Earticle

이 글은 중세·근대국어의 동사 구문 연구가 지금까지 걸어온 발자취를 돌아보고 쟁점으로 분류된 부분들을 검토하여 앞으로 어떠한 방향으로 나아가야 할 것인가를 고찰하는 글이다. 주된 논의를 진행하기에 앞서 2장에서는 중세·근대국어의 동사 구문 연구 성과가 어느 정도 축적되었고 현재 어떠한 흐름으로 가고 있는지를 파악하였다. 연구의 현황을 파악하는 과정에서도 앞으로의 과제를 모색해 낼 수 있기 때문이다. 지금까지 발표된 성과는 57건으로, 연구 형태·연구 기간·연구 범위·연구 대상을 기준으로 분류를 하였다. 연구 형태로는 소논문이, 연구 기간으로는 2001-2010년에 발표된 논문이, 연구 범위로는 공시적인 논의가, 연구 대상으로는 후기 중세국어의 동사 구문을 다룬 연구가 비중이 높았음을 파악할 수 있었다. 그런데 동사 구문 연구가 여러 범위에서 진행되었기 때문에 본 논의를 진행하기 위해서는 기술 범위를 제한할 필요가 있었다. 따라서 3장에서는 기존 연구 성과들에서 공통적으로 보이는 부분들을 쟁점을 다루었다. 쟁점은 동사 구문의 선정 기준과 기술 방식, 명사구의 필수성/수의성 판별, 동사 구문의 범위와 ‘이다’의 문법적 지위를 인식한 방식과 같이 세 가지로 제시하였다. 이러한 부분들은 그동안 중세․근대국어 동사 구문 연구들에서 깊게 고민되지 않았던 부분들이다. 문헌에서 확인할 수 있는 언어를 대상으로 하기 때문에 그동안 해결하기 어려운 측면도 있었다. 이러한 부분들은 계속해서 함께 고민해 나가야 할 필요가 있다고 보고 공동의 과제로 제시하였다.

This article is a study on the current of verb constructions in Historical Korean and examines research issues and future tasks. Before the main discussion, the results of the study were accumulated to some extent and what current flow is being grasped. Because we can find future tasks in the process of grasping the current status of the research. Forty-eight research results have been published so far. For this reason, the study was classified based on the research form, research period, research scope, and research subjects. The study was mainly focused on the study of the verbs of the 15-16C Korean language, and the study of the thesis published in 2001-2010 as the research period. However, the scope of the verb syntax was wide. So the common parts of each study were forced to deal with the issue. From a macroscopic point of view, several discussions described the criteria and technique of selecting verb syntax, the discrimination of the necessity/veterinaryity of noun phrases, the range of verb syntax and the method of recognizing the grammatical status of 'Ida'. And this study concluded by suggesting directions to supplement these issues in the future.

There are special phrases in Modern Chinese which are deeply related with the structure “很有……”. Traditionally many grammarians, such as Xu Tongqiang and Lu Jianming think that “很” modifies the whole following structure of “有……”. Currently some grammarians do not agree with this kind of traditional theory because both “很” and “有” are monosyllabic words, and in Modern Chinese, there is a tendency to put together two monosyllabic words consisting of one sound phonetically. Some have been changed into word, and some still remain phrases. When we analyze the Chinese phrase “很有辦法”, we can take two different approaches. One is “很+有辦法”, the other is “很有+辦法”. Most grammarians opt for the former, instead of taking the latter. The main reason for doing this is that the phrase “很有” only occurs in special cases. But I don't agree with this viewpoint because it is not suitable for the actual phenomenon of Modern Chinese. I argue that it's more reasonable for us to analyze “很有” as a single unit of a sentence. In the following sentences, such as : I think that the “hen” 與 “you” in the sentences above should be analyzed as a unit of structure, such as : ① Hou liang zhong yongfa que henyou Xianndai Hanyushi de neihan. ② Hen you dushuren de weidao. ③ Zheng ru yixie wenzhang suo zhichu, duiyu Han Minzu gongtongyu de biaozhun henyouzhongshiwanshandebiyao. ④ Zhe ge jia henyoujifensenlengdeyinqi. ⑤ Laozi de xueshuo henyoupianmiandeshenkexingyuqifaxing. ⑥ Nimen changli you yi wei tongzhi henyoulilunshuiping I argue that the “hen” and the “you” in the sentences above should be analyzed as a single unit of structure. The reason for this is as follows: 1. When an abstract noun follows the verb “有”, “很” can be put in front of “有”. 2. In Modern Chinese, two mono-syllabic words put together can cause a strong cohesion between them. 3. Apart from modifying adjectives and feeling verbs, degree adverbs “很” can also modify static verbs. In the phrase “很有”, “有” is a static verb.

