Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 예비간호사를 위한 인지행동치료 기반 공감훈련프로그램을 개발, 실시한 후 그 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 연구 대상은 임상 실습을 마친 간호학과 대학생 30명으로 인지행동치료 기반 공감훈련프로그램을 실시한 실험집단, 일반 공감훈련프로그램을 실시한 비교집단 및 무처치 통제집단에 각각 10명씩 임의 배정되었다. 인지행동치료 기반 공감훈련프로그램의 구성 요인은 공감 인지 훈련, 인지적 재구성, 의사소통기술 훈련이며, 주 2회 90분씩 총 10회기로 진행되었다. 프로그램의 효과 검증은 사전, 사후 및 3개월 추후 검사를 통해 이루어졌다. 본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 프로그램 실시 후 공감 변인인 간호사 공감역량, 공감 수준은 실험집단이 비교집단과 통제집단에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 대인관계 반응지수는 실험집단, 비교집단, 통제집단 순으로 높게 나타났다. 반면, 간호사 공감역량의 하위 요인인 민감성과 대인관계 반응지수의 하위 요인인 개인적 고통은 집단 간 차이는 보이지 않았다. 둘째, 프로그램 실시 후 인지 변인인 부정적 자동적 사고, 비합리적 신념, 사회적 상호작용 불안사고의 하위 요인인 부정적 자동적 사고는 실험집단이 비교집단과 통제집단에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 상호작용 불안사고의 하위 요인인 긍정적 자동적 사고는 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 부정적 자동적 사고의 하위 요인인 현실에 대한 불만과 변화욕구와 비합리적 신념의 하위 요인인 정서적 무책임감은 집단 간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 셋째, 프로그램 실시 후 행동 변인인 의사소통은 실험집단이 통제집단에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 프로그램 종료 3개월 후 공감 변인인 간호사 공감역량, 공감 수준, 대인관계 반응지수는 실험집단이 비교집단에 비해 높은 것으로 나타난 반면, 대인관계 반응지수 하위 요인인 개인적 고통은 집단 간 차이가 없었다. 또한 프로그램 종료 3개월 후 인지 변인인 부정적 자동적 사고, 비합리적 신념, 사회적 상호작용 불안사고 모두 실험집단이 비교집단에 비해 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 행동 변인인 의사소통은 실험집단이 비교집단에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to develop an empathy training program based on the cognitive behavior therapy(CBT) and verify its effect. The sample of this study was thirty student nurses who completed clinical training. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups; an experimental group for the CBT-based empathy training program, the comparison group for the general empathy training program and the control group for no treatment. The CBT-based empathy training program comprised empathic cognitive training, cognitive reconstitution and communication skill training, and offered a 90-minute session twice a week for a total of 10 sessions. The effect of the program was verified through a pretest, post-test and 3-month follow-up test. The main findings of this study are as follows. First, the empathy capability of nurses and EQ-short-K-empathic variables were found to be higher for the experimental group than the comparison group and control group after the program implementation. The interpersonal reactivity index was marked as the highest for the experimental group followed by the comparison group and the control group. However, no difference was found for sensitivity, a subscale of empathy capability, and personal pain, a subscale of the interpersonal reactivity index. Second, negative automatic thought of the cognitive variable, irrational belief, and negative automatic thought of the social interactional anxious thought were marked lower for the experimental group than the other two groups. Positive automatic thought, a subscale of social interactional anxious thought, was higher for the experimental group than the control group. However, no difference was found for dissatisfaction at reality, a subscale of negative automatic thought, desire for change, and sense of emotional irresponsibility, a subtype of irrational belief. Third, communication skill of the behavioral variable was marked higher for the experimental group than the control group. Fourth, at the 3-month follow-up test, the empathy capability of nurses, EQ-short-K and interpersonal reactivity index of empathic variables were marked higher for the experimental group than the comparison group, whereas no difference was found for personal pain, a subscale of interpersonal reactivity index. In addition, at the 3-month follow-up test, negative automatic thought of the real cognitive variable, irrational belief and social interactional anxious thought were marked lower for the experimental group than the comparison group, and communication skill of the behavioral variable was marked higher for the experimental group than the comparison group.

