Earticle

While the method of construction for modular school building is systemically studied and widely disseminated, The purpose of this study is to improve the structural shortcomings of modular school building including low structure efficiency as mediated with twofold use of structural members and defects in the joint component design of column-beam connection, thereby enabling to develop both economical and eco-friendly technique which might be attributed to the construction of modular house. Furthermore, this study aims to establish and disseminate the fundamental data for the standardization design of modular units, container house, by accumulating technical data.

서울 구 서대문형무소는 1908년 건축된 최초의 근대식 감옥으로 건축된 지 100여 년이 지난 건축물로 내구성 저하와 함께, 해방 이후까지 운영되면서 보수, 개조가 진행되어 본래의 모습이 상당부분 훼손되거나 구조적인 문제가 발생하고 있다. 서 대문형무소는 기능을 회복하고 원형을 보존하기 위한 복원사업을 진행하고 있으나 근대건축물 전반에 대한 개괄적인 건 축구조연구는 있었으나, 아직 서대문형무소와 감옥건축의 건축적 특성에 대한 학술적 연구가 없었다. 본 연구는 서대문형 무소의 구조적 특징과 재료에 대한 연구이며, 이는 서대문형무소의 역사성과 가치를 회복하기 위한 복원･정비사업을 진행 하는 데 있어 설계･시공의 지침을 마련하고 문화재건축물의 수명연장과 보존, 전시･활용방안을 도출하는데 기여하고자 한다.

The former Seodaemun Prison in Seoul is the first modern prison built in 1908 and has been built more than 100 years ago. It has been repaired and renovated for the use until after liberation, resulting in significant damage or structural problems. Former Seodaemun Prison is conducting projects to recover the functions and preserve the original form of the building, but there were no academic research on the entire modern architectural characteristics of the Seodaemun Prison and Prison architecture. This study is about the structural characteristics and materials of the Seodaemun prison and it is aiming to restore the historical values of the monument through restoration and maintenance suggesting the design and construction methodology in order to extend the existence of architectural heritage for both conservation and promotion.

Large spatial structural system technology has been developed since the mid-20th century by applying technologies to various types of large spatial structures. In architecture, design can greatly improve the value of the structure. However, each large spatial structure has its own shape and size, making it difficult to apply directly to the design of large spatial structures, as there are many unpredictable elements, unlike ordinary ramen structures. In this paper, we aim to classify large spatial structures with different shapes around the world into five categories: gable, barrel, circular, oval, and stadium, and analyze the trends in large spatial structure design to explore related technology development plans in the future. The Lucas Oil Stadium was able to create a familiar and classic beauty using a gable roof, which is an advantage of simplicity and efficiency, and the New Safe Configuration was built with sliding barrel roofs for the safety of workers. Busan Asiad Main Stadium chose a circular shape that is advantageous for large spatial formation where thin members are used for the purpose of lightening steel truss structures, while the Joe & Rika Mansueto Library chose a functionally excellent oval method to secure space. It was concluded that large spatial structures require appropriate building technology depending on the purpose of use and the form of expression.

일반 건축물들과는 달리 초고층건물의 계획 및 설계가 복잡하고 어려운 이유는 초기 설계단계부터 고려해야 할 요소들이 많고, 요소들 상호간의 연관관계가 복잡하기 때문이다. 초기 기획단계에서 설정된 컨셉(Concept)을 바탕으로 이러한 문제점들을 하나씩 해결해 나가면서 코어와 평면의 크기 및 형태가 결정되고, 궁극적으로 건물의 규모 및 형태가 수많은 피드백 과정을 거쳐 결정된다. 이때 일반적으로 초고층건물의 규모와 형태에 적합한 구조시스템이 동시에 결정된다. 이렇게 초고층건물의 형태와 구조시스템은 초기 설계단계에서부터 상호 밀접한 관계를 유지하며 설계가 진행된다. 구조는 건축형태를 제압하지 않으면서 자연스럽게 융화되어야 하고 시각적으로도 형태를 명료하게 하면서 풍요롭게 해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 초고층건물의 형태와 구조시스템에 관한 다양한 문헌 및 선행연구를 조사하고, 초고층건물의 형태와 구조시스템의 발전을 규명하며, 현존하는 소위 100층 규모 이상 초고층건물의 형태와 구조시스템의 상관관계를 분석함으로서, 계획적인 측면에서 초고층건물의 구조시스템별 형태적 특성을 밝히는데 목적이 있다.