본고는 한국어 심리형용사 및 심리동사의 통사 특징과 의미 차이를 분석함으로써 그들의중국어 번역 방식을 밝혔다. 한국어 심리형용사는 작용 심리형용사와 상태 심리형용사로 나뉠 수 있고 심리동사도 작용 심리동사와 상태 심리동사로 나뉠 수 있다. 네 가지 용언은 통사 구조와 의미 면에 차이가있음에도 불구하고, 중국어로 번역될 때 중국어의 영향으로 인해 서로 혼동될 경우가 상당히많다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 본고에서는 네 가지 용언의 7가지 문장 유형을 나누어서 그들의 통사 특징과 의미 특징에 의해서 각각의 중국어 번역 방안을 모색하였다.

This article analyzed the translation methods of Korean psychological predicates with analyzing the syntax features and semantic differences of them. Psychological adjectives can be divided into effective psychological adjectives and state psychological adjectives, and psychological verbs can also be divided into effective psychological verbs and state psychological verbs. There are differences in syntactic structure and semantic meaning. But because of the relatively small number of Chinese psychological predicates, and the structure and usage of Chinese psychological predicates are relatively simple, Korean psychological adjectives and psychological verbs are often confused in the actual translation process. In order to solve this problem, This article analyzed seven types of sentence structure of four kinds of predicates and proposed the corresponding translation methods respectively.

The constructions of DP of Medieval Spanish were used in different ways from the DP of Modern Spanish. In concrete, the definite article of Medieval Spanish could be used with the possessive, but, in Modern Spanish, no. In Medieval Spanish, the definite article was possible to be interpreted as the demonstrative. So, the definite and the demonstrative didn't appear inside the extended nominal projection. However, the definite article and the demonstrative of Modern Spanish can be used together in the same phrase. In this paper, first, we point out that the DP of Medieval Spanish is generated in the other way from the DP of Modern Spanish. We have examined that the concept of Parameters can be applied to the constructions with the DP in Chomsky's Parameters Medieval Spanish. In Syntax, we propose that the possessive in Modern Spanish is derived from the construction DP, which contains the preposition abstract P. On the other hand, the possessive in Medieval Spanish is generated from CopP

This study examines English Subject-Verb Inversion (SVI) which is a marked linguistic phenomenon that has been drawing great interests from a lot of linguists. A lot of research has mainly focused on one aspect of Subject-Verb Inversion such as syntax or pragmatics. However, language is a complex system which involves interplay of various linguistic factors. Hence, in this paper, we tried to provide holistic view of SVI focusing on its constraints and triggers. First of all, SVI takes place with very limited linguistic environment: syntactically, only with intransitive verbs and semantically and pragmatically, main verbs are informationally light (i.e. contains no important information). Along with these constraints, there are also triggers for SVI. Syntactic trigger is heavy NP, phonological trigger is rhythm and pragmatic triggers are Communication and Stylistic Force. Implications for teaching constraints and triggers are also discussed.

This paper discusses the status of English ergative verbs. Ergativity is an important area of English syntax, but there have been divergent views on the concept from various linguistic traditions. The term "ergative" is often used in terms of "ergative language", "ergative case", and "ergative verb". In the first part of this paper, some earlier definitions of ergativity will be reviewed. In addition, the main reason for the terminological confusion between "ergative case" and "ergative verb" will be explained. The second part of the paper presents four proposed defining syntactic (and also semantic) properties of English ergative verbs, together with a diagnostic for English ergative verbs. The final section of the paper contains a discussion of the nature of English ergative verbs with regard to the motivation for English speakers to use ergative verbs, different ways of encoding ergative verbs between languages, and the productivity of English ergative verbs and its effect on English grammar.