Purpose. The purposes of this study were to 1) describe the type and frequency of aggressive behavior of cognitively impaired nursing home resident, 2) develop a caregiver training program on prevention and management of aggressive behavior, 3) examine the effects of caregiver training program on the incidence of aggressive behavior of cognitively impaired nursing home resident, and 4) examine the effects of caregiver training program on nursing staff's aggressive behavior management skills. Methods. One-group, time series, quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and two post- tests was used. Data were collected from cognitively impaired home residents (N = 32) and nursing staff (N = 36) in a proprietary nursing home using Ryden Aggression Scale I, II, and Aggressive Behavior Management Scale. Data were entered and analyzed by descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA. Results. Incidence of aggressive behavior was high with a mean score of 3.09 (SD = 3.11) at baseline. Caregiver training program was developed based on Progressively Lowered Stress Threshold (PLST) model and gerontological and psychiatric literature. The mean scores of aggressive behavior at baseline, Post I, and II did not differ significantly although the difference approached to the significant level (F = 2.925, p = .066). Nursing staff's aggressive behavior management skills increased at Post I, and at Post II when compared to baseline, and the difference was significant (F=12.736, p=<.00l). Conclusion. Caregiver training program showed potential impact on reduction of aggressive behavior in elders with cognitive impairment and was effective in increasing nursing staff's aggressive behavior management skills.

본 연구는 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램이 발달장애 청소년의 신체활동 패턴과 모방 인지능력에 미치는 영향을 규명하여, 성장발달 기능 이상으로 인한 신체적 활동에 제약을 받고 있는 발달장애 청소년을 위한 효과적이고 안전한 운동 프로그램 및 적용 방법 개발의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 통해 얻어진 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램에 따른 신체 활동량의 변화를 분석한 결과, 주중 신체 활동량, 주말 신체 활동량, 총 신체 활동량에서 주 3회 이상 정상적으로 운동 중재 프로그램에 참여한 그룹(OEG)에서 통계적으로 유의하게 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램에 따른 모방 인지기능의 변화를 분석한 결과, 신체 부위, 숫자 표기, 동작, 조작에서 주 3회 이상 정상적으로 운동 중재 프로그램에 참여한 그룹(OEG)에서 통계적으로 유의하게 향상된 것으 로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해보면, 신체활동 행동인지 프로그램이 발달장애 청소년의 신체활동 패턴과 모방 인지능 력에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was to investigate the effects of physical activity cognitive-behavior program on physical activity pattern and cognitive imitation ability in youth with developmental disabilities. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, youth with developmental disabilities at D, and S local, were selected at random and allocated 33 youth with developmental disabilities each for the Non Exercise group(NEG), Deficient Exercise group(DEG), Over Exercise group(OEG) and measured physical activity pattern and cognitive imitation ability before and after the experiment. The physical activity cognitive-behavior program for 16 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: First, As a result of analyzing the change of physical activity pattern according to physical activity cognitive-behavior program, OEG was significantly improved compared to NEG and DEG. Second, As a result of analyzing the change of cognitive imitation ability according to physical activity cognitive-behavior program, OEG was significantly improved compared to NEG and DEG. As conclusions, this study confirmed that the physical activity cognitive-behavior program on physical activity pattern and cognitive imitation ability distribution in youth with developmental disabilities.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a cognitive behavior program on cognition, depression, and activities of daily living in elderly with Cognitive Impairment. Method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. There were 21 subjects in the experimental group and 19 in the control group among 40 senior residents in a Hall for the elderly in the city of S. The subjects scores ranged from 15 to 23 on the MMSE-K(Korean Version of Mini-Mental State Examination) over age 65. The length of time for data collection and intervention was from Jun 26 to September 1, 2006. The cognitive behavior program consisted of 'Facing problem behavior', 'Searching for a coping skill', and 'Training in the coping skill'. It was applied to the experimental group twice a week, fifty minutes per session for six weeks. Result: Cognition(t=-4.232, p< .001) and IADL(t=-2.939, p< .01) in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group. Depression in the experimental group was significantly less than the control group(t=3.870, p< .01). However, ADL in the experimental group was not significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: These findings confirmed that a cognitive behavior program contributed to improving cognition and IADL, and to reducing depression in the elderly with Cognitive Impairment.

서수균과 권석만(2005b)이 비합리적 신념과 분노 사이를 일차적 분노사고와 이차적 분노사고가 순차적으로 매개하고 있다는 이중인지매개모델을 주장한 바 있다: 비합리적 신념 → 일차적 분노사고 → 이차적 분노사고 → 분노. 본 연구에서는 분노와 관련된 이러한 인지적 요인들의 감소에 초점을 둔 분노조절 인지행동프로그램을 개발하고, 이 프로그램의 분노감소 효과와 프로그램의 실시 전후로 인지적 요인들의 감소에 수반하여 분노 관련 증상이 함께 감소하는지를 살펴보았다. 총 5개의 대학생 집단을 대상으로 프로그램을 실시하였으며, 분석에는 37명이 포함되었다. 주요 결과는 다음과 같았다: 1) 비합리적 신념, 일차적 및 이차적 분노사고가 프로그램 실시 후에 유의한 감소를 보였다. 2) 분노관련 증상이 프로그램 실시 후에 유의한 감소를 보였다. 3) 인지적 요인의 변화량과 분노관련 증상의 변화량은 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다. 4) 비합리적 신념의 변화량과 분노의 변화량 간에 일차적 분노사고와 이차적 분노사고의 변화량이 순차적으로 매개역할을 하였다. 이상의 결과들은 이중인지매개모델의 타당성을 경험적으로 지지해 준다.

