Earticle

This paper argues that the maximal surface syllable structure in Korean is (C)V(C), with the single onset consonant and the single coda consonant optional and with the syllable peak non-branching. Specifically, there is no glide between the onset consonant and the peak vowel regardless of the position of the alleged glide whether it would be part of a complex onset or part of a branching nucleus. Supporting arguments are from the conspiracy effect in loanword adaptations, loanword adaptations of consonant-glide and consonant-liquid clusters, the distribution of the glide [ɰ], palatal variants of non-plosives before a vowel other than [i], and hiatus tolerance.

この論文では日本語の閉音節構造方言における体系変化のプロセスについて、主にフォネーム構造を中心に考 察した。まず、閉音節構造が成立する基本的なフォネーム構造は、対応する共通語において狭母音/i u/が語末に 位置するということである。瀬戸内町を除くすべての方言において、このようなフォネーム構造のもとでは必ず閉音節化 が起っている。そして、閉音節化と直前の音節の音環境においては、直前の音節が促音․撥音․二重母音で終わる ものや、すでに閉音節化しているものの場合は閉音節化が起こらないのに対して、直前の音節が長音で終わるものと、 ただの母音連続である場合は閉音節化が起こる。 一方、諸方言の閉音節化は母音の脱落という過程を経て成立したものと考えられる。この点、瀬戸内町の方言はそ の原形を保っている古い形と言えるし、富江町山下の方言もそれに近いと見られる。そして、串間市の方言の場合は共 通語と閉音節構造方言とのちょうど中間的な位置にある。その他の方言では母音の脱落後、語末子音が〔t〕〔〕 など比較的規範性の高いものに中和されていく。 さらに本研究では、いわゆる「四つ仮名」の対立が語末子音のところで残っていることや、これまで「ラ行子音の 脱落現象」として言われてきたラ行音の変化を、〔r〕音の脱落ではなく、狭母音〔i u〕の脱落した〔r〕音が二 重母音的な発音〔j〕に変わったものであるということなどを明らかにした。

본 연구는 러시아어권 학습자들의 한국어 이중모음 발음에서 발생하는 오류들을 한국어와 러시아어의 음절구조의 차이와 구성원소 이론을 바탕으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 러시아어권 학습자들에게한국어 이중모음 입력이 주어지면 학습자들은 러시아어의 모음 체계와 음절구조를 바탕으로 이를 재해석하고 조정하여 출력한다. 러시아어는 활음 /j/를 가지고 있어 한국어 /j/계 이중모음 습득에는 큰 어려움을 겪지 않는다. 주목할 만한 오류는 한국어 /w/계 이중모음 발화에서나타난다. 러시아어권 학습자들은 한국어의 /we/를 [e], [ue],[ve]로 발화하는 오류를 보인다. 그리고 이들은 한국어의 /wa/를 [a], [ua], [oa], [va]로, 한국어의 /wə/를 [o], [uo], [uə], [vo]로 발화하는 오류를 보인다. 이들은 각각 활음 탈락, 모음 분리, 자음 대치로 분석이 가능하다. 마지막으로 러시아어권 학습자들은 한국어의 /ɨj/를 [i], [ɨ], [ɨi]로 발화하는오류를 보인다. 이는 학습자들이 한국어 /ɨj/의 구조를 받아들이지 못한 것으로 각각 모음 삭제와 모음 분리로 분석할 수 있다.

Journal of the International Network for Korean Language and Culture 16-2. 149-169. This paper aims to analyze the errors made by Russian learners in producing Korean diphthongs based on differences in the syllable structures of the two languages and element theory. When Korean diphthongs input is given, Russian learners reanalyze and adjust it based on their internal representation of the Russian vowel system and syllable structure, as reflected in their output. As Russian has a glide /j/, Russian learners do not have much difficulty in producing the /j/ diphthongs of Korean. Notable errors appear, however, in producing /w/ diphthongs of Korean. Russian learners pronounce the Korean diphthong /we/ as [e], [ue], and [ve], /wa/ as [a], [ua], [oa], and [va], and /wɔ/ as [o], [uo], [uə], and [vo]. These errors can be classified as glide deletion, vowel separation, and consonant substitution, respectively. Finally, they produce [i], [ɨ], and [ɨi] for Korean /ɨj/, indicating that they do not grasp the structure of Korean /ɨj/ but realize it through vowel deletion and vowel decomposition.