도시부 보행네트워크의 보행성 평가를 위해서 Space Syntax Theory(공간구문론)을 반영한 보행모형 구축이 요구된다. 공간구문론은 통합도를 도출하여 보행로의 중심성에 대한 정량적 평가지료를 제공한다. 보행모형은 이동성, 편리성, 안 전성의 보행지표로서 보행성을 나타내는 정량적 판단근거를 제시한다. 그러나 보행네트워크에서 공간구문론을 반영하기 위해서는 회전지체 반영을 위한 네트워크구축기법의 검토가 요구된다. 특히 기존의 연구에서 제안된 나무기반 Dial 알고 리즘은 회전지체 반영을 위하여 네트워크확장이 요구되었다. 본 연구는 덩굴망기반 Dial 알고리즘과 공간구문론의 통합방안을 제시하였다. 덩굴망기반 Dial 알고리즘은 인접링크의 사이에서 발생하는 회전지체를 포함하는 3단계 수행과정을 수행하므로 네트워크확장의 우회가 가능하다. 따라서 공간구 문론의 축노드와 축노드가 만나는 시각교차점에서 회전지체가 발생하는 상황에서도 네트워크의 변형을 최소화하면서 시 각거리와 물리거리를 일치시키는 측면에서 덩굴망기반 Dial 알고리즘이 활용이 필요하다. 도시부도로와 같이 보행이 복잡한 권역의 평가를 위해서 활용이 가능함을 향후 연구로 제시하였다. 특히 사례연구를 통해서 제안된 기법의 수행과정을 도출하였다.

Evaluation of the walkability of the urban pedestrian network requires construction of a pedestrian network model that reflects Space Syntax Theory. Space Syntax Theory deduces an integration value through which materials for evaluation of the pedestrian network’s connectivity can be produced; and can aid in illustrating the ease of walkability through the model’s calculation of pedestrian indices such as movability, comfort, and safety. But the representation of space syntax theory in the pedestrian network requires that turn delay be added by means of a network-type construction method. While tree-based Dial Algorithm proposed for the logit-based probability walkability distribution model may be effective for link-based pedestrian volume distribution, it requires further network expansion to reflect turn delays. In this research, Vine-based Dial Algorithm is executed in order to obtain a measure reflecting the integration value for Space Syntax Theory. The Vine-based Dial Algorithm of two adjacent links, which forms the minimum unit of the Vine network, has the advantage of encompassing turn delay, and thus eliminates the need for network expansion. Usage of the model to evaluation of complicated pedestrian spheres such as urban roads is left to further research. Especially the progression of the proposed method is deduced through case study.

Space Syntax에서 개별링크의 통합도가 크면 네트워크에서 접근이 편리함을 나타낸다. 보행자가 통합도가 높은 링크들의 연결성을 경험하도록 보행로를 설계하거나 집적도가 높은 토지이용을 유도하는 것이 타당하다. 보행자 통행배정모형은 보행수요(보행자)의 불편 도(통행거리 및 시간) 등을 최소화하는 경로선택을 반영한다. 이는 보행자의 불편을 최소화하는 실제 통행패턴을 제시한다. 본 연구는 Space Syntax와 보행자 통행배정모형을 통합하는 방안을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 인천시 부평역을 대상으로 통합모형의 유효성을 검증 하는 실증분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 부평역 주변은 통합도가 매우 높게 나타나나 보행전용구역인 역 북부지역은 상대적으로 통합도 가 낮게 나타났다. 모형의 구조는 통합도가 높은 지역에 실제 이동수요를 반영하여 통합도가 적합하게 유지되는지 설명이 가능하다. 통합모형은 Space Syntax의 네트워크에 대한 가시거리를 나타내는 축선도와 건물과 도로로 구획된 링크를 결합하는 방식과 보행자 통행 배정모형의 기종점의 유사경로를 파악하여 균일 배정하는 방안을 도입한다. 제안된 모형은 보행개선지역 및 사업의 사전/사후평가 등에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

In Space Syntax, the greater the degree of integration between separate links, the greater the links' accessibility from the target network. As such, planning pedestrian walks so that links with high degrees of integration are connected, or else inducing high integration value land use are both valid options. The travel distribution model reflects how walking demand, or more specifically, the pedestrian, partakes in route choosing behavior that minimizes select criteria, notably level of discomfort, as measured using travel distance and time. The model thus demonstrates travel patterns associated with demand pertaining to minimization of discomfort experienced by the pedestrian. This research introduces a method that integrates Space Syntax and the pedestrian travel distribution model. The integrated model will determine whether regions with high degrees of integration are actually being used as pivots for pedestrian demand movement, as well as to explain whether the degree of integration is sustained at an appropriate level while considering actual movement demand. As a means to develop the integrated model, a method that combines display of the visibility of the space syntax network and road-divided links is proposed. The pedestrian travel distribution model also includes an alternative path finding mechanism between origin and destination, which allows for uniform allocation of demand.

