Earticle

정보화시대의 출현과 함께 시대가 발전하고 세계가 인터넷(Internet)이라는 하나의 공유체로 묶어지고 있는 요즈음의 현실에서 컴퓨터 (Computer)에 대한 의존도를 결코 무시할 수는 없을 것이다. 그러나 디자인(Design)을 처음 접하거나 특히 디자인을 공부하고자 하는 기초학년의 디자인학과 학생들, 그리고 더 나아가서는 어느 정도의 경력을 쌓아 실무생활을 하고 있는 경력디자이너들에게도 마찬가지로 컴퓨터(Computer)는 때로는 획일화되고 비창의적인 제작물을 양산하는 불합리한 문제점을 던져주기도 한다. 그것은 바로 인터넷(Internet)이나 그래픽프로그램이 가지고 있는 Open성향의 자료공유와 잘못된 그래픽프로그램의 인식에서 오는 이해의 부족인 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 디자이너가 자주 사용하는 PC나 MAC이 본격적으로 보급되기 시작한 90년대 초반전에 일반적으로 인식되어왔던 섬네일(Thumbnail)을 거친 제작물과 지금의 보편적인 제작물을 비교해 볼때 질적인 측면에서 지금의 Design제작물들이 많은 문제점을 내포하고 있는 것은 창작과 살아있는 자료취합에 대한 노력과 방법에 대한 인식부족 때문일 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 소위 수작업의 가장 기본작업으로 일컬어져 왔던 섬네일(Thumbnail)시대와 컴퓨터(Computer)시대를 동시에 경험한 디자이너로써 섬네일(Thumbnail)을 통한 디자인제작물의 필요성을 절실히 느끼는바 Design을 배우는 학생들이나 이제 Design에 입문한 초보디자이너들에게 실질적인 사례와 결과분석을 통해 좀 더 깊이있고 창의적인 Design제작물의 제작을 위한 작으나마 보탬이 되는 연구가 되었으면 한다.

With the start of IT era, the world is tied into a community named internet as the development in current era, and the dependence upon computer can never be overlooked. However, computers sometimes produces some unreasonable problems such as unified and non-developmental creative works to the students of lower grades of design departments who face design for the first time or learn design, and furthermore, experienced designers working in the field with some levels of experiences. The reason would be sharing of open-characteristic data, which is the characteristic of internet or graphic programs, and wrong recognition of graphic programs. In this respect, when the works produced with thumbnail, which was generally recognized early in 90's when PC's and MAC's were started to be actively distributed, and present common works, the reason for many qualitative problems with current design works would be insufficient recognition of the efforts and methods for creation and data hunting. Therefore, the author has a deep feeling on the necessity for design works through thumbnail as a designer that experienced both thumbnail era, when thumbnail was considered as the base of handwork, and computer era, and intends to provide mental guideline that may be helpful to the students learning design and beginning designers just entered into design in deeper and vital design works even a little portion through analysis of actual examples and the result of measurement of teams.

기초단계에 서 있는 ‘무용과 컴퓨터의 관계 는 단계별로 연구가 진행되어야 한다고 본다. 아직도 외국의 연구사례를 바탕으로 연구가 진행되고 있고 국내에서는 뚜렷한 프로그램개발이나 이에 적절한 결과를 얻은 상태가 아니므로 국내연구의 필요성을 절감하였다. 따라서 본고는 국내 연구동향을 살펴봄으로써 국내 무용인에게 컴퓨터에 대한 지식과 이해를 도와 기초이론체계를 정립하고 무용의 미래지향적인 연구방향을 제시하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 자료수집 결과， 학위논문은 1991 년 연구되기 시작하여 2005년까지 연구에 관심을 가졌으나 이후 연구논문은 미약하다. 컴퓨터 활용범위에 따라 기록적 측면， 동작개발 측면， 작품구성적 측면，공연예술사례 및 교육적 측면， 그 밖의 연구로 분류하여 연구동향을 살펴보았으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째， 빠른 시일 안에 적절한 용어정리가 필요할 것이다. 둘째， 시대별로 살펴본 결과 1990년대의 논문들은 Laban Writer. Life Forms 을 통한 인체모델링 형상화에 대한 연구에 관심을 가졌고. 2000년대에 들어서는 직접 프로그램에 적용하는 실험적인 논문들로 설득력 있는 연구가 이루어졌다. 셋째， 동작개발에 대한 연구가 가장 많이 다루어졌으며， 작품에 있어 무용과 컴퓨터의 접목， 기록 등의 연구가 다루어졌다. 넷째， 교육적 측면에서의 무용과 테크놀로지의 학습은 이제는 필수적이어야 한다. 다섯째 3D 연구동향을 바탕으로 캐릭터 개발에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 여섯째， 한국춤의 내면적 측면에 대한 연구가 2004년부터 현재까지 꾸준히 진행되어 오고 있다. 한국춤의 정서적 측면과 공학적인 감정인식의 관계연구를 통해 한국춤과 공학적인 연구가 여러 가지 측면에서 연구가 지속될 가능성을 제시하였다. 아직 한국에서는 무용의 컴퓨터연구가 다양한 방향의 논문자료들이 미비하다. 시대별 조사를 통해 알 수 있는 무용의 컴퓨터 연구 흐름을 알기엔 터무니없이 부족하였고 새로운 무용공학의 역사를 만들기에는 먼 행로가 아닐 수 없다. 그러나 컴퓨터 기술 활용은 무궁무진한 분야와 발전가능성을 충분히 제시하고 있으며 예술의 무한한 미래를 지향한다는 것은 분명한 사실이다. 미래를 대비하기 위하여 무용인들은 컴퓨터에 대한 연구를 꾸준히 하고 접목하면서 새로운 분야에 대한 도전을 해야 할 것이다.