Seo and Kwon(2005b) have proposed the dual cognitive mediation model of anger in which primary anger-thought and secondary anger-thought mediate sequentially between irrational belief and dysfuntional anger: irrational belief → primary anger-thought → secondary anger-thought → dysfunctional anger. Based on this model, the cognitive-behavior program for anger management which is focused on reducing these cognitive factors was developed. This study examines contingencies between cognitive factors and anger symptoms as well as the effects of the program. The program was conducted to five groups of university students. Data of 37 participants were analyzed. The main results were: 1) Irrational beliefs and primary/secondary anger-thoughts were reduced significantly after the participation in the program. 2) Anger symptoms were reduced significantly after the participation in the program. 3) The changes of cognitive factors were correlated significantly with the changes of anger symptoms. 4) The changes of primary anger-thought and secondary anger-thought mediated sequentially between changes of irrational belief and of dysfunctional anger. These empirical evidences support the validity of the dual cognitive mediation model.

이 연구는 중년여성들이 자전거타기 인지행동코칭 프로그램 참여를 통하여 각자의 목표를 이루는 과정에서 느끼는 성취감이 일상에서 자 아존중감과 생활만족도에 미치는 효과를 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 수도권에 거주하는 35세~ 60세 전후 자전거타기에 관심이 있 거나 목표가 있는 중년여성 21명을 모집하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 인지행동코칭 모델 중 PRACTICE 모델을 적용하였고 단일집 단 전후검사 설계(one-group pretest-posttest design)로 진행되었다. 결론적으로 자전거타기 인지행동코칭 프로그램이 자아존중감과 생활만족 도의 긍정적 향상의 유의한 효과가 있다고 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a bicycle-based cognitive behavioral coaching program on self-esteem and life satisfaction among middle-aged women, focusing on the sense of achievement experienced in the process of accomplishing individual goals through program participation. For this purpose, a total of 21 middle-aged women aged approximately 35 to 60 years, residing in the metropolitan area and having an interest in or specific goals related to bicycling, were recruited. To achieve the research objectives, the PRACTICE model, one of the cognitive behavioral coaching models, was applied, and a one-group pretest–posttest design was employed. The results indicated that participation in the bicycle-based cognitive behavioral coaching program had a positive effect on enhancing self-esteem and life satisfaction among middle-aged women.

Purpose: This study developed a cognitive behavioral therapy program aimed at altering the physical condition, emotions, and behaviors of fibromyalgia patients, and confirmed the program's clinical applicability. The program was developed by analyzing previous studies conducting in-depth interviews with fibromyalgia patients, drawing on cognitive behavior theory to establish the program contents, recruiting experts to test its validity, and conducting a preliminary survey. Methods: To confirm the program's effect, this study used a randomized controlled trial design. The participants were outpatients diagnosed with fibromyalgia in Dong-A University Hospital, Busan. The 30 patients in the experimental group took part in the program, which comprised 8 sessions (90 to 120 minutes) based on cognitive behavior theory, delivered over 8 weeks. Hypothesis testing was carried out using the repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The analysis revealed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in positive automatic thoughts, pain, fatigue, depression, and interpersonal relationships. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of sleep disorders and negative automatic thoughts. Conclusion: This program is a positive effect on physical condition, emotions, and behaviors. It is thus expected to be used to help fibromyalgia patients improve their disease conditions.

본 연구는 학령기 자녀를 둔 성인 ADHD 성향 어머니를 위한 인지행동치료 프로그램을 개발하고 예비연 구로서 효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 문헌 고찰, 요구도 조사, 예비 프로그램을 실시한 후, 인지적 재구성Ⅰ, Ⅱ, 실행기능훈련과 실행기능기반 양육기술훈련을 치료 구성요인으로 프로그램을 개 발하였다. 프로그램의 효과는 사전, 사후, 3개월 추후 검사를 통해 측정하였다. 연구대상은 학령기 자녀를 둔 어머니로 아동기 ADHD 증상 척도와 성인 ADHD 척도에서 절단점 이상의 기준에 해당되는 자를 1차 선별한 후, 임상 면접을 실시하여 성인 ADHD의 부주의 우세형 임상적 수준을 충족하는 12명을 최종 선정 하여 실험집단과 무처치 통제집단에 각각 6명씩 배정하였다. 실험집단의 경우, 성인 ADHD 성향 어머니의 학령기 자녀가 연구에 동반 참여하였다. 연구 결과, 통제집단과 달리 실험집단은 ADHD 변인(성인 ADHD), 인지 변인(부정적 자동적 사고, 자기효능감, 양육효능감), 실행기능 변인(집행기능 결핍), 행동 변인(양육행 동, 부모-자녀 의사소통), 정서 변인(우울, 상태-특성 불안, 상태-특성 분노표현)에서 처치 전후에 따른 유의 한 변화를 보였다. 실험집단의 자녀가 지각한 모의 부모양육태도와 부모-자녀 의사소통도 유의한 변화를 나타냈다. 본 연구는 성인 ADHD 성향 어머니를 위한 치료적 접근으로 특화된 치료적 구성요인 바탕의 인 지행동치료가 임상적으로 유용할 수 있다는 것을 밝힌 점에서 의의가 있다.