More than 100-stories tall buildings are no longer the exclusive property of other developed cities. The tall buildings are located as the pivot of the city, maximizing the symbolic value of the nation, the city and the corporation. However, the domestic technology level, such as planning, structural engineering, and environmental engineering, is not sufficient in the circumstances, and the construction technology is evaluated worldwide. Accordingly, most of the tall building developments in Korea are forced to depend on overseas companies such as SOM, KPF and so on. Unlike general buildings, the planning and design of tall buildings are complex and difficult. Because the many factors are involved in the initial design stages, and their relationships among components are complex. Based on the concepts set forth in the initial planning phase, these problems are resolved by determining the ultimate size and shape of the building. At the same time, the structural system suitable for the size and shape of the skyscraper is determined. Architecture should be naturally harmonized with the structural system. Thus, this study will examine the various prior studies of the form and structural system for the tall buildings. By analyzing the correlation between the forms and structural systems of tall buildings which is above the 400m or 100 stories existing buildings, the formal characteristics of the super tall buildings by the structural systems in terms of the architectural planning will be revealed.

광승상사 미타전에 적용된 감주와 이주는 보 방향의 제약을 받지 않았다. 대들보와 퇴보, 동자주의 역할을 동시에 대신하는 대사량이라는 부재를 사용하여, 내진 고주 4개를 모두 도리 방향으로 이주시켰다. 내진 고주는 독립된 입방체를 형성하고 있기 때문에, 외진 평주와 무관하게 기둥 위치를 설정할 수 있었다. 미타전이 이러한 독특한 구조체계를 갖게 된 것은 광승상사 전각배치와 무관하지 않다. 대사량의 사용은 감주와 이주의 필요성에서 나온 것이고, 감주와 이주의 필요성은 평면구성과 전각배치의 필요성에서 비롯된 것이기 때문이다. 크게 3개의 원으로 구성된 광승상사에서 미타전은 앞으로는 비홍탑 탑원, 뒤로는 석가전 영역과 연결되는 꺾인 축선 상의 절점에 위치한다. 미타전은 두 원 사이에서 동선의 흐름을 연결해주는 역할을 건물 내부에 담아낼 수 있어야만 했다. 미타전의 평면구성이 전후 양방향성을 갖게 된 것도 이러한 배경에서 나온 것으로 이해할 수 있는 부분이다. 감주와 이주, 그리고 대사량의 사용으로 대표되는 미타전의 구조체계는 광승상사 전각배치의 요구를 현실적으로 가능하게 해주었다.

This study examines the method of remove and move columns of Mituodian Hall in Guangsheng-Shangsi Temple in China. The method of remove and move columns in Mituodian Hall did not receive restriction of the beam direction. The Slope Beam of Mituodian Hall permitted that move inside four's columns for all purline directions. Inside four's columns form independent cube structurally. Inside four's columns could establish columns's position with outside columns independently. This structure system of Mituodian Hall is deep connection with architectural arrangement of Guangsheng-Shangsi temple. Guangsheng-Shangsi temple is consisted of 3 court yards area. Front of Mituodian Hall is linked by Feihongta Pagoda's court yard. Back of Mituodian Hall is linked by Shijiadian Hall's court yard. Mituodian Hall is in axis' knot point which is broken. and connects this two court yards areas. Mituodian Hall's floor plan has front and back two directions. This structural system of Mituodian Hall is as result that reflect request of architectural arrangement of Guangsheng-Shangsi temple.

특수강판전단벽(SPSW) 시스템은 높은 지진위험도에 저항할 수 있는 지진하중저항시스템 중 하나이다. SPSW 시스템의 내진성능에 관한 연구는 이미 많은 연구자들에 의하여 수행되어 왔으나, 건축구조물의 횡력저항에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있는 두 개의 강판전단벽을 연결하는 커플링보를 포함한 SPSW 시스템의 성능에 관한 연구는 거의 전무한 상태이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 커플링보로 연결된 병렬 SPSW의 성능에 관한 해석연구를 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 SPSW의 bay 폭과 커플링보의 길이를 변수로 하는 변수해석연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과 SPSW의 형상비가 1.0에 가까울수록 우수한 성능을 보여주었으며, 짧은 커플링보를 갖는 SPSW가 적절한 에너지소산 능력을 보유하고 있는 것으로 나타났으나 사용성에서의 문제가 있을 것이라 판단된다.