'The relationship between dance and computers, which is still in the beginning stages, needs to be studied one step at a time. No specific programs or proper results have been made in Korea, even though there are a few studies going on based on study results from abroad. For this reason, more related studies are required in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish a fundamental theory system and suggest the future-oriented study direction of dance by studying domestic research trends. In the result of collecting information, graduation theses have been made from 1991 until 2005 but not many after that. The record aspect, movement development aspect, work structure aspect, performance examples, education aspect, and other studies are categorized according to the computer usage range to examine the study trends and the results are as follows. First, an appropriate vocabulary summary must be made as soon as possible. Second, to study by time range, human body modeling formulation became popular through LabanWriter, Life Forms in the 1990s, and experimental theses which are directly applied to programs are made persuasively in the 2000s. Third, most studies focused on movement development also studies on grafting dance and computer, and recording, were performed. Fourth, recent studies combining dance and technology are necessary in the educational aspect. Fifth, studies on character developments based on 3D study trends are also required. Sixth, studies on the internal aspect of Korean dance have been performed continuously since 2004. This study provided the possibility of continuing many technological studies on Korean dance by studying the relationship between the emotional aspect and technological recognition of emotion. There is insufficient thesis data on the various aspects for the relationship between computers and dance. This lack of research makes it difficult to analyze the flow of the studies on the relationship between dance and computers by era, and too difficult to make a new dance technology history. However, the utility of computer technology suggests the· possibility of the development of an unlimited field and it is true that it is orienting the unlimited future of art. Dancers should continue to study the computer for their future to explore and expand into new fields.

컴퓨터 관련 정보통신기술의 오용과 남용으로 발생하는 주요 문제들 중에 해킹 문제와 관련된 것들을 분석 검토한다. 우선 ‘해킹’의 의미를 명료화한다. 둘째로, 해킹의 사례들을 분석하고, 그 경우들에 대한 도덕적 정당화가 가능하다고 보는 경우와 그렇지 않다고 보는 경우에 대해서 비판적으로 검토한다. 결론적으로, 해킹 행위가 프라이버시 침해, 지적 소유권 훼손을 수반하고 있고, 들어갈 권리를 갖지 못하는 다른 사람의 영역에 침입하고 있기 때문에 도덕적으로 정당화될 수 없다고 주장한다.

I will analyze the problem of hacking arising from the misuse and overuse of advanced information-technology related computers. First of all, I will make the meaning of hacking clear; and, then, critically examine the ethical debate between pros and cons concerning hacking. I will conclude that hacking is morally wrong because it is attended with invasion of privacy, injury of intellectural property and trespass.