This study aims to develop a cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) program for mothers with ADHD tendencies who have school-aged children and to verify its effectiveness through a preliminary study. The program was developed through a comprehensive process, including a literature review, a needs assessment, and a pilot study. Key therapeutic components integrated into the program include Cognitive Restructuring I and II, Executive Function Training, and Executive Function-based Parenting Skills Training. The effectiveness of the program was verified through pre-, post-, and 3-month follow-up tests. Participants were selected from mothers with school-aged children who met or exceeded the cutoff scores on both the Childhood Symptoms Scale and the Adult ADHD Scale. Following this initial screening, a clinical interview was conducted to confirm that the participants met the clinical criteria for the Predominantly inattentive presentation of adult ADHD. A total of 12 mothers were selected and evenly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a untreated control group, with six participants in each. In the experimental group, the school-aged children of the mothers with adult ADHD tendencies also participated in the study. The results revealed that, unlike the control group, the experimental group demonstrated significant changes in multiple domains before and after the treatment. These included ADHD factors(Korean Adult ADHD Scale), cognitive factors(Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Negative, Self Efficacy Scale and Parenting Sense of Competence Scale), executive function factors(Korean adaptation of Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale), behavioral factors(parenting behavior and Parent-Child Communication Inventory), emotional factors(Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Korean adaptation of State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory). Furthermore, the children in the experimental group reported significant improvements in their perceptions of their mothers’ parenting attitudes, as well as in the quality of parent-child communication. This study is significant in demonstrating the clinical utility of a CBT program with specialized therapeutic components as a treatment approach for mothers with ADHD tendencies.

본 연구는 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램이 정서․행동장애 위험군 아동의 문제행동, 사회적 기술및 부모의 양육행동의 긍정적 변화를 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 연구대상은 세 명의 초등생 남아로 K-CBCL에서임상범위에 해당하는 정서․행동 위험군 아동으로 문제행동과 사회적 기술의 부족으로 인해 어려움을 겪고 있는 대상이다. 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램을 실시하여 중다 간헐기초선 설계와 사전․사후설계를 병행하여 실시하였으며 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모참여 인지행동미술치료 프로그램을 실시하여아동의 내재화 문제행동, 외현화 문제행동에 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 둘째, 부모와 아동 상호간의 활동을 통해아동의 사회적 기술의 사전․사후 비교 결과 긍정적 변화를 나타내었다. 셋째, 부모교육상담과 부모 참여 인지행동미술치료프로그램에 부모가 직접 참여함으로써 부모의 양육행동에 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 본 연구결과에의하면 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램이 정서․행동장애 위험군 아동의 문제행동, 사회적 기술 및 부모의 양육행동에 긍정적 변화가 있음을 알 수 있다.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of parent participant cognitive behavior art therapy programs on positive change of problem behavior and social skills of emotional-behavioral disorder risk children on parental nurturing behavior. The research target was three elementary school male students, emotional? behavioral risk group children, who belong to the clinical scope of K-CBCL(Korean Child Behavior Checklist), and who were suffering difficulty due to lack of behavioral and social skills. This research combined multiple probe designs and preliminary-post designs by conducting a parent participant cognitive behavior art therapy program, and the research results are as follows. First, positive change appeared in children's internalized problem behavior and externalized problem behavior as a result of conducting the programs. Second, positive change appeared as the result of preliminary-post comparison of children's social skills through parent-child mutual activities. Third, positive change appeared in parental nurturing behavior by letting parents participate directly in parent education counseling the programs. Based on the research results, the programs led to positive changes in problem behavior and social skills of emotional-behavioral disorder risk children, and positive changes in parental nurturing behavior.