본 논문에서는 AC의 3等 合口 陰聲韻이 SK에 어떻게 반영되었는지 1音節 수용의 관점에서 고찰해 보았다. 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1)SK에서 3等 合口韻의 丁類는 拗音 ï를 생략하고 u나 o로 合口性을 반영하고 있으며, 丙類는 合口 w를 생략하고 I母音이 들어간 형태로 拗音性만을 반영하여 1音節化한다. 2) 戈韻은 SK에서 <우으아>uïa → <우아>ua → <와>oa로 1音節化한다. 3) 祭韻 丁類가 󰠏ui형으로 나타나는 것은 LAC 이후를 반영한 결과이다. 4) 祭韻 丙類는 SK에서 <위에>uiəi → <예>jəi로 1音節化한다. 5) 廢韻 脣音字가 SK에서 -jəi형으로 출현하는 것은 LAC 이전에 輕脣音化를 거치지 않고 -wiei화한 방언이 존재했었다고 보아야 한다. 6) 支韻･脂韻 丁類는 SK에서 각각 <우으이>uïɐi → <우이>uɐi → <위>ui와 <우으어이>uïəi → <우어이>uəi → <위>ui로 1音節化한다. 7) 微韻은 SK에서 <우으에>uïəi → <우에>uəi → <위>ui로 1音節化한다. 단지 微韻 脣音字의 󰠏i형은 <븨･믜>pïi･mïi로 수용하여 <비･미>pi･mi로 변했을 가능성이 높다. 8) 支韻･脂韻 丙類는 SK에서 <우이우이>uiui → <이우이>iui → <유>ju로 1音節化한다.

In this paper, I researched how third rounded rhymes contained vowel finals reflected to Sino-Korean mainly focused on the changing to one syllable. The study results are summarized as follows. 1) In Sino-Korean, B type of third rounded rhymes appeared as a one syllable /o-/ or /u-/ and A type appeared as a one syllable /j-/. 2) Rhyme Ge(戈) changed to one syllable as like uïa→ua→oa in Sino-Korean. 3) B type of rhyme Zhai(祭) appeared -ui type in Sino-Korean. It is a reflection of Late Ancient Chinese. 4) A type of rhyme Zhai(祭) changed to one syllable as like uiəi→jəi in Sino-Korean. 5) The labial of rhyme Fei(廢) appeared -jəi type in Sino-Korean. It is a reflection of direct of changed to /wiei/. 6) A type of rhyme Zhi(支) and Zhi(脂) changed to one syllable as like uïɐi→uɐi→ui, uïəi→uəi→ui in Sino-Korean. 7) Rhyme Wei(微) changed to one syllable as like uïəi→uəi→ui in Sino-Korean. but The labial of rhyme Wei(微) appeared -i type changed form -ïi type in Sino-Korean. 8) B type of rhyme Zhi(支) and Zhi(脂) changed to one syllable as like uiui →iui→ju in Sino-Korean.