본 연구는 컴퓨터기반 평가(CBA)의 효율적 사용 제고와 수업설계를 위하여 학생들의 CBA 인지유형과 학업성취도, 성격 5대 유형, 컴퓨터 효능감과의 관련성을 알아보았다. 이를 위해 온라인학습기반 시스템(LMS)을 바탕으로 CBA를 도입 하고 있는 한 대학에서 CBA 수업을 50%이상 수강한 4학년 학생 50명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, CBA 인지유형별로 학업성취도 (4년 평균학점)와 5대 성격 유형 간에는 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, CBA 적응추 구 유형의 학업성취도(GPA)가 가장 높았고 CBA 불만형/지필선호형의 평균평점이 가장 낮았다. 이와 비슷하게 성격 측면에 서 CBA 적응추구형이 CBA 불만형보다 성실성 점수가 유의미하게 높았다. 또, 성실성, 친화성, 신경성이 높을수록 평균학점 이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 CBA인지유형과 학업성취도, 성격 등의 연관성에 관한 최초의 시도라는 연구 의미가 있다.

The purposes of the present study were finding out educational implications and enhancing the efficient use of computer-based assessments (CBA) in class designes. This paper examined associations of CBA perceptional typology, academic achievement, personality, and computer efficacy. Participants were fifty senior students who took more than 50% of CBA classes in a university that introduces online learning-based system (LMS) with CBA. As a result, there were significant differences between CBA types and GPA and between CBA types and personality. In other words, the CBA adjustment type showed the highest GPA score and CBA dissatisfaction/paper test preference type showed the lowest GPA. Similarly, in terms of personality, CBA adjustment typology was significantly higher conscientiousness than other types. CBA dissatisfaction type had the lowest score of conscientiousness. In addition, the higher the level of conscientiousness, agreeableness and neuroticism, the higher the GPA score. This study is meaningful in that it is the first attempt to seek links CBA type with academic achievement and personality.

This study analyzes the effect of Computer Aided Innovation (CAI) to improve R&D Capabilities empirically. Survey was distributed by e-mail and Google Docs, targeting CTO of 235 SMEs. 142 surveys were returned back (rate of return 60.4%) from companies. Survey results from 119 companies (83.8%) which are effective samples except no-response, insincere response, estimated value, etc. were used for statistics analysis. Companies with less than 50billion KRW sales of entire researched companies occupy 76.5% in terms of sample traits. Companies with less than 300 employees occupy 83.2%. In terms of the type of company business Partners (called 'partners with big companies' hereunder) who work with big companies for business occupy 68.1%. SMEs based on their own business (called 'independent small companies') appear to occupy 31.9%. The present status of holding IT system according to traits of company business was classified into partners with big companies versus independent SMEs. The present status of ERP is 18.5% to 34.5%. QMS is 11.8% to 9.2%. And PLM (Product Life-cycle Management) is 6.7% to 2.5%. The holding of 3D CAD is 47.1% to 21%. IT system-holding and its application of independent SMEs seemed very vulnerable, compared with partner companies of big companies. This study is comprised of IT infra and IT Utilization as CAI capacity factors which are independent variables. factors of R&D capabilities which are independent variables are organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability. The highest average value of variables was 4.24 in organization capability 2. The lowest average value was 3.01 in IT infra which makes users access to data and information in other areas and use them with ease when required during new product development. It seems that the inferior environment of IT infra of general SMEs is reflected in CAI itself. In order to review the validity used to measure variables, Factors have been analyzed. 7 factors which have over 1.0 pure value of their dependent and independent variables were extracted. These factors appear to explain 71.167% in total of total variances. From the result of factor analysis about measurable variables in this study, reliability of each item was checked by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. All measurable factors at least over 0.611 seemed to acquire reliability. Next, correlation has been done to explain certain phenomenon by correlation analysis between variables. As R&D capabilities factors which are arranged as dependent variables, organization capability, process capability, HR capability, technology-accumulating capability, and internal/external collaboration capability turned out that they acquire significant correlation at 99% reliability level in all variables of IT infra and IT Utilization which are independent variables. In addition, correlation coefficient between each factor is less than 0.8, which proves that the validity of this study judgement has been acquired. The pair with the highest coefficient had 0.628 for IT utilization and technology-accumulating capability. Regression model which can estimate independent variables was used in this study under the hypothesis that there is linear relation between independent variables and dependent variables so as to identify CAI capability's impact factors on R&D. The total explanations of IT infra among CAI capability for independent variables such as organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability are 10.3%, 7%, 11.9%, 30.9%, and 10.5% respectively. IT Utilization exposes comprehensively low explanatory capability with 12.4%, 5.9%, 11.1%, 38.9%, and 13.4% for organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability respectively. However, both factors of independent variables expose very high explanatory capability relatively for technology-accumulating capability among independent variable. Regression formula which is comprised of independent variables and dependent variables are all significant (P < 0.005). The suitability of regression model seems high. When the results of test for dependent variables and independent variables are estimated, the hypothesis of 10 different factors appeared all significant in regression analysis model coefficient (P < 0.01) which is estimated to affect in the hypothesis. As a result of liner regression analysis between two independent variables drawn by influence factor analysis for R&D capability and R&D capability. IT infra and IT Utilization which are CAI capability factors has positive correlation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, technology-accumulating capability, and collaboration capability with inside and outside which are dependent variables,, R&D capability factors. It was identified as a significant factor which affects R&D capability. However, considering adjustable variables, a big gap is found, compared to entire company. First of all, in case of partner companies with big companies, in IT infra as CAI capability, organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and technology capability out of R&D capacities seems to have positive correlation. However, collaboration capability appeared insignificance. IT utilization which is a CAI capability factor seemed to have positive relation to organization capability, process capability, human resources capability, and internal/external collaboration capability just as those of entire companies. Next, by analyzing independent types of SMEs as an adjustable variable, very different results were found from those of entire companies or partner companies with big companies. First of all, all factors in IT infra except technology-accumulating capability were rejected. IT utilization was rejected except technology-accumulating capability and collaboration capability. Comprehending the above adjustable variables, the following results were drawn in this study. First, in case of big companies or partner companies with big companies, IT infra and IT utilization affect improving R&D Capabilities positively. It was because most of big companies encourage innovation by using IT utilization and IT infra building over certain level to their partner companies. Second, in all companies, IT infra and IT utilization as CAI capability affect improving technology-accumulating capability positively at least as R&D capability factor. The most of factor explanation is low at around 10%. However, technology-accumulating capability is rather high around 25.6% to 38.4%. It was found that CAI capability contributes to technology-accumulating capability highly. Companies shouldn't consider IT infra and IT utilization as a simple product developing tool in R&D section. However, they have to consider to use them as a management innovating strategy tool which proceeds entire-company management innovation centered in new product development. Not only the improvement of technology-accumulating capability in department of R&D . Centered in new product development, it has to be used as original management innovative strategy which proceeds entire company management innovation. It suggests that it can be a method to improve technology-accumulating capability in R&D section and Dynamic capability to acquire sustainable competitive advantage.

