This study examined composing processes of six graduate ESL writers in timed essay situations. The participants’ composing behaviors were videotaped and they were asked to retrospect their composing processes after they completed their timed essays while watching the video of themselves composing. The stimulus recall data were transcribed and analyzed using coding schemes. The analyses of the participants’ composing processes show that they were not able to go through composing steps they normally do in drafted writing situations. Instead they were forced to go through a linear composing process and were not able to enjoy heuristic discovery. The findings of this study support the claim that timed essay is a special form of writing and that essay exams do not necessarily produce a representative sample of test takers' writing ability in target language use domains.

Face-to-face interview format has been widely used to elicit English language samples in oral proficiency testing. It is desirable to replicate target language use situations in oral testing, and the direct testing format is believed to assess more authentic and interactive language abilities. However, it has been argued that speech samples from unstructured face-to-face interviews are quite different from those in natural communication settings. The purpose of this study was to understand the construct to be assessed through an unstructured face-to-face interview, which was adopted to an English speaking contest. Data from the English speaking contest were analyzed in terms of how they were different from the characteristics of naturally occurring conversations. It was found that the test construct in the English speaking contest did not reflect the features of natural conversation specifically in the areas of turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and topic nomination due to asymmetrical power relations between interviewer and interviewees. Therefore, it was suggested that we need to incorporate diverse discourse-based approaches into current speaking skill assessments, which can interpret spoken language data in many ways.

The use of global mobile technology has increased exponentially. In particular, a survey of consumers in the Philippines showed that 83% “could not live” without their mobile phones. We investigated factors, such as ease of use and personal innovativeness, to elucidate the consumer adoption of mobile technologies in the Philippines, to integrate existing adoption theories for academics and provide recommendations to practitioners based on our findings. Our research questions are as follows: (1) What key factors drive adoption of mobile technologies by Filipino consumers?; (2) Are Filipino consumers innovative in their use of mobile technologies?; And (3) How can telecom companies retain their customers? A structural equation model, which was built from a survey of 528 mobile Filipino consumers, showed support for repurchase intention to use mobile technologies. The hypotheses were generally supported by variables related to mobile phone usage with the Philippine consumer sample. Results support all of the hypothesized relationships for consumers using mobile technologies. Personal innovativeness did load on both attitude and repurchase intention for mobile applications as originally hypothesized but was strongly loaded for attitude toward using. This research is a first step in understanding the adoption of mobile applications by Filipino consumers. We initially hypothesized that consumer behavior toward mobile applications would involve constructs of innovativeness, ease of use, and satisfaction; however, we found that ease of use was less significant in understanding repurchase intention to use mobile technologies. Personal innovativeness was more important in explaining satisfaction with mobile application attitudes and repurchase intention. The Filipino context of this study also provides other interesting implications. As the Philippines transitions into a more international market, western products start to guide market behavior, particularly consumer adoption.

This study investigated how students co-constructed text meanings through collaborative reading and also the students’ perceptions on group work. Forty-one students participated in this study. These students were divided into 11 different groups and asked to translate reading texts with their group members. They were required to videotape their work on DVDs. The eight DVDs(except 3 with technical problems) were transcribed. In addition, a survey was conducted to look at participants’ reactions to the group work. Further information about the group reading was gathered by email exchanges. This study, throughout the analysis, found that the students co-constructed text meanings by 1)building vocabulary words they did not know before the reading; 2)determining text meanings using context through the act of reading; and 3)negotiating text meanings by understanding sentence and grammatical structures. The participants’ perceptions to the group work was positive. The findings imply that learning vocabulary and grammar in reading contexts are one of the effective reading instructions, and present how reading teachers should teach reading. The study also suggest teachers’ careful plan for group work

Academic debates have been heating up regarding the estimation stability of formative measurement, making it the most controversial issue. The focus of this study is to examine the issue by attempting to understand the nature of error variance of the formative construct. For this, two different analytical approaches are taken: (1) the relationship between the error variance of a formative construct and the correlation strength between dependent variables and (2) the effect of reduced concept space of a formative construct on its error variance. Using actual survey data, we have shown that there is a significant detachment between the theoretical meaning of the construct error variance and its empirical meaning. The evidence underscores that caution is necessary in interpreting studies conducted on the formative approach.