본 논문에서는 AC의 1･2等韻이 SK에 어떻게 반영되었는지 1音節受容의 관점에서 고찰해 보았다. 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) AC의 [V∅]는 SK에서 [V∅]로, AC의 [V∅C]는 SK에서 [V∅C]로 출현한다. 2) AC의 [Vu]는 SK에서 ɑu･ʌu⇒[오]o, au⇒[요]jo와 같이 結合하며, əu⇒[우]u와 같이 脫落하여 1音節化한다. 3) AC의 [Vi]는 SK에서 [Vi]로 출현한다. 4 AC의 əï는 SK에서 어느 한쪽을 脫落시켜 [어]ə 또는 [으]ï로 출현한다. 5) AC의 [wV]는 SK에서 母音調和로 [oV]와 [uV]로 나뉜다. 6) SK에서 開口 []ɐi의 合口는 [외]oi로, 開口 [의]ïi의 合口는 [위]ui로 1音節化한다. 7) SK에 반영된 單母音體系는 현대 한국어의 單母音體系와 거의 차이가 보이지 않으므로 중세 한국어에서 母音推移가 일어났다고는 할 수 없다.

In this paper, I researched how first rhymes and second rhymes reflected to Sino-Korean mainly focused on the changing to one syllable. The study results are summarized as follows. 1) The /V∅/ structure in Ancient Chinese was reflected /V∅/ in Sino-Korean and the /V∅C/ in Ancient Chinese was reflected /V∅C/ in Sino-Korean. 2) In the /Vu/ structure of Ancient Chinese, The /ɑu/ and･/ʌu/ was changed to one syllable /o/ and the /au/ was changed to one syllable /jo/ in Sino-Korean. 3) The /Vi/ structure in Ancient Chinese was reflected /Vi/ in Sino-Korean. 4) The /əï/ in Ancient Chinese was changed to one syllable /ə/ or /ï/ in Sino-Korean. 5) The /wV/ in Ancient Chinese was changed to /oV/ or /uV/ in Sino-Korean by vowel harmony. 6) The open syllable /ɐi/ became to /oi/ on closed syllable and the open syllable /ïi/ became to /ui/ on closed syllable in Sino-Korean, 7) The vowel shift do not occurred in Middle Korean because vowel structure of Sino-Korea is not different with vowel structure of Modern Korean.

본고에서는 一字 漢字語를 대상으로 양 언어에서 각각 어떠한 특징이 보이는가를 밝히기 위해 자세한 분석을 시도하였다. 그 결과 공통한자어에는 수사, 단위나 구분을 나타내는 말, 접두어나 접미어 등이 많이 들어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 그 밖의 공통한자어로는 불교, 수학, 생물학 등과 관련한 전문용어, 평가 등급을 나타내는 말, 음양오행과 관련이 있는 말 등이 있었다. 또한 反意語나 關聯語가 서로 대립하는 경우 一字 漢字語의 성립이 용이하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 한편 비공통한자어로서 한국어에만 있는 한자어 중에는 일본어에서는 고유어(和語)가 대응하는 한자어들이 많다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 한국어에서 한자어의 세력에 밀려 고유어가 위축된 결과라고 할 수 있다. 다음으로 일본어에만 있는 것으로 조사된 한자어를 보면 한국어에도 존재하는 것으로 확인된 것은 성(姓)으로 쓰이는 것, 약자로 간주되는 것으로 일반적으로 쓰이지 않는 것, 불교용어, 거의 사어(死語)가 된 수학 관련 용어 등 특수한 용어들이 많다. 그 밖에 일본어에만 존재하는 것으로 확인된 一字 漢字語 중에는 한국어에서는 ‘○하다’의 구조를 갖는 용언의 어근에서 확인되는 것도 있지만 대부분은 일본어에 고유한 것이라 할 수 있다. 일본어가 한국어에 비해 一字 漢字語가 많이 형성되어 있는 것은 일본의 독자적인 한문훈독법과 음절구조와 관련이 있을 것으로 생각된다.

