Earticle

This study investiages the syntactic properties of English infinitival relative clauses, with particular attention to the presence or absence of wh-operators and the conditions under which prepositions may be omitted in such clauses. Infinitival relatives are divided into wh-infinitival and non-wh-infinitival clauses based on the overt realization of the wh-operator. In wh-infinitival relatives, the wh-operator must serve as the complement of a preposition and undergo pied-piping to satisfy grammatical constraints (e.g., I have no place to which to go vs. I have no place which to go to). In contrast, non-wh relatives may also involve a prepositional phrase that includes a null operator, in which case the possibility of omitting the preposition depends on whether the prepositional phrase functions as an adjunct or a complement. Through structural analysis within the X-bar theoretical framework, this study seeks to clarify the syntactic nature of infinitival relatives and enhance theoretical understanding of wh-operator distribution and preposition usage, especially for learners of English as a foreign language.

현대중국어 ‘A地V’구문의 형용사 부사어는 동작이 진행되는 상태나 방식을 수식하 는 서술성 특징을 띠고, ‘V得A’구문의 형용사 보어는 어떤 동작으로 인해 야기된 상황을 보충, 설명하는 묘사성 특징을 지닌다. 본고는 ‘A地V’구문과 ‘V得A’구문의 호환 관계에서 관찰되는 비대칭성 현상에 대해 분석하였다. ‘A地V’구문과 ‘V得A’구문은 서로 호환이 가능한 공통점이 있지만 두 구문 의 호환 관계에는 일정한 제약 조건이 존재했다. 이를 밝히기 위해 본고는 우선 사건 구조적 대립 양상에서 호환 여부를 결정짓는 기본 조건인 ① 정도와 결과에 따른 사건 구조적 제약, ② 화용적 관점에서 본 의미 초점의 차이, ③ 형용사와 결합하는 경계성 동사의 조건에 대해 분석하였다. 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 형용사가 지닌 정도와 결과의 의미자질 차이로 인한 비대칭 현상으로 정도를 기 술할 수 있는 형용사는 ‘A地V’구문으로 구현할 수 있고, 결과성을 함의한 동사와 결합하 는 형용사는 ‘V得A’구문으로 구현할 수 있었다. 둘째, 호환이 가능한 ‘A地V’와 ‘V得A’ 구문 간 의미적 초점의 차이가 존재했는데, ‘A地V’에서 의미 중심은 서술어에 있었고, ‘V得A’에서 의미 중심은 보어에 있었다. 그러나 ‘V得A’구문의 서술어에 형용사 보어와 동일한 의미를 함축하고 있다면 ‘V得A’ 구문은 성립될 수 없었다. 셋째, ‘A地V’구문과 ‘V得A’구문 간호환 관계가 성립되려면 전치 부사어와 결합하는 경계성 동사의 조건을 충족해야 했다. 즉, 형용사와 결합하는 경계성 동사의 조건에는 ‘시간의 경계’를 지어줄 종결점이 필요했다. ‘A地V’구문에서 동사 ‘V’가 순간 동사일 경우 시간의 경계를 지어 줄 경계성 표지 ‘了’를 부가하든지 서술어에 다른 목적어를 부가하여 경계성에 대한 구 분을 명확히 지어주어야 구문이 성립되었다. 본고에서 진행한 ‘A地V’와‘V得A’구문의 비대칭성 연구가 앞으로 중국어 교육 현장 의 교수･ 학습 현장에서 활용할 수 있는 유익한 툴이 되기를 바란다.

The adverbial modifier in the modern Chinese 'A地V' structure characterizes the state or manner in which an action is carried out, while the adjective complement in the 'V得A' structure supplements and describes a situation caused by an action. This study analyzed the asymmetry observed in the compatibility relationship between the phrases “A地V” and “V得A.” Both phrases share a common point that is compatible with each other, but certain constraints are imposed on their compatibility. To elucidate this aspect, this study first analyzed the basic conditions for determining compatibility in the aspect of the structural confrontation of events. As a result, compatibility was determined according to whether the predicate verb or adjective possessed the semantic properties of the result. Moreover, the study observed a difference in semantic focus between compatible “A地V” and “V得A” phrases. Asymmetry Study on the Modern Chinese Phrases “A地V” and “V得A” this study found that the center of meaning of the prepositional adverb in the phrase “A地V” was in the predicate, whereas that of the latter was in the phrase “V得A.” To establish a compatible relationship between the phrases “A地V” and “V得A,” meeting the conditions of the boundary verb combined with the prepositional adverb is necessary. If the verb “V” is an instant verb in the phrase “A地V,” then the boundary marker “了”that will define the boundary of time must be added, or another object must be added to the predicate to clearly distinguish the boundary. We hope that the asymmetrical study of the 'A地V' and 'V得A' structures conducted in this paper will become a beneficial tool for use in teaching and learning Chinese in educational settings in the future.