이 논문은 지금까지의 국제적인 CALL 연구 추세를 살펴보면서, 작은 요건들에 중점을 두기보다는, 전체적인 학습 환경을 관찰하는 것이 필요함을 제시한다. 많은 이전의 논문들을 볼 때, 이미 학습 환경의 중요성은 증명되었지만, 현 CALL연구들은 영어교실에서 일어나는 큰 그림을 보기보다는, 일부의 학습요건들을 보는데 만 치중되어있다. 그래서 진정한 CALL이 주는 언어학습의 모습을 연구하기위해서는 전체적인 학습 환경을 주시해야한다고 이 논문은 보여준다.

In order to maintain and evaluate the adequate humidity and temperature of a museum, the data of these should be periodically monitored and accumulated. For this purpose, We have designed the interpretation method of charts of the widely used thermo hydrorecorder at the museum, and developed the computer-based program (name of the program : HATH interpretation program). This method is as follows;The recording of thermo hydrorecorder(model ; Sato R-704) Input a through scanner (UMAX type), and was transformed into numerical value and was processed the statistics by HATH interpretation program. Output can be present the numerical value and the graph which are classified by a day, a month, and a year. By this method, the humidity and temperature data which were taken from 12points in the exhibition case, storage and outdoor of the Ho-Am art Museum in 1995 were processed. At the results, its ability for fast processing, management and analysis of the data was proved to be excellent.

전자정부 실현과 전자상거래의 활성화로 전자거래의 비중이 커지면서 전자거래를 둘러싼 법적 분쟁과 컴퓨터범죄도 날로 증가하고 있다. Computer Forensics는 이러한 법적 분쟁의 해결을 위하여 필수적인 디지털증거를 수집, 보전, 분석, 보고하기 위한 방법론으로 등장하였다. 본 논문에서는 Computer Forensics의 연구동향을 분석하고 이제 본격적인 연구에 들어간 국내 Computer Forensics의 발전방향을 제시하고자 한다. Computer Forensics의 과학적인 연구와 법제도의 정비, 국내 실정에 맞는 기술개발을 통하여 안전한 전자거래의 기반을 구축하는데 기여할 것으로 기대한다.