In this paper, the analysis was carried out in detail to find out each characteristics of Korean and Japanese in one Chinese-character Words. As a result, there are numeral, words representing unit or section, prefix, suffix, etc. Chinese-derived words in both Korean and Japanese language. Also there are technical terms related with Buddhism, mathematics, biology, words representing evaluation grade, words related with Yin-Yang School, etc. And also we confirmed that one Chinese-character Word tends to come into existence from antonym, synonym, etc. Meanwhile, many of one Chinese-character words only in Korean have original Japanese as its counterparts. It is the result that original Korean words were forced to lose power under the influence of Chinese words. And then, some Korean counterparts of one Chinese-character words only in Japanese are words representing family name, abbreviation, technical terms related with Buddhism or mathematics, etc. But, several words already has become obsolete. Some other one Chinese-character words only in Japanese are found in etymons of ‘-하다(hada)’. The rest are Japanese indigenous words. In comparison with Korean language, there are more one Chinese-character words in Japanese language. It is considered to have something to do with Japanese reading of Chinese Classics and syllable structure.

Son, Minjung. 2011. The Projection of Syllable Structure: A Case Study of Intervocalic /k/ in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 36-2, 395-414. In this study, we examine if underlying syllable structure is projected in an articulatory manner at the phonetic execution level while taking into account the intervocalic voicing rule in Korean. Confining the scope of the study to the accentual phrase-medial condition, we find that syllable positional effects (onset vs. coda) were present, with more reduction in the intervocalic coda. The results show that various phonetic manifestations of prosodic structure are subject to being obvious to the speaker/listener even within a smaller prosodic domain. In the accentual phrase-medial condition, spatio-temporal gestural specifications in the input were still projected distinctively. Based on the results, three phonological phenomena pertinent to coda reduction were further discussed. Firstly, coda reduction was compatible with syllable-dependent intergestural coordination of a consonant with respect to a vowel (synchronous coordination for onset and sequential coordination for coda). Secondly, coda reduction at the production level did not continue to be projected to the perception level, not providing a concrete evidence of an established relationship between coda reduction and perceptual resyllabification. Lastly, the prevalence of regressive directionality observed in place assimilation can also find its basis in coda reduction (/C1C2/→ [C2C2]). (Hanyang University)

Korean and English have different syllable structures. Korean people, however, tend to apply Korean syllable structures to English words because of their utterance habits. The purpose of this paper is to examine to what degree Korean students are influenced by the utterance habits of their mother tongue when they speak English. To this end, I prepared two kinds of test materials, with 30 questions each, which were related to /ɨ/, /u/ or /i/ epenthesis. In the tests, 40 freshmen from Janghang Technical High School served as subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group. The tests consisted of two steps. First, I examined the degree of interference by the subjects' mother tongue in their pronunciation of English words. Next, after 40 days of instruction to the experiment group on the differences between English and Korean syllable structures, using a contrastive analysis, I examined their degree of improvement using the same method as the first experiment. The results of the experiments were as follows. In the first experiment, both the experimental group and the control group showed a similar degree of interference. The utterance ability of the experimental group, however, was improved in the second experiment. In conclusion, it was found that most of the subjects were greatly influenced by their mother tongue in English utterance, and that special teaching through a contrastive analysis of both languages could reduce native-language interference to some extent.

Lee, Sechang. 2014. Optionality in Glide Formation: Focusing on Vowel Clash and the Emergence of Unmarked Syllable Structure. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-3, 597-616. This article aims to provide a unified explanation of the systematic dual behavior of glide formation in Korean. I argue that the optionality or obligatoriness of glide formation is driven by the emergence of unmarked syllable structure in the sense of McCarty and Prince(1994). It is assumed that faithfulness constraints on segment dominate relevant syllable structure constraints which in turn dominate another faithfulness constraint on mora. Generally, the segment faithulness is obeyed at the expense of violating syllable structure constraints. But those latter constraints are obeyed in one condition where the segment faithfulness is not at issue. Just in that case, the unmarked syllable structure is emergent. I review the previous treatments in Han(1990) and Lee(1996), overcoming their limitations while preserving their insights. In a nutshell, the central advantage of a solution of dual aspects of glide formation along the lines in this article is that it enables us to maintain a single ranking of constraints, dispensing with any additional stipulations, which is a basic tenet of standard OT. (Sookmyung Women’s University)