본 연구의 목적은 인지행동 집단상담 프로그램을 초등학교 3~5학년 비만군 초등학생들에게 적용하여 생활습관, 신체상과 자기수용에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 부산시 소재 M초등학교 3~5학년 비만군 아동을 대상으로 자발적 참여 의사를 밝히며, 학부모 동의를 받은 20명(남6, 여14)을 본 연구의 대상으로 선정하였다. 사전검사를 실시하여 동질성을 확보하고 실험집단과 통제집단으로 나누어 총 10회기의 인지행동 기반 집단상담 프로그램을 적용하고 사후 및 추후검사를 실시하였다. 실험 자료를 분석한 결과, 본 연구의 인지행동 집단상담 프로그램은 초등학교 3~5학년 아동의 생활습관 변화에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 못한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 프로그램에 참여한 실험집단의 경우, 사전에 비해 사후 시점에서 신체상이 개선된 효과가 있었으며, 실험집단 아동들은 통제집단 아동들에 비해 사후 시점(프로그램 종료 직후)뿐 아니라 추후 시점(1개월 경과 후)에서도 자기수용 수준이 일관되게 더 높게 유지되었다. 이러한 결과는 인지행동 집단상담이 초등학교 비만군 아동들의 신체상과 자기수용을 개선하는 데 효과적일 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구의 의의, 제한점과 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 차례로 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cognitive-behavioral group counseling program on lifestyle, body image, and self-acceptance among obese elementary school students in grades 3 through 5. To this end, 20 obese children in grades 3-5 from M Elementary School in Busan who volunteered to participate and obtained parental consent were selected as the study participants. A pretest was administered to ensure baseline homogeneity between groups, after which participants were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in a 10-session cognitive-behavioral group counseling program, and posttest and one-month follow-up assessments were administered. Analysis of the experimental data revealed that the cognitive-behavioral group counseling program had no significant effect on lifestyle changes. However, the experimental group showed a significant improvement in body image from pretest to posttest. Furthermore, children in the experimental group maintained significantly higher levels of self-acceptance than those in the control group at both the posttest (immediately after the program) and the one-month follow-up. These findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral group counseling may be effective in improving body image and self-acceptance among elementary school children with obesity. The significance and implications of this study, its limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

The ultimate purpose of this research was to promote athletic performance by applying cognitive-behavior therapy program to modern pentathlon athletes and verifying its effect on reducing anxiety. The results of applying cognitive-behavior therapy program to separate thoughts and emotions occurring when matching or trained are as follows. First, after applying cognitive-behavior therapy program to modern pentathlon athletes, competitive state anxiety factors were quite reduced, and there was statistically significant difference partially. Second, dysfunctional belief of pentathlon athletes related to anxiety was somewhat decreased through cognitive-behavior therapy program, and there was statistically significant difference partially. Third, the application of cognitive-behavior therapy program made positive effects for athletes such as strength, concentration, confidence, positive thinking, alternative thinking, etc. Consequently, it was found that cognitive-behavior therapy program to handle automatic thoughts by separating thoughts and emotions has an effect on modern pentathlon athletes.

본 연구의 목적은 인지행동 집단상담이 초등학생의 공격성 감소와 자아존중감 향상에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. U시에 소재한 초등 6학년을 대상으로 공격성 점수가 높고 자아존중감이 낮은 아동 16명을 선발하여 실험집단 8명, 통제집단 8명으로 배정하고, 실험집단에는 주 2회 60분씩 10회기 동안 인지행동 집단상담 프로그램을 실시하였고, 통제집단에는 아무런 처치도 하지 않았다. 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 프로그램 실시 전과 실시 후 공격성 검사와 부모보고용 아동 행동검사, 자아존중감 검사를 실시하였다.본 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인지행동 집단상담에 참여한 실험집단의 아동은 공격성이 감소하였으며 하위영역 중 죄의식 영역에서 공격성이 감소하였다. 둘째, 인지행동 집단상담에 참여한 실험집단의 아동은 부모보고용 아동 행동검사에서 공격성이 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 인지행동 집단상담에 참여한 실험집단의 아동은 자아존중감이 향상되었으며 하위영역 중 사회적 자아존중감이 향상되었다. 이러한 연구결과는 인지행동 집단상담이 아동의 공격성을 감소시키고 자아존중감을 향상하는데 효과가 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the cognitive-behavior group counselling on the reduction of aggression and the improvement of self-esteem in elementary school students. The subjects of this study were 16 sixth grade students from an elementary school in U city, who had higher score in aggressiveness, and lower score in self-esteem. 8 of the subjects were put into the experimental group, and the remaining 8 into the control group. The experimental group performed 2 sessions of the program per week whereas the control group had no treatment. The program consisted of total 10 sessions and each session was 60 minutes long. In order to verify the effects of the program, the subjects performed the self-report aggressiveness test, the parent-reported child aggressive behavior test, and the self-esteem test before and after the program. The results of this study were as follows. First, the children in the experiment group showed the reduced aggression and the conscious of the guilty. Second, the children in the experiment group showed the reduced aggression in a child’s behavior test by parent’s reporting. Third, the children in the experiment group showed the improved self-esteem and social self-esteem. These results imply that cognitive-behavior group counseling reduce aggression of children and improve their self-esteem. The implications and limitations of this study, and suggestions of further research were discussed.