Special steel plate shear wall system(SPSW) is one of the seismic load resisting system used for resisting the high seismic risk. Although the researches on seismic performance of SPSW system have been conducted by many other researchers, the performance of SPSW system with coupling beam connecting two steel plates were hardly studied, which might be an important role on the lateral resistance of the building structures. Therefore, the structural performance of coupled steel plate shear wall connected by the coupling beam was analytically evaluated, in this study. For this purpose, parametric analyses were conducted with the variables of the bay width of coupled SPSW and the length of steel coupling beam. The research results show that structural performance of the SPSW with aspect ratio close to 1.0 was excellent, and the SPSW with short coupling beam exhibited adequate energy dissipation capacity. However the SPSW with very short coupling beam may have limited serviceability.

본 연구는 중층불전의 상층체감 방식과 이에 영향을 줄 수 있는 요소인 평면 구성, 가구, 공포배열의 특징에 대하여 고찰한 것으로 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 단층목조건축에 비하여 다양한 결구 형태를 갖는 전통 중층목조건축의 구조방식은 중첩된 층의 수직적인 연결 방법에 의해 세 종류의 가구방식으로 분류되었고 중층불전은 연속구조방식과 절충구조방식에서 그 유형이 확인되었다. 연속구조방식의 중층불전은 퇴칸이 어칸에 비해 현저히 작아 내진고주가 상층의 변주 역할을 하는 것으로 확인되었다. 반면 절충구조방식의 퇴칸이 큰 값을 보이는 것은 상층의 포작배열 계획과 관련하여 체감에 의해 줄어드는 퇴칸의 폭에 포작 배치를 위한 의도적인 공간 확보를 위한 기법으로서 주칸 설정과 포간거리 설정은 상호 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 중층불전에는 내진과 외진의 일체화를 위해 다양한 결구법들이 적용된 것을 알 수 있었다. 연속구조방식에는 내진고주와 퇴량의 결구를 위하여 퇴량 외에도 창방, 첨차, 이중퇴량이 사용되었고 절충구조방식에는 창방, 마루귀틀, 보아지, 철물, 퇴량과 대량의 직접결구법 등이 사용되었다. 중층불전의 공포양식은 중층의 건물에만 한정된 것이 아니고 당시 건축되었던 유사 용도의 건물과 비슷하게 표현되어 시대상을 반영하고 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 단, 상하층의 출목 수에서 시대가 이른 건물에서는 상층의 출목 수가 많았고 후대의 건물에서는 하층의 출목수가 더 많은 것을 알 수 있었다.

This study reflects on the mode of topper degression of royal places with multi roof and reflects on the features of a plane composition, furniture, and arrangement of gongpo which are the elements those can have an effect on the mode of topper degression. The mode structure of traditional wooden building with multi roof which has various structure forms compared to single story wooden buildings was classified as three kinds by the vertical connecting method of amassed stories. In addition, the pattern of royal palaces with multi roof was verified in a consecutive structure mode and a compromising structure mode. In the royal places with multi roof which has a consecutive structure, inner-built pillars play role of outer-built pillars since twekan is markedly smaller than eokan. In contrast, twekan in a compromising structure mode has a large value because it is a technique with an intention of intentional space insurance for arranging gongpo in the width of twekan which lose size by degression related to a topper gongpo arrangement plan. This verifies that setting up gap between pillars and the setting up distance between gongpos have a mutually close relation. It was certified that various structural methods were applied to unite inner-built pillars and outer-built pillars. In addition, it was verified that besides tewryang, changbang, cyumcha and dual tweryang were used to construct inner-built pillars and tewryang in a consecutive structure mode. In a compromising structure mode, changbang, a wooden floor gewtl, boaji, iron-ware and a direct structuring method of tewryang and girder were used. Gongpo style of royal places with multi roof were not limited to amassed stories building, but also were expressed similarly to buildings with similar use, so the gongpo style reflects phases of the times. However, there were a large number of topper stories choolmoks in buildings built earlier, and there were more choolmok in lower stories in the later built buildings.