A study of phonological characteristics in Yongcheol Park's poems on the basis of syllable structure Cho, Sung-Moon The purpose of this paper is to investigate phonological characteristics in Yongcheol Park's poems on the basis of syllable structure. That is, I divide the syllables of poem into onset, nuclear, and coda, then observe which phonemes are used frequently. The study of Yongcheol Park's works sufficiently obtains a substantial argument in view of the literary theory. However, it is insufficient for the linguistic method. Poetry is based upon the relationship of similarity among sounds. Sounds perceived as similar to one another create acceptable rhythm pairs. Because sounds are hierarchically arranged in languages, patterns in poetry can reveal the priority order within this hierarchy. So, with respect to the phonological patterns of Korean, I have analyzed all of Yongcheol Park's works. At last I found the priority order of Yongcheol Park's poems within sound hierarchy. Most common are syllables with no onset and no coda pairs. With respect to acoustic features, the most frequent syllable utilize the [+sonorant] feature. This pattern remains consistent over time.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate phonological characteristics in Ji-yong Chung's poems on the basis of syllable structure. That is, I divide the syllables of poem into onset, nuclear, and coda, then observe which phonemes are used frequently. The study of Ji-yong Chung's works sufficiently obtains a substantial argument in view of the literary theory. However, it is insufficient for the linguistic method. Poetry is based upon the relationship of similarity among sounds. Sounds perceived as similar to one another create acceptable rhythm pairs. Because sounds are hierarchically arranged in languages, patterns in poetry can reveal the priority order within this hierarchy. So, with respect to the phonological patterns of Korean, I have analyzed all of Ji-yong Chung's works. At last I found the priority order of Ji-yong Chung's poems within sound hierarchy. Most common are syllables with no onset and no coda pairs. With respect to acoustic features, the most frequent syllable utilize the [+sonorant] feature. This pattern remains consistent over time.

본고는 『서유견문(西遊見聞)』(1895)에 출현하는 한자 지명 표기의 성립 및 형성에 대하여 일본과 중국의 한자음 및 음절 구조와의 비교 분석을 중심으로 고찰한 것이다. 이를 위해 『西遊見聞』의 지명 표제어를 추출하여 데이터베이스화 하고 개별적인 표기례를 검토함으로써 서구어를 한자어로 대응시키는데 있어 어떠한 특징이 나타나는지 실증적으로 고찰하고자 하였다. 조사 결과, 유길준은 『西遊見聞』에서 현지 원음에 가깝게 발음할 수 있도록 영어식 발음을 고려하여 자국의 한자음에 맞는 정확한 음역어를 대응시키고자 하였다. 음절 구조와 관련하여서는 한국의 폐음절 구조가 반영되어 독자적인 한자 지명 표기가 만들어진 한편, 일부 음역 방식에 있어서는 일본의 지명 표기 방식도 수용되었음을 알 수 있었다. 그렇지만, 한국에서 만들어진 지명 표기는 중국, 일본과는 서로 다른 음절 구조 및 한자음으로 인하여 한자문화권에서 광범위하게 공유되지는 못하였다. 결국 각국 한자음 및 음절 구조의 차이는 서양 지명의 원음을 한자어로 번역하는데 있어 서로 다른 한자를 대응시키도록 한 주요 변별 요소가 되었다고 하겠다. 결과적으로 『西遊見聞』에서 유길준 독자의 지명 표기는 추후에 널리 사용되었다거나 오늘날 그 명맥을 이어가는 외래어 표기로서 정착되지는 않았지만, 중국과 일본식 표기의 토대 위에서 오로지 그 표기 방식을 수용하는 것에서 벗어나 한국 고유의 독자적인 표기를 만들어내고자 하였다는 점에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있겠다.