This research aims to inherit the character induced from the relationship between living and spatial structure in Korean Traditional Houses. Space Syntax was selected as the analyzing tool because of its objectiveness in representing these type of relations in hard figures. Especially, inner/outer space shows phased differences according to the living activities which can be summarized into the four factors of individual activity, communal life, household affairs, and social activity. In other words, the mechanism of living within traditional houses was found to be in direct connection with spatial structure. This study analyes space sequence space Korean traditional residence, highlighting the perspective of living place that embodies not only visual design itself but also philosophical meaning embedded in. also, It attempts to examine the characteristics of space that variety space(that is "healthy space") for the people. In doing so, this study aims at contributing to a better understanding of the distinctive features of traditional residence by space sequence as well as searching a model to fit with a lifestyle of the Korean people.

Syntax of nominal phrases have been the center of the linguistic discussion across languages, as they reveal the core constitutes of the structural organization of nominal phrases. Numerous analyses on the syntax of nominal phrases assume the well accepted structure of a noun phrase in English, and examine whether a language in question can be accounted for by the structure of an English noun. This paper pursues this type of an approach in addressing a question of the syntax of mei ‘every’ in Mandarin by assuming a recent syntactic approach of English every in Borer (2005). Although mei in Mandarin has been paid much attention in the literature, most of the studies thus far have focused on the formal semantics of mei. Not only the syntactic proposal on mei is scarce but also its comparison to a recent proposal of syntax of English every is lacking. This paper proposes that mei is similar to English every in that it can realize a D head or Num(ber) head. However, this paper also shows that mei is different from English every: it cannot portion out a noun that denotes mass in the sense of Borer (2005). Consequently, it cannot realize a Div(ision) head instantiated by English every. Overall, this paper contributes to the current discussion on the structure of the word ‘every’ by suggesting that a nominal meaning ‘every’ across languages does not seem to share the same syntactic roles.

This paper examines the language development of dative alternation in English, double object (DO) dative and prepositional object (PO) dative. It has been reported (cf. Gropen et al. (1989)) that children or speakers with insufficient linguistic knowledge tend to make errors in or over-generate dative alternation. Pinker (1989) took a semantics- based approach to the acquisition of argument structure proposing the broad-range rule and the narrow range verb classes. This paper takes an alternative syntax/UG-based approach to the issue at hand, arguing that the functional category Applicative plays an indispensible role in introducing a DO dative, thus attributing the use of the latter to the development of the former. We further argue that the development of the functional category Appl(icative) emerges from statistical learning of verb classes while children experience syntactic distributions of verbs in English.

The aim of this study is to explore the appropriate structures of English cleft constructions based on their semantic and pragmatic function as well as their syntactic distribution, which is closely investigated as compared to the syntactic distribution of the other operator-variable constructions such as appositive relative clauses, topicalized clauses, extraposed clauses, etc. in the light of the notion of presupposition.

This paper aims to establish the grammatical relationship between the syntactic positions of S-adverbs and information structure. The crosslinguistic properties of S-adverbs are as follows: i) S-adverbs have a focal stress only in a post-subject position; ii) S-adverbs cannot occupy a post-subject position when subject is focused; iii) S-adverbs in a pre-subject position are usually interpreted as topic. To analyze these properties, a new approach toward S-adverbs is attempted in this paper. This approach actively applies two important Minimalist theories, that is, Agree and phase. Under the Agree mechanism suggested here, the Probe C0 carrying an uninterpretable feature [uF] seeks for its Goal containing an [iF]. By Agree, every S-adverb bearing an [iF] can be independently licensed by C0, a phase head. On the other hand, under the phase-based focusing mechanism made in this paper, only the highest syntactic element (either subject or S-adverb) can receive a focal stress in the spellout domain of the CP phase (i.e. TP). In other words, the spellout domain is a focus domain for S-adverbs. Unless it has a focal stress, neither subject nor S-adverb can survive in the focus domain. For this reason, S-adverbs occurring in a pre-subject position are the outputs of anti-focus movement, and thus they are usually interpreted as topic.