The stochastic phenomena of traffic network condition, such as traffic speed and density, are affected not only by exogenous traffic control but also by endogenous changes in service time during congestion. In this paper, we propose a mixed M/G/1 queuing model by introducing a condition-varying parameter of traffic congestion to reflect structural changes in the traffic network. We also develop congestion indices to evaluate network efficiency in terms of traffic flow and economic cost in traffic operating system using structure-changing queuing model, and perform scenario analysis according to various traffic network improvement policies. Empirical analysis using Korean highway traffic operating system shows that our suggested model better captures structural changes in the traffic queue. The scenario analysis also shows that occasional reversible lane operation during peak times can be more efficient and feasible than regular lane extension in Korea.

The superconducting NMR magnets have used cryogen such as liquid helium for their cooling. The conduction cooling method using cryocoolers, however, makes the cryogenic cooling system for NMR magnets more compact and user-friendly than the cryogen cooling method. This paper describes the thermal and structural analysis of a cryogenic conduction cooling system for a 400 MHz HTS NMR magnet, focusing on the magnet assembly. The highly thermo-conductive cooling plates between HTS double pancake coils are used to transfer the heat generated in coils, namely Joule heating at lap splice joints, to thermal link blocks and finally the cryocooler. The conduction cooling structure of the HTS magnet assembly preliminarily designed is verified by thermal and structural analysis. The orthotropic thermal properties of the HTS coil, thermal contact resistance and radiation heat load are considered in the thermal analysis. The thermal analysis confirms the uniform temperature distribution for the present thermal design of the NMR magnet within 0.2 K. The mechanical stress and the displacement by the electromagnetic force and the thermal contraction are checked to verify structural stability. The structural analysis indicates that the mechanical stress on each component of the magnet is less than its material yield strength and the displacement is acceptable in comparison with the magnet dimension.

집중호우에 의한 토석류 피해지에 대한 재발 방지를 위해서는 대상 지역의 지형과 토지이용 등과 같은 국지적·지역적 이해가 요구된다. 수치모형과 같은 과학적 기법은 지형과 토지이용을 고려할 수 있으므로 잠재적 토석류 퇴적지를 예측하고, 관리 대책을 수립하는데 효과적으로 활용할 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 Hyper KANAKO System에서 사방시설의 배치, 규모 및 형식을 설정하였고 토석류 저감효과를 모의하여 정량적 평가 결과를 구축하였다. 무시설 계류는 사방댐이 설치된 유역에 비해 토양 침식, 운송 및 퇴적에 취약하였고, 사방시설의 단독 배치보다는 계통적 배치가 퇴적토사 저감에 효과적이었다. 사방시설의 계획, 유지관리 및 평가 과정을 개선하기 위해서는 후속 연구가 필요하겠지만, 이 수치모형과 연구 결과는 향후 토사재해 위험을 경감시키기 위한 이해관계자의 의사결정에 있어 효과적으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Understanding the local and regional topography and land use of an area is crucial to prevent debris flow recurrence sites caused by heavy rainfall. Scientific techniques, such as numerical modeling, are available for effective planning of management measures and predicting potential debris flow deposition sites from future rainfall events because they consider topography and land use. Quantitative evaluation results were produced by determining the arrangement, size, and type of check dams and modeling debris flow mitigation in the Hyper KANAKO system. The results revealed the original catchment had an increased vulnerability to soil erosion, transport, and deposition compared to the catchment with check dams. Furthermore, the systemic arrangement of check dams proved to be effective in reducing debris flow deposits when compared to a standalone arrangement. Future research is necessary to improve the erosion control planning, maintenance, and evaluation processes. The numerical model and resulting data from this study will be effectively utilized in decision-making by stakeholders to reduce the risk of future sediment-related disasters.

Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) has well been adopted and ever expanded in SLA to address increasing complexity of research questions. While the conventional covariance-based SEM is still popular and firmly established as a family of statistical techniques, it suffers from its inherent problems such as nonnormal data handling and unrealistic assumptions about the relationship of variables. Recently a few alternatives to the conventional SEM have emerged in the SEM literature. This study applied Bayesian SEM to modeling the L2 motivational self system and showed its inherent advantages over the conventional covariance-based SEM in comparison. It also discussed some methodological issues in applying the Bayesian approach to research in SLA.

With the diverse digitalization of museum service, online reservation system of museum has been one of the management strategies to enhance museum visitors’ experience. The study integrates Information System Success Model and Technology Acceptance Model with the moderating role of generational differences to explore the psychological mechanism of visitors’ usage intention. As results, it was empirically investigated that museum visitors perceived ease of use didn’t predict their usage intention for the whole sample. While other proposed relationships have all been confirmed. Moreover, X and Z generational discrepancies exist on the relationship between perceived ease of use and usage intention. Consequently, the study could provide implications to the promotion of digitalized service of museum and generational differences confirmed by the present study could serve as a research paradigm for future research pertinent to online reservation of museums.