This study explored Chinese character place names appearing in Seoyugyeonmun focusing on their establishment and embodiment in a historical aspect where place names in Korea have been altered from Chinese characters into pure Korean letters. In particular, to work on place names for the modern language, this study examined corresponding relations between western origin names and Chinese character names. Also, by analyzing the relationship between Chinese character pronunciations of China and Japan and their syllable structures focusing on Chinese character names designed independently by Yu Kil-chun, this study conducted the research to find out what features there were in having western names correspond to Chinese character names based on case database for place name notations. Through this, this study confirms that in Korea after the period of enlightenment, Chinese characters were to be used not as ideographic characters but as phonographic characters. It was known that Yu Kil-chun abided by independent representation methods appropriate for Sino-Korean pronunciations and syllable structures and at the same time accepted Japanese methods to represent place names. Eventually, the difference of perception in syllable classification was confirmed in having Western place names correspond to Chinese character names, and this study was meaningful in that when contemporary people at the time represented words of foreign origins as well as modern place representation methods that were in use at the age of enlightenment, this study grasped an actual phase of writing words of foreign origins with regard to what methods were used to compound Chinese characters.

This paper addresses the possible phonological patterns governing the syllable structures and word stress in Central Kerala Konkani. Unlike other northern dialects spoken in Kerala, Central Konkani variety does not allow any consonant clusters; instead it makes use of repair strategies such as vowel insertion and consonant deletion which result in resyllabification. The resulting words can be explained with the following constraints couched in Optimality Theory in the order: *CC >> NoCoda >> DEP-IO. Here we have observed that stress in Central Konkani is placed on the heaviest syllable. However, in cases where a word has two heavy syllables or only light syllables, stress is on the leftmost syllable. This is explained by the constraints ranked as WSP >> Edgemost (pk;L).

The paper aims at bringing to the fore some strategies young normally developing children who acquire Romanian as their mother tongue (L1) make recourse to in their attempt to produce adult targets. The focus of the study is represented by those processes that affect syllable structure, such as cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion, metathesis and epenthesis, to mention a few. To this aim, data coming from 6 language diaries and 4 longitudinal corpora have been subjected to investigation within the framework of developmental “universals and particulars” (Slobin 1985: 5). The results of the analysis reveal language-specific and child-specific features, as well as universal tendencies in the acquisition of syllable structure. At the same time, they are also indicative of a certain developmental path in the case of the children whose speech production has been traced longitudinally.

This study examined the impact of sonority profiles, positional differences and L2 proficiency on Korean EFL learners’ perception of English biconsonantal clusters, using nonce words. The overall results showed that major predictions of the sonority-based typological markedness on consonant clusters were supported, as obstruent plus sonorant and sonorant plus obstruent sequences were better perceived than obstruent only or sonorant only sequences. Yet, some consonant clusters did not show a preference for sonority profiles. Positional effects were also confirmed, as word-initial biconsonantal clusters were better perceived than wordfinal ones across all the participant groups. Participants’ English proficiency turned out to be also important in the perception of consonant clusters, since university students’ mean rate of accuracy was highest, followed by that of high school students, which in turn followed by that of middle school students. Further, the effects of other factors like frequency and stimuli on speech perception were also addressed, along with some implications for future research.

The present paper adopts the view that a final consonant is syllabified as an onset rather than a coda: the onset in turn is followed by an empty nucleus. The empty nucleus does not receive phonetic interpretation when certain conditions are met. This final-onset view is empirically supported by various phonological phenomena, such as stress assignment, vowel length distribution, and phonotactic constraint on consonant sequences in other languages. Furthermore, the final-onset view can also be extended to internal codas so that Korean can dispense with codas altogether. Specifically, it is assumed that [?] is lexically represented by an empty nucleus and surface consonant clusters are syllabified as two onsets with an intervening empty nucleus. The absence/presence of [?] determines the well-formedness of consonant clusters, i.e. the absence of [?] indicates that the cluster is well-formed and its presence indicates that it is ill-formed. It is shown that the phonetic interpretation of an empty nucleus is regulated by the Empty Category Principle. In this way, this relatively simple structure can more adequately account for phonotactic constraints on consonant clusters in native and loanword phonology.