본 연구의 목적은 인지행동 집단미술치료프로그램이 중학생의 학업스트레스에 미치는 효과를 알아보는데 있다. 미술치료프로그램은 인지행동치료 이론을 토대로 학업스트레스의 주요 요인인 학사적, 대인관계 및 환경적, 그리고 진로적인 요소들을 고려하여 구성되었다. 경상남도 C시에 소재한 S중학교 3학년생 전체를 설문조사하여 학업스트레스 점수가 높은 상위 16명을 선발하여, 실험집단과 통제집단에 각각 무작위배치하였다. 실험집단에게는 각 50분간의 회기를 주2회씩 총 12회기의 인지행동 미술치료프로그램을 실시하였으며 통제집단은 처치를 가하지 않았다. 프로그램 사전과 사후에 학업스트레스 척도를 사용하여 자료수집 하였으며, 공분산분석을 실시하였다. 또한, 질적 분석을 위하여 PITR 투사그림을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 인지행동 미술치료프로그램은 학업스트레스 감소에 유의미한 효과가 있었다. 학업스트레스 하위 척도 가운데 기대스트레스와 내면스트레스 감소에 유의미한 효과가 있었다. 둘째, 인지행동 미술치료프로그램은 PITR 투사그림에도 긍정적인 변화를 나타냈다. 스트레스 지각을 감소시키고, 스트레스 대처 자원을 향상시킴으로써 궁극적으로 스트레스 대처 능력 점수를 향상시킨 것으로 확인되었다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of cognitive behavior art therapy on learning stress of middle school students. The cognitive behavior art therapy program is consisted to degrade the main factors of learning stress such as academic factors, human relationship factors, environmental factors and career factors based on theory of cognitive behavior therapy. Among the whole 3rd grade of middle school students at C-city in Gyeongsangnam-do, the authors selected 16 students with the top 16 stress scores for learning stress and classified them into experimental group and controlled group. The experimental group underwent 12 sessions of cognitive art therapy program for 50 minutes at twice a week. In order to verify the results of this study, the authors underwent learning stress questionnaire at both pre-therapy and post-therapy as analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) for statistical analysis. Also, for the qualitative analysis, the authors underwent PITR (person-in-the-rain) projection picture for comparison and analysis. The summaries of results of the study are as followed. First, the cognitive behavior art therapy showed significant effects on decrease of learning stress of middle school students. The cognitive behavior art therapy showed significant effects on decreased of expectation and inside stress among the 3 subfactors (expectation, inside, expression) for learning stress. Second, the cognitive behavior art therapy showed positive changes in the qualitative analysis, likewise, PITR (person-in-the-rain) projection picture. It was verified that the cognitive behavior art therapy lessens stress recognition and improve the score of stress coping ability by improving the stress coping sources in the end. This is the similar results with the quantitative study which showed that the cognitive behavior art therapy showed significant decrease of learning stress.

본 연구는 통합적 접근의 측면에서 개인 인지 재구조화 및 정서 능력 향상 을 위한 분노 조절 시 치료 프로그램을 개발하고 그 효과를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 대상은 B광역시에 소재하 고 있는 J고등학교 2학년 2개반 70명을 대상으로 분노 수준 검사를 실시한 후 상위 30% 이내인 학 생들 20명 중 16명을 실험집단, 통제집단 각각 8명씩 무선 배정하였다. 프 로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위해 사전-사후 검사를 실시한 후 그 결과를 비교하였다. 중재는 1주일에 2 회씩 저녁 시간을 이용하 여 실시하였으며, 1회기 90분 총 10회기로 구성하여 진행되었다. 자료처리 는 인지행동적 시치료 집단 상담 프로그램의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 SPSS 12.0을 사용하여 사전-사 후 평균과 표준편차를 구하 였다. 또한 실험집단의 사후검사의 효과를 알아보기 위해 실험집단의 사전 검사 득점을 공변인으로 한 공변량 분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과 중재 프로그램은 참여 학생들의 분노조절 능력 향상에 효 과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 후속 연구에서는 분노와 관련되는 다양한 정 서나 기능의 차원에서 그 효과를 검증해보는 것이 필요해 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to develop and verify the effects of cognitive behavior poetic program for anger management of high school students. The major contents of the program are comprised of three sections which are cognitive treatment, psychological emotional treatment and technical training treatment. The key methods used for the program were poetic treatment activities such as inducing participation by opening mind and listening to stories, reading, writing and appreciation and concept lectures, new behavioral training, feedback and summary. Especially in the poetic therapy section, students were able to identify their own negative emotions and learn skills to express their feelings by using poetry. In order to verify the effectiveness of the designed program, the program was conducted for ten times, ninety minutes per each, to students of J High School located in B city which is a general academic high school. The subjects of the program were included in the top thirty percent in the anger scales. Eight students were in the experimental group and eight students were in the controlled group. The research design used in this study was preliminary-post mortem inspection controlled group design. Index used was the reverse functional cognitive index, self-respect index and personal relations index that can measure level of reverse functional thinking, self-respect and personal relations ability. As the results of the analysis, cognitive behavior poetic therapy program used for anger management was significantly contributing to controlling the anger of the participants. In specific, the participants of the program showed lowered reverse functional cognition and higher self-respect. In addition, the they showed significantly higher abilities in personal relations. If they are able to realize their emotional status for themselves, and identify unreasonable beliefs and automatic thinking process that cause those native emotions, they will be able to adapt rational problem-solving ability to the problems they confront. These attempts and positive experience will improve the level of self-respect for the students. In addition, improved level of self -respect has positive impacts on the personal relations thus it will make it possible for them to get substantial help from their peers as well as their teachers.

