Earticle

The main debate related to eSports is whether eSports are sports or not. This is because it determines the academic direction of eSports. However, this sentence will reduce the academic domain of eSports and work negatively to build an independent academic domain of eSports. If eSports are sports, it can be sufficiently discussed academically from the perspective of expanding the sports field. This can deal with sports business, industry, and professional eSports players’ skills from the perspective of sports. However, eSports are beyond the realm of sports. The most important digital-based platform or device influence directly affects our daily lives and culture. This is a problem to be dealt with in the realm of eSports. In order to establish an independent academic area of eSports, eSports should set eSports as the core value of human movement, digital technology, and sports under the definition of eSports, and various academic studies should be conducted based on this.

많은 연구자들이 정보기술 투자의 성과 측정에 관심을 가졌기에 다양한 자료원과 분석 방법으로 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔고, 대부분의 연구들은 정보기술 투자가 성과를 창출한다고 보고하고 있다. 이러한 연구들은 기업 수준에서 많이 수행되었는데, 산업 수준에서는 다른 결과가 발생할 수 있다. 전자산업의 경우, 정보기술의 성능이 증가하면 전자산업에서 생산되는 정보기술의 판매가 감소되어 전자산업의 부가가치는 감소할 수 있다. 분석결과, 미국의 전자산업에서 산업의 정보기술 자본의 증가는 산업의 부가가치를 증가시키지 못하였으나, 산업의 근로자 1인당 정보기술 자본의 증가는 산업의 근로자 1인당 부가가치(노동 생산성) 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 또한, 미국 전자산업에서 정보기술 자본의 증가는 근로자 수를 감소시키는 결과를 보이고 있다.

Since many researchers were interested in measuring the performance of information technology investment, many studies have been conducted with various data sources and analysis methods, and most studies report that IT investment produces significant and positive results. Many of these studies have been conducted at the enterprise level, but different results may occur at the industry level. In the case of the electronics industry, if the performance of the IT highly increases, the sales of the IT produced in the electronics industry may decrease, and the added value of the electronics industry may also decrease. As a result of analysis, the increase in the IT capital of the US electronic industry did not increase the added value of the industry, but the increase in IT capital per worker in the industry had a positive effect on the increase in value added per worker (labor productivity) in the industry. In addition, the increase in IT capital in the US electronics industry has resulted in a decrease in the number of workers.

본 연구는 당대 장안성에 드러난 도시 구조와 의미를 살피고자 한다. 장안은 격자형 도시구조를 가졌으며 이를 통해 만들어진 108개의 방(房)을 갖는다. 지배층은 방을 통해 계층을 구분하고 일반 백성의 시간과 공간을 통 제하였다. 또한 도시에서 가장 중요한 축은 남북으로 뻗은 주작대로였으며, 이는 통치자의 정통성을 강화하는 의례 를 위해 독점적으로 사용되었다. 더 나아가 성 내에서는 소득에 따른 거주지의 분화가 일어났으며 시장 또한 취급 품목에 따라 동시와 서시로 양분된 모습을 보였다. 이를 통해 장안은 ‘통치자 중심의 도시’임을 파악할 수 있으며, 당시 동양 최고의 국제도시라는 명성에도 불구하고 도시 내부는 통합적이기보다는 부와 권력에 따라 철저히 분화 되었음을 알 수 있다.

This study aims to comprehend the city structure and its meaning engraved in Chang’an(长安) Castle from Tang(唐) dynasty. Chang’an comprises 108 Fang(房) which was made from its grid structure. Each Fang was used to distinguish the social hierarchy and control the people’s time and space. Also, Zhuquedajie(朱雀大街), the most important axis of the city, was exclusively used for ceremonies in order to secure the ruler’s legitimacy. Moreover, residential areas were separated due to the income and the market was divided into two-Dongshi(东市) and Xishi(西市)- according to commodities. Chang’an was therefore a ‘ruler-oriented city’ and despite its fame as the most international city in the orient, the city itself was sophisticatedly divided rather than integrated.

Premature ovarian failure is an important problem for young women with cancer during chemotherapy. To preserve the fertility of young female cancer patients, it is necessary to find out proper methods and materials against chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. In the previous study, we reported that melatonin treatment partially prevents the depletion of dormant follicle pool via repressing simultaneous activation of dormant primordial follicles by cisplatin. However, the protective effect of melatonin was partial, but not sufficient. Here, we found a hormone, ghrelin to maximize the protective effect of melatonin on ovarian failure in cisplatin-injected mice. Interestingly, co-administration of melatonin and ghrelin more effectively works against follicle disruption by cisplatin. Simultaneous treatment of melatonin and ghrelin almost restored the number of primordial follicles and corpus-luteum in cisplatin-treated ovaries, compared with the single administration group. We found that melatonin and ghrelin receptors were highly present in the cell membrane of premature oocytes of primordial follicles. In addition, both melatonin and ghrelin treatment decreased the phosphorylation of PTEN and FOXO3a resulting in inhibition of FOXO3a’s location in the nucleus and reduction of p27Kip1 expression in primordial follicles. Nuclear FOXO3a and p27Kip1 expression were critical for keeping dormant status of primordial follicles in cisplatin-treated ovary. In conclusion, these findings suggest that combination of melatonin and ghrelin is able to be used in clinics for fertoprotective adjuvant therapy during cisplatin-mediated chemotherapy in young female cancer patients.