The legal dispute of electronic commerce and computer crimes are increasing because the electronic services like e-government and e-commerce are now widely used. Computer Forensics becomes the method for recovery, preservation, analysis and report regarding digital evidence essential to resolve the legal dispute and computer crime. In this paper, the developmental process of Computer Forensics is discussed. It is intended to elicit constructive discussion regarding the domestic Computer Forensics. And this discussion will be of help to establish the secure e-business and e-government services in the field of the research, legal system and technical skill of domestic Computer Forensics.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate convolutional neural network models and computer vision techniques for the classification of swine posture with high accuracy and to use the derived result in the investigation of the effect of dietary fiber level on the behavioral characteristics of the pregnant sow under low and high ambient temperatures during the last stage of gestation. A total of 27 crossbred sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; average body weight, 192.2 ± 4.8 kg) were assigned to three treatments in a randomized complete block design during the last stage of gestation (days 90 to 114). The sows in group 1 were fed a 3% fiber diet under neutral ambient temperature; the sows in group 2 were fed a diet with 3% fiber under high ambient temperature (HT); the sows in group 3 were fed a 6% fiber diet under HT. Eight popular deep learning-based feature extraction frameworks (DenseNet121, DenseNet201, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, MobileNet, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) used for automatic swine posture classification were selected and compared using the swine posture image dataset that was constructed under real swine farm conditions. The neural network models showed excellent performance on previously unseen data (ability to generalize). The DenseNet121 feature extractor achieved the best performance with 99.83% accuracy, and both DenseNet201 and MobileNet showed an accuracy of 99.77% for the classification of the image dataset. The behavior of sows classified by the DenseNet121 feature extractor showed that the HT in our study reduced (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows and also has a tendency to increase (p = 0.082) lying behavior. High dietary fiber treatment tended to increase (p = 0.064) lying and decrease (p < 0.05) the standing behavior of sows, but there was no change in sitting under HT conditions.

본 연구는 비교사학습의 대표적인 방법 중 하나인 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 BCI(Brain-Computer Interface)에 적용 가능한 자율적 기계학습방법을 제안한다. 이를 위해 상호작용 함수를 이용한 학습영역조정방법과 자율적 기계학습규칙을 제안하였다. 학습영역조정과 기계학습은 코호넨의 자기조직화 방법을 기반으로 한 상호작용 함수에 의한 측면제어효과를 이용하였다. 승자 뉴런을 결정하고 난 후 학습 규칙에 따라 뉴런의 연결강도를 조정하 고 학습 횟수가 증가함에 따라 학습영역이 점차 감소하여 출력층 뉴런 가중치들의 입력을 향한 유동을 완화시켜 네 트워크가 평형 상태(equilibrium state)에 도달하여 학습을 마칠 수 있는 자율적 기계학습을 제안하였다.

This paper proposes an autonomous machine learning method applicable to the BCI(Brain-Computer Interface) is based on the self-organizing Kohonen method, one of the exemplary method of unsupervised learning. In addition we propose control method of learning region and self machine learning rule using an interactive function. The learning region control and machine learning was used to control the side effects caused by interaction function that is based on the self-organizing Kohonen method. After determining the winner neuron, we decided to adjust the connection weights based on the learning rules, and learning region is gradually decreased as the number of learning is increased by the learning. So we proposed the autonomous machine learning to reach to the network equilibrium state by reducing the flow toward the input to weights of output layer neurons.

The purpose of this research is to examination whether End-User Computing relative factors are ap-plied in Computer Assisted Reporting. Computer Assisted Reporting is closely related to End-User Computing, because IT and IS be used by reporting for data gathering and analysis. For the purpose. we've produced a survey. and then studied the effects of the use of Computer Assisted Reporting tools on the report's satisfaction and job performance. As a result, The degree of use of Computer Assisted Reporting significantly affects the degree of satisfaction and job performance. for this reason. this research can give an insight for the extension of End-User Computing relative research.