일본어와 한국어에는 소위 ‘이중 주어 구문’이라고 하여 주어가 두 개 이상존재하는 특수한 구문이 있다고 지 적되어 왔다. 하지만 그 문장의 구조를 어떻게파악할 것인가 하는 점에 대해서는 일찍부터 일본어학계에서는 ‘주어유무 논쟁’ 그리고 한국어학계에서는 ‘서술절구 논쟁’이라 하여 이견이 있었다. 본고에서는 우선 소위 ‘이중 주어 구문’을 대상으로 한 일본어의 ‘주어유무논쟁’과 한국어의 ‘서술절구 논쟁’이 서로 관련성이 있음을 확인하였다. 그리고 (ⅰ)대용언을 통한 진단법, (ⅱ)복문 구성을 통한 진짜주어 찾기 진 단법, (ⅲ)주어존대를 통한 진단법, (ⅳ)결합가 이론(=논항구조)을 통한 진단법과 같은 네 가지진단법을 이용 해, 소위 ‘이중 주어 구문’에 대해서 ‘서술절’ 설정의 부당성, 즉‘Yが’나 ‘Y이/가’를 ‘주어’로 보기 어렵다는 점을 지적하였고, ‘서술구’ 설정의필요성과 당위성, 즉 ‘Yが’나 ‘Y이/가’를 ‘보어’로 보아야 한다는 점을 주장하였다. 그리고 이러한 소위 ‘이중 주어 구문’은 ‘기술동사(형용사)’와 관련된 유형과‘심리술어’와 관련된 유형으로 나 눌 수 있음을 보였다.

This paper aims to compare the controversy about the presence and absence of subject in Japanese ‘double suject constructions’ with the controversy about ‘predicate clause’ or ‘predicate phrase’ in Korean ‘double subject constructions’. This paper uses four diagnoses to verify above problems. Analysis results are as follows. (ⅰ) There is only one subject in Japanese/Korean ‘double subject constructions’. (ⅱ) The subject of Japanese/Korean ‘double subject constructions’ is not the ‘Yga’ or ‘Yi/ga’ but the ‘Xun/nun’ or ‘Xwa’. (ⅲ) The Japanese/Korean ‘double subject constructions’ have the ‘predicate phrase’, but not ‘predicate clause’. (ⅳ) There are two types of Japanese/Korean ‘double subject constructions’. One is concerned with the ‘descriptive verbs’ and the other type is associated with the ‘psych-verbs’.

本稿では、日本語と韓国語における、いわゆる｢二重主語構文｣を対象にして、当該 文が主語を有するかどうかという点と当該文が節(叙述節)、あるいは句(叙述句)を含む かという点について検討を行った。以上のような問題を検討するために四つのテスト を用いた。そのテストから得た結果を簡単にまとめると次のようである。 (ⅰ) 韓国語と日本語の、いわゆる｢二重主語構文｣において、 　　- 主語を二つを有するのではなく、一つのみを有するのである。 　　- その主語は‘Xun/nun’、あるいは‘Xは’であり、‘Yi/ga’、あるいは‘Yが’は主語 ではなく、補語(=非主語)である。 　　- 含んでいるのは叙述節ではなく、叙述句である。 (ⅱ) 韓国語と日本語の、いわゆる｢二重主語構文｣は記述動詞(形容詞)と関わるタイ プと心理述語と関わるタイプとに分類することができる。

This study mainly concerns English data where an overt element apparently intervenes between the head and the complement, which posits an interesting question under the X-bar schema. For the data, three possible movement-based accounts (the incorporation, the rightward movement, the verb movement approaches) are discussed but it is pointed out that those transformational approaches encounter critical problems. Thus, it is concluded that the complement that comes after a modifier is base-generated and is placed in a special complement position that is preserved at the right periphery, being mediated by the light verb phrase which connects the theme structure to the rheme structure. This proposal has an advantage of making a generalization that heavy elements occur at the right periphery. This study further accounts for distributional and grammatical contrasts between non-nominal complements and nominal complements that appear after a modifier. Also, this current account can make a structural distinction between subject inversion and the construction of the heavy complement which have previously been viewed as a heavy NP shift identically, explaining their different distributional fact.

플랫폼 공개에 따른 네트워크를 활용한 시장선점우위 효과를 계속 유지하려는 기업들의 전략적 노력에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 그들은 시장의 협조적 이해관계자를 네트워크에 묶어두기 위해서 잠금 효과를 극대화하는 것에 전략적 주안점을 두고 있다. 이렇듯 플랫폼 공개 경향에서 플랫폼 리더가 참여시장에서 가능한 많은 협조적 이해관계자인 제3의 개발업체를 가능한 많이 확보할 수 있도록 하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 플랫폼 리더십 전략을 거래비용과 네트워크 외부성 관점에서 해석하고자 한다. 먼저, 거래비용 관점에서는 플랫폼의 공개로 인해 자산이 특수하지 않고 공통화 되었을 때는 거래의 내부화로 인해서 얻을 수 있는 거래비용이 감소하거나 효율적이지 않을 수 있다. 다시 말해서 플랫폼을 공개하면 오히려 시장에서의 협조적 이해관계자의 참여를 확대시키고 거래빈도를 높여서 더 많은 가치를 창출할 수 있는 것이다. 다음으로 네트워크 외부성 관점에서는 플랫폼이 공개되어짐에 따라 소스공개를 하여 호환성을 높이고 그 결과 고객 잠금 효과가 낮아지게 된다. 낮은 잠금 효과는 낮은 교체비용을 가져오는데 이와는 상반된 결과가 나올 수도 있다.