최근 패션 이미지는 디지털 콘텐츠로 전환되어 동영상 기반의 소셜 미디어를 통해 움직이는 영상 이미지로 소비자에게 보급되고 있으며, 몸의 움직임과 의상이 관찰자에게 미치는 시각적 효과에 관한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 시각적 관찰을 통한 지각과 관련된 몸, 움직임, 의복의 관계에 관한 연구로 몸과 의복의 움직임을 Moving CBC라 하고 움직임이 극대화된 댄스 의복을 중심으로 Moving CBC 형태 지각의 특수성을 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 먼저, 선행연구를 통해 신체, 움직임, 의복 관찰 체계를 알아보고, 이를 적용한 심층 인터뷰를 포함한 실험 연구로 수행하여 Moving CBC 지각의 특성이 논의하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 Moving CBC의 지각 특성은 신체와 의복의 정지 이미지와 움직이는 이미지 간의 지각 차이와 신체와 의복의 움직이는 모양의 원리를 설명한 다. Moving CBC의 형태를 지각할 때, 실제 사물의 구조적 형태보다 움직임에 의해 발생하는 변화에 대한 주관적 인상이 형태 지각에 더 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 Moving CBC의 지각은 정지 이미지와 달리 시간성을 가진 다차원에서 지각되어, 관찰자는 자신이 처한 조건이 변화함을 인지하고 다차원적으로 바뀌는 형태 구조를 능동 적으로 명확히 파악하였다. 본 연구는 미디어 환경의 변화에 따른 시대적 상황을 반영하여 움직이는 의복의 조형적 측면을 구축하기 위한 기초 연구라는 점에서 의의가 있으며, Moving CBC의 형태 지각의 특성은 Moving CBC를 분석하고 해석하는 데 적용될 수 있다. 또한, 본 연구에서 제시된 형태 지각의 특성이 3차원적이고 역동적인 디자인 사고와 표현 방법을 사용하여 새로운 디자인을 만드는 데 활용되기를 기대한다.

This article is a study on the relationships between the body, movement, and clothing in relation to perception through visual observation. In the first part, the observation system for body, movement, and clothing was introduced; this paper applies that system in practice to investigate how these elements are perceived. This study defines the movement of the body and clothing as Moving CBC. It investigates the perception of Moving CBC forms, focusing on dance clothing where movement is maximized. An experimental study involving in-depth interviews was conducted. The perceptual system and the characteristics of Moving CBC perception were discussed. The perceptual characteristics of Moving CBC derived from this study explain the difference in perception between static and moving images of the body and clothing, and also clarify the principles governing moving shapes of the body and clothing. In perceiving the form of Moving CBC, subjective impressions of changes created by the movement of the actual object had a greater impact on form perception than its structural form, Additionally, the perception of Moving CBC, unlike that of static images, was experienced in multidimensional spaces with temporality. Observers actively recognized the changes in their own conditions and clearly identified the multidimensional, transforming structural forms. This study serves as foundational research for constructing the formative aspects of moving clothing, reflecting the temporal trends resulting from changes in the media environment. The characteristics of form perception in Moving CBC can be applied to analyze and interpret Moving CBC.