This study was done to identify the effects of a music program on cognitive function and disturbing behavior in elders with dementia. The program consisted of listening to, percussion accompaniment, and singing along with popular music, and folk and children's songs. Method: The design was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest study. Participants were 32 elders with dementia (experimental: 17, control: 15). The program took place for fifty minutes , six times a week for four weeks. Cognitive function was assessed using the MMSE-K (Mini Mental State Examination- Korean Version) and disturbing behavior, using a disturbing behavior measurement tool developed by Kang. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and t-test were used to analyze the data. Results: Scores for cognitive function (orientation, attention and calculation) for the experimentalgroup increased significantly (t=5.616, p=.000) and scores for disturbing behavior (aggressive psychomotor behavior, passive behavior and nonaggressive psychomotor behavior) decreased significantly (t=-3.348, p=.002), especially, decreased. Conclusion: The results indicate that the music program was an effective intervention for cognitive function and disturbing behavior in elderly people with dementia admitted to hospital. Therefore, the music program is recommended for use in clinical practice as a nursing intervention for the patients with dementia.

본 연구는 마음챙김 기반 인지치료(MBCT) 프로그램이 폭식 경향성을 가진 대학생들의 폭식 행동, 정서적 섭식, 정서조절곤란 및 감정표현불능증에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 전북지역 남녀 대학생들 중 폭식척도에서 18점 이상에 해당하고, 정서적 섭식, 정서조절곤란, 감정표현불능증 점수가 높은 학생들 20명이 본 연구에 참가하였다. 사전 검사에서 폭식척도, 정서적 섭식척도, 감정표현불능증 척도, 한국판 정서조절곤란척도를 실시하였고, 최종 선발된 20명을 마음챙김 기반 인지치료 집단에 10명, 통제 집단에 10명씩 배정하였다. 마음챙김 기반 인지치료 프로그램은 총 9회기로 실시되었고, 프로그램 종료 후 사후검사가 실시되었으며, 6주 후 추적검사가 이루어졌다. 그 결과 마음챙김 기반 인지치료 집단이 통제집단보다 폭식행동, 정서조절곤란, 감정표현불능증, 정서적 섭식 중 불안으로 인한 섭식 수준이 유의하게 감소되었고, 추적검사까지 유지되었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 추후 연구를 위한 제언이 논의되었다.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on binge eating behavior, emotional eating, difficulties in emotional regulation, and alexithymia of the binge eating-prone university students. University students who lived in chonbuk province completed Binge eating scale (BES), Emotional Eating Scale (EES), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), and 20-Item Alexithymia Scale. Twenty participants who gained more than 18 point score by binge eating scale and have higher emotional eating, difficulties in emotional regulation and alexithymia were screened. Twenty participants were randomly assigned to 10 in the MBCT group and 10 in the control group. All participants completed Binge eating scale (BES), Emotional Eating Scale (EES), Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale (DERS), and 20-Item Alexithymia Scale at pretreatment, end of treatment, and at 6 weeks follow-up periods. MBCT program was administered for 9 sessions. The results of this study were as follows: the Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy has positive effects on the reduction of binge eating, difficulties in emotional regulation, and alexithymia after therapy and 6 weeks later follow-up period. Emotional eating was decreased by eating in response to anxiety in the MBCT group. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and the suggestions for future study were also discussed.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the effects of a convergent web-based educational program on cognitive function, depression, and dementia prevention behavior among elders living in the community. Method: Participants were 16 elders over 65 years of age (8 in the experimental group and 8 in the control group). The educational program was given twice a week for 9 weeks. Results: Cognitive function and dementia prevention behavior improved in the experimental group. Cognitive function and dementia prevention behavior were reduced in the control group compared to the results of the pre-inspection; however, no statistically significant difference was found. As homogeneity test was not conducted previously for the assessment of depression, the assessment was conducted based on covariates, Although no significant difference found between the two groups, depression level did increase in the control group. Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate that the educational program prevented worsening of depression and was effective in reducing depression. For further assessment, it is necessary to conduct long-term research including a revision and supplementation of the contents and length of the program.