The Hippo signaling pathway is essential for regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in mammalian cells. It has been reported that the members of Hippo signaling pathway are highly expressed in mammalian ovaries and uteri. However, the regulatory mechanism of this pathway in the uterus during estrous cycle regulation remains unclear. Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase 4 (STK4) (known as MST1) is a major factor of Hippo signaling pathway. However STK4 in the mouse uterus has not yet been examined. The purpose of our study was to determine the expression of STK4 during the estrous cycle and regulation by estrogen in the mouse uterus. We found that Stk4 mRNA was dynamically expressed in uterine endometrium during the estrous cycle. The expression of Stk4 was significantly increased at the stage of estrus and diestrus among the estrus cycle, whereas its expression was decreased at proestrus and metestrus stages. The localization of Stk4 was highly detected in Luminal epithelial (LE) and Glandular epithelial (GE) in uterine endometrium. In addition, we demonstrated that Estrogen (E2) administration into ovariectomized mice increased the expression of Stk4 in the uterus. The expression of Stk4 by E2 was gradually increased depending on the time up to 6 hours after the treatment and then decreased. Moreover, the treatment the Estrogen receptor inhibitor, ICI 182, 780 (ICI), before E2 injection significantly reduced the alleviation of Stk4 expression by E2. Our results indicate that the Stk4 is expressed in Luminal epithelial (LE) and Glandular epithelial (GE) of the uterus and its expression in regulated by the ovarian hormone, Estrogen. These informations will give us on sights to understand uterine dynamics during the estrous cycle.

Spermatogenesis is the process of proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells into adult spermatozoa within seminiferous tubules. Sperm cells undergo extensive epigenetic modifications during spermatogenesis. One of the epigenetic modifications, histone acetylation induces a loose chromatin structure and active transcription which facilitates binding of transcription factors at sperm chromosome. Therefore, histone acetylation is known to play an important role in spermatogenesis. However, factors involved in histone acetylation during spermatogenesis are not well known. We found a factor TLE3(Transducin Like Enhancer of Split 3). The transcriptional co-repressor TLE family is known to regulate histone acetylation by interacting with histone deacetylase( HDAC). We examined the expression level of TLE3 in various mouse tissues. As a result of RT-PCR, TLE3 showed significantly higher expression in testis than that in other tissues. Immunofluorescent and Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TLE3 protein was located in sertoli cell and spermatid in seminiferous tubules of adult mouse testis. In addition, the differential regulation in TLE3 protein expression site was observed in the testis during postnatal development. We also analyzed the expression pattern of HDAC2, which is known to cooperate with TLE3. Both HDAC2 and TLE3 protein were detected in spermatogonial stem cells at one-weeks-old mouse, however, Their expression site were transferred to sertoli cell at six-weeks-old mouse. aken together, TLE3 may play a role in regulating histone acetylation via interaction with HDAC2 in the testis. Futher studies are needed to look into a relation between TLE3 and histone acetylation during spermatogenesis and postnatal development in testis.

생산함수이론을 이용하는 대부분의 연구는 IT활용의 결과로 경제 성장을 보고 있다. 그러나 몇몇 연구들은 경제 성장을 IT 투자의 결정요인으로 보고 있다. 이러한 결과가 산업 수준에서도 유효한지를 조사하기 위하여, 이 연구는 미국의 1997년부터 2007년까지의 산업 자료를 이용하여 양방향 인과성 분석이 가능한 그레인저 인과성 분석을 수행하였다. 많은 산업에서 IT 투자는 경제 성장에 영향을 주었으며, 몇몇 산업에서 경제 성장이 IT 투자에 영향을 주었으며, 몇몇 산업에서는 IT 투자와 경제 성장은 아무런 영향 관계가 없었다. 산업 수준의 IT자본과 산업총생산을 국가 수준으로 합산한 시계열 자료를 이용한 분석에서는 IT 투자와 경제 성장은 어떠한 영향 관계가 없었으나, 산업 특성과 시간 특성을 고려하는 산업 수준의 패널 자료를 이용한 분석에서는 양방향 인과 관계가 발견되었다. 이러한 결과는 IT 생산성 역설의 이유였을 수도 있다.

Most studies based on production function theory have concluded that economic growth is a result of information technology (IT) capital use. However, some studies have indicated that economic growth is a determinant of IT investment. To determine if these results also hold at the industry level, we use the Granger causality test to analyze bidirectional causality with industry-level data for 1977~2007 from the United States. The results generally reveal that IT investment causes economic growth in many industries under the