According to platform openness, most companies have been interested in strategic utilization of networks to retain early-mover advantage. They are focusing on maximizing lock-in effects to make complementors stay in relevant of systems. It is important for platform leaders to secure as many complementors as possible under platform openness. If complementors should pay expenses to use a platform in the market with strong networking effect by buyers and suppliers, they should compare these expenses with possible switching costs. When the switching costs are somewhat low and positive to profitability, they should switch a platform. Therefore it is important to maximize lock-in effect to retain cooperative stakeholders. Switching costs would be increased by insufficient compatibility and multiple standards. The big issue is who will be the market leader to guarantee compatibility. The value of a platform would be decided by the number of customers and suppliers using the platform. Therefore, in this research, I try to interpret platform leadership in the perspectives of transaction costs and network externality.

The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR were designed by aligning the pig genomic sequence and the human complement factor B(CFB) coding sequence(CDS) from the GenBank. Each PCR product was amplified in pig cDNA and sequencing was carried out. The CDS length of pig CFB gene was determined to be 2298 bp. In addition, the pig CDS was more longer than human and mouse orthologs because of insertion and deletion. The identities of porcine nucleotide sequences with those of human and mice were 84% and 80%, and the identities of amino acids were 79% to 77%, respectively. Three complement control protein(CCP) domains, one Von Willebrand factor A(VWFA) domain and a serine protease domain, that are revealed typically in mammals, were found in the pig CFB gene. Based on the CDSs determined, the primers were designed in intron regions for amplification of entire length of exons. In amplification and direct sequencing with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds, three cSNPs(coding single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and verified as missense mutations. Using the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped and verified the mutations identified from direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS with two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample exhibited the same results using both methods. Therefore, three cSNPs were identified from pig CFB gene and that can be used for haplotype analysis of the swine leukocyte antigen(SLA) class III region. Moreover, the results indicate that the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes in the SLA region.

The complementizer -ko in Korean before verbs of saying and thinking indicates the domain of speech and does not, have any modality. When it occurs with verbs of perception, it has a modality function, which indicates indirect evidence. In the so-called subject-to-object raising sentence, the raised nominal is not the grammatical subject of the complement but a previously mentioned discourse topic. By raising this topic, a speaker encodes a 'doubt in truth modality of the -ko complement clause.

The following are revealed regarding the correspondence relationship, which primarily exists between the presence of factivity in O case complements and the complementizers NO and KOTO in modern Japanese. a. The presence or absence of factivity in O case complements and the selection of NO or KOTO complementizers is not a one-to-one relationship; however, under certain conditions, a correlation exists between the allowance of the NO complement and complement factivity. b. The correlation is as follows: generally, higher tolerance of NO in a tensed complement allowing KOTO results in a stronger factive interpretation of the complement. Based on the behavior related to the above, it is therefore appropriate to separate the predicates into four types as follows. Type A :represented by “kateisuru(suppose)” Type B: represented by “noberu(state,claim)” Type C :represented by “tsutaeru(tell,report)” Type D: represented by “zannengaru(regret)” Type D, Type C, Type B and Type A bring the higher factive interpretation to complement proposition in that order, in parallel, NO in type D, Type C, Type B and Type A Indicates a higher acceptability in that order.

When the idiomatic theme forms an idiom chunk with the verb root in the multiple Case marking(MCM) construction, even if the Case marker isn’t attached to the theme, it may appear in the verbal complement position, preserving an idiomatic meaning. The idiomatic(i.e., special) meaning formed at the level of V’ may induce the awkward sentence to make complete sense. Thus, the idiomatic nominative theme in the embedded clause cannot occupy the embedded null subject position coindexed with the matrix ECMed element. The idiomatic nominative theme is in the verbal complement position of the embedded clause of the ECM construction, which is the reason why the idiomatic meaning stays the same, even though the sentence is negated. The head Neg cannot block the head movement at the level of V’ since Neg is between T and v(or V).(Lee, 2016b)

A Chinese complement construction composed of a head and its following complement contains distinctive linguistic features, while most other languages like Korean, English, etc. have no such features. The general classification of a complement construction by Chinese linguists is helpful but not enough to be completely transferred to a target language such as Korean. In this paper, we propose an approach where complement constructions are analyzed and classified based on the contrastive and computational viewpoint of the target language in Chinese‐to‐Korean machine translation. Further, the translation ambiguities of a head‐ndcomplement dependent case, which is the most complex type of complement construction in terms of translation, are resolved by k‐means clustering using mutual information. Some experimental results of such resolved ambiguities are provided from random samples. The proposed method improved the accuracy of disambiguation by 17.3 % with respect to the baseline.