본 연구는 마음챙김에 기반한 인지치료(MBCT) 프로그램이 문제음주 대학생의 우울, 충동성 및 문제음주 행동에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 사전 조사에서 전북 지역 소재 대학에 재학 중인 학생 523명을 대상으로 알코올 사용 장애 척도-한국판, 문제음주 선별 검사, 한국판 역학연구센터 우울척도 및 Barratt 충동성 척도를 실시하였다. 그 중 문제음주 수준(알코올 사용 장애 척도-한국판 12점 이상, 문제음주 선별 검사 3점 이상)을 충족시키고, 우울감을 경험하는 30명이 본 연구에 참가하여 MBCT 프로그램 집단(15명)과 대기-통제집단(15명)으로 무선할당 되었다. MBCT 프로그램은 2개월 간 10회기 실시되었고, 각 회기는 80~100분의 시간이 소요되었다. MBCT 프로그램의 추적기간까지 총 10명(MBCT 프로그램 집단 6명, 대기-통제집단 4명)이 중도탈락 되었다. 우울, 충동성 및 문제음주 행동 정도는 사전, 사후, 1개월 추적 및 2개월 추적 기간 동안 검사를 통하여 총 20명의 참가자(MBCT 프로그램 집단 9명, 대기-통제집단 11명)에 대한 평가가 이루어졌다. 본 연구의 결과 MBCT 프로그램 집단이 대기-통제집단보다 우울, 충동성 수준이 유의하게 더 감소하였고, 문제음주 행동 수준은 유의하게 더 개선되었으며, 그 수준은 추적검사까지 유지되었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 추후 연구를 위한 시사점이 논의되었다.

The purpose of the this study was to explore the effects of the Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) Program on depression, impulsivity, and problem drinking behavior of the college students with Problem Drinking. The Korean Version of Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test(AUDIT-K), Problem Drinking Screening Test(PDST), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale(BIS) were used for screening in pre-test. 30 people who satisfies the problem drinking level(AUDIT-K over 12 point, PDST over 3 point) and experiences depression participated in this study. They got a relatively high score in CES-D and BIS. Then, 30 people were randomly assigned to a 10 weeks MBCT program group(n=15) or control group(n=15). The MBCT program for 9 people was administered for 10 sessions. Depression, impulsivity, and problem drinking were assessed at pre-test, post-test, 1-month follow-up, and 2-month follow-up periods. The results of this study were that scores of depression, impulsivity, and problem drinking in the MBCT program group were significantly decreased more than those in the control group. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further research were discussed.

본 연구는 지역사회와의 융합을 위해 학교를 기반으로 고위험 문제행동을 보이는 초등학생을 대상으로 실시한 구조화된 인지행동 중재 프로그램의 효과에 관한 예비연구이다. 개발한 프로그램은 준전문가를 통해 실시하여 효과를 검증하였다. 고위험군 선별을 위해 도농복합지역의 한 초등학교 3학년 전체 102명을 대상으로 한국판 아동행동평가척도(K-CBCL)를 실시하였고 문제행동증후군 척도의 T점수가 60점 이상인 고위험군 학생 32명을 선정하여 개입집단과 대조집단으로 나누었다. 인지행동치료를 기반으로 9회기의 구조화된 집단 프로그램을 개발하였고, 심리상담 전공의 대학원생 및 대학생이 전문가의 지도를 받아 개입집단에게 프로그램을 실시하였다. 개입 후 내재화 집단은 내재화 문제, 불안 및 우울 증상이 유의하게 감소되었으며 외현화 집단은 외현화 문제, 공격행동에 유의미한 감소를 보였지만, 혼합형 집단에서는 유의미한 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 질적인 분석을 통해 점수의 의미를 추가적으로 살펴보았다. 결과에 대한 시사점과 연구의 제한점 그리고 후속연구에 대해 제언하였다.

The study is a preliminary study of the effectiveness of the structured cognitive behavioral arbitration program targeting elementary school students who perform high risk problems based on schools for convergence with local communities. The program is designed to be practiced by semi-trained professionals. To screen high-risk students, total 102 students were tested K-CBCL and those who scored over 60T on problem behavior syndrome scale were recruited. 32 students were selected and devided into intervention group and control group. Intervention group was received 90-minutes-sessions per week, for nine weeks. The program was done by graduate students and undergraduate students majoring counseling and supervised by school psychologist. The internalization group showed significantly lower score in Internalization, anxiety/depression, and externalization group showed externalization, aggressive behavior. but mixed group didn't showed significantly lower score. Implications of the results, limitations and suggestions for future study were mentioned.