Objective: To examine the short-term and long-term effects of computer-based cognitive training on postural stability, locomotion, and cognitive performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.Methods: Sixty-eight PD participated in this randomized-controlled trial, were randomly allocated into two groups; control group (GA) received a designed physiotherapy program for 60 minutes, and an experimental group (GB) got 30 minutes physiotherapy program as GA, along with 30 minutes of computerized cognitive training. Treatment sessions were three times/week for eight weeks. Primary outcomes were balance and spatiotemporal gait parameters; cognition was a secondary outcome. Primary and secondary measures were examined at baseline, immediately post-treatment, and three months post-treatment.Results: From baseline to post-treatment, GB showed greater reductions in postural sway compared to GA. The mean differences in stability indices were 1.461±1.240, 0.982±1.185, and 1.006±0.982 in GB, vs. 0.581±1.503, 0.426±1.459, and 0.374±1.072 in GA. For gait parameters (gait velocity, stride length, and cadence), GB demonstrated larger improvements, with mean differences of -0.361±0.245, -0.242±0.158, and -11.606±12.628, compared to -0.155±0.254, -0.191±0.248, and -4.516±10.773 in GA. PD-Cognitive Rating Scale improved more substantially in GB (-16.091±6.978) than in GA (-1.129±4.552). These gains in postural stability, gait, and cognition were statistically significant (p<0.001) and sustained at the 3-month follow-up.Conclusion: Computerized cognitive training as an add-on in the rehabilitation of PD is efficient in improving postural stability and locomotion, as well as the cognitive performance. The consistency of these findings for 3 months is an imperative point in the clinical course of PD patients.

Pig farming, a vital industry, necessitates proactive measures for early disease detection and crush symptom monitoring to ensure optimum pig health and safety. This review explores advanced thermal sensing technologies and computer vision-based thermal imaging techniques employed for pig disease and piglet crush symptom monitoring on pig farms. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive and efficient technology for measuring pig body temperature, providing advantages such as non-destructive, long-distance, and high-sensitivity measurements. Unlike traditional methods, IRT offers a quick and labor-saving approach to acquiring physiological data impacted by environmental temperature, crucial for understanding pig body physiology and metabolism. IRT aids in early disease detection, respiratory health monitoring, and evaluating vaccination effectiveness. Challenges include body surface emissivity variations affecting measurement accuracy. Thermal imaging and deep learning algorithms are used for pig behavior recognition, with the dorsal plane effective for stress detection. Remote health monitoring through thermal imaging, deep learning, and wearable devices facilitates non-invasive assessment of pig health, minimizing medication use. Integration of advanced sensors, thermal imaging, and deep learning shows potential for disease detection and improvement in pig farming, but challenges and ethical considerations must be addressed for successful implementation. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies used in the pig farming industry, including computer vision algorithms such as object detection, image segmentation, and deep learning techniques. It also discusses the benefits and limitations of IRT technology, providing an overview of the current research field. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and farmers regarding IRT application in pig production, highlighting notable approaches and the latest research findings in this field.

Recently, Smart Factory is rapidly being introduced with the aim of improving global manufacturing competitiveness thanks to government support. In the case of existing cloud-based smart factory significant insight information is produced through processing, storage, integration, and analysis processes within the cloud after data generated from production lines transferred to the cloud. The insight has been used to improve process, quality, and eliminate wastes in the factory. However, there has been some difficulties such as increased network delays and data transfer costs. Furthermore, the large impact of a single fault failure in the cloud on the entire system operation remains as unresolved risks. Above all, there has been a negative issue on spreading smart factories regarding the fact that sensitive information, such as device control and status generated during the manufacturing process, are all moved to the cloud which is outside the scope of the company's management. As a result, Edge Computer is attracting attention as one of its solutions. Edge Computer collects and pre-processes data generated in the manufacturing process in real time, quickly providing insight information on the spot through built-in Analytic function, without the help of the cloud. This overcomes the shortcomings of the cloud-based system and results in mutual benefits to cloud system and edge computer. In this paper, we present various types of topologies on how these Edge computers can be utilized within various smart factory system structures and consider its advantages and disadvantages and utility value.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the perception of the application of computerbased testing (CBT) in the National Examination for Dental Technicians. Methods: Duly filled survey questionnaires were received from 180 third- and fourth-grade student volunteers from all over the country and 30 professors and 32 clinicians who were identified from a convenience sample from September 15, 2020 to September 23, 2020. In total, 242 questionnaires were analyzed. Depending on the characteristics of the data, frequency, percentage, and one-way ANOVA were performed. Scheffe test was used as a post-hoc test, and the significance level was set at 0.05. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM). Results: Compared with paper-based testing, CBT significantly increased immersion and concentration on the test and prevented cheating during the examination (p<0.05). Students, professors, and clinicians expressed significant opinions on the validity of applying CBT to the National Examination for Dental Technicians (p<0.05). Conclusion: The use of CBT can improve job evaluations for dental technicians efficiently and accurately, and reflect the actual work environment by combining job performance evaluation with digital technology. The introduction of CBT may improve the quality of dental technician job evaluations and cultivate talents who can adopt digital technology.