시계열자료의 분석에 단위근과 공적분이론을 적용하게 되면서 관련변수들 간 장기적 관계의 구조변화 가능성에 대한 관심이 증폭되었다. 그간 경제환경의 변화로 주식․실물․외환․금융시장간 장기균형체계에 구조변화 발생 가능성이 존재하며, 이 경우 시간불변을 가정하는 기존의 공적분검정은 신뢰하기 어렵다. 본 연구는 시간불변과 가변적 관점에서 주식시장 변동체계의 장기적 역학관계와 변동성향 및 안정성에 대해 통계적으로 규명해 보았다. 분석모형에서 내생적으로 구조변환점을 결정하는 공적분검정은 주식시장 변동체계의 장기균형이 일정 기간유지되다가 새로운 균형관계로 이동한 것으로 추정한다. 이러한 구조변화의 성향을 파악하기 위해 시변공적분모수의 가설검정 결과 장기균형은 안정적이지만 약한 임의보행 과정을 보여 시간가변 성향이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 단기조정을 병행한 통계적 검정을 추가로 실시한 결과 장기균형은 안정적이지만 단기조정벡터가 급변하는 불안정성이 존재하는 것으로 검색되었다. 따라서 국내 증시 변동체계의 역학관계에 대한 통계적 검정들은 모두 장기적 안정성이 유지되는 가운데 시간가변 성향이 존재한다는 일관된 결과를 보이는 것으로 판명되었다.

As unit root and cointegration theories are applied to the long-run time series, it is increasingly interested in the possibility of the structural change in the long-run relationship of the related variables for the sample period. Changes in economic conditions in the past suggest the possibility of the structural break in the long-run equilibrium between the stock and related markets, thus conventional time-invariant cointegration tests are not likely to be effective. This study explicitly investigates the characteristics of the long-run structural mechanism and the dynamic stability of the domestic stock market system from the time-variant and the time-invariant viewpionts. Residual based tests for cointegration that allow for the possibility of structural break indicate a stable, but time-varying, long-run equilibrium between the markets. Test statistics for parameter stability characterize the cointegrating relations as stable but gradually evolving random walk process. When the short-run adjustment process is included in testing the stability, the long-run relation turns out to be stable while the short-run relation is unstable. Hence the statistical tests consistently demonstrate the stable cointegrating relation,with slightly time-variant effect, in the domestic stock market system.

‘In structural system, a certain amount of uncertainties always persists in material properties, geometric parameters and applied loads. In this study, the structure is designed to withstand theuncertainties which are caused by either measurement inaccuracy or system complexity. Randomstructures are modelled by using ANSYS probabilistic design module. It can be applied easily to anystructural system with random parameters. The aim of this paper is to make optimal design for the beamwith random input variables due to width and height and response parameters due to displacements andstresses. The probabilistic design is also carried out with ANSYS APDL and then the optimal design issequentially solved. As the total volume of beam, stresses and displacements at the beam are treated asrandom parameters, the numerical results are obtained.'

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural safety in the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) to apply the rational and feasible design loads based on the Korea Building Code(2005). It was performed the development of structural system of glass greenhouse using the light weight H section to be new structural system applying to the glass greenhouse. The results of this study were as follows; (1) It was confirmed that the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) was not guaranteed the structural safety to the new design load. Thus, the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) had to be modified to adjust the new provisions. (2) In the structural system using the light weight H section, the ALT1 system was the most economic. And if the bay space was 6m, the structural system of light weight H section had the competitive power comparing with the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997).

The maximum acceleration of tall building leading to discomfort may occur in the direction perpendicular to the wind(across-wind direction). In this paper, the wind acceleration responses of a 60-story tall building with diagrid structural system are analysed. The along-wind and across-wind accelerations are evaluated according to KBC 2016 nd NBCC 2010. For this worked diagrid system the lateral deflection is satisfied by H/500, drift criteria. But the across-wind accelerations exceed the occupancy comfort acceleration criteria. The diagrid system buildings with high slenderness ratio can be prone to cause discomfort to their occupants, therefore should be applied limitedly in region of strong winds.