Despite of the absence of hyperacute rejection and acute humoral xenograft rejection, the organ graft of the a1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) gene knockouted (KO) and complement regulatory protein (CRP) expressing pig into a nonhuman primate is rejected by development of a thrombotic microangiopathy and/or a consumptive coagulopathy. Thus further introduction of genes to overcome the coagulation incompatibilities between pig and primate under GalT KO/CRP genetic background has been strongly suggested. CD73 (ecto-5'-nucelotidase) is an enzyme attached via a glycosyl phosphoinositol anchor to the extracellular membrane of endothelial cells, which catalyses the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to adenosine. Loss of activity of CD73 results in activation and aggregation of platelets by a reduced capacity to convert nucleotides to adenosine. In previous study, we reported generation of GalT KO fibroblasts concurrently expressing membrane cofactor protein and produced cloned pigs by nuclear transfer of the fibroblast cells (1). In this study, we constructed a vector for expression of human CD73 under control of promoter of pig Icam2 gene expressed specifically at endothelial cells. This vector was introduced into porcine fibroblasts using the nucleofection technology, by which we had forty three fibroblasts clones carrying pIcam2- CD73 vector. Somatic cell nuclear transfer resulted in generation of two transgenic piglets survived.

This study aimed to identify and determine the source and procurement route of the rocks used to construct the western rampart castellation and West gate (Gonghaeru) of the Munsusanseong Fortress in Gimpo. Granodiorite, quartzite, schist, and sandstone or pebbly sandstone, identified as the construction rocks, were characterized according to occurrence, magnetic susceptibility, constituent mineral types and textures, and geochemical characteristics. A geological survey of the Munsusan Formation in the vicinity of Munsusanseong and the southern Ganghwa region was undertaken. The sandstone or pebbly sandstone was probably sourced locally; however, the granodiorite is believed to have been sourced externally from southern Ganghwa in the vicinity of Bunori Dondae, another historic fortress, from petrologically and geomorphologically similar granodiorite. Many traces of rock quarrying were observed on a shore platform in this area, and it is believed that the procurement route was via the Yeomha River. This indicates that at the time of construction, during the late Joseon dynasty, economic power and labor mobilization were centered in Ganghwa and its surrounding areas.

Emoticons perform an important r이 e as an enhancement to written communication, in areas such as Windows Live Messenger instant messaging, e-mails, mobile Short Message Services (SMS) , and others. Emoticons are graphic images used in communications to indicate the feelings of people exchanging messages via mobile technology. In this research, the perceived usefulness of the emoticon in mobile phone text messages is verified with consumers using the five construct model of Huang. A K-means clustering technique for separating three groups based on levels of perceived usefulness of mobile emoticons is used with a structural equation model test uSing Smart PLS 2.0, and the bootstrap re-sampling procedure. We analyzed relationships among use of emoticons, enjoyment, interaction, information richness, and perceived usefulness. The results show there are relationships among use of emoticons, enjoyment, interaction, perceived usefulness, and information richness, however enjoyment of emoticons did not significantly affect the perceived usefulness of messages with emoticons alone. The results suggest emoticons have different a야ects on emotion in both mobile, and Messenger contexts. Our study did not consider more detailed media properties, and thus more studies are needed. Our research results contribute to mobile communication activation, provides companies with an understanding of key characteristics of consumers who use emoticons, and provides useful implications for improving management and marketing strategies.

This exploratory research tracks the development of a process orientated task-based lesson entitled Deserted in order to identify how materials design can be more ergonomically aligned with and conducive to variability in classroom task enactment. This sequence begins with the visualization of a series of communicative micro-level tasks functioning within the boundary of a larger macro-level task as proposed by a university materials designer. The sequence concludes with the enactment of these micro-level tasks within an EFL classroom environment. Incorporating a dual case-study research design, two university lecturers at a Japanese university were interviewed pre-lesson in order to elicit their attitudes toward the notion of task. They were also required to present a workplan outlining their intended use of the Deserted materials. Subsequently, two 90-minute lessons were observed and field notes were combined with post-lesson interviews. It was found that there were distinct differences in teacher enactment. This not only changed the material designer’s visualized enactment procedure but also changed the nature of the task as a pedagogical construct. Detailed reports of each teacher’s enactment are presented and the need for further large-scale research looking at the variability between task design and task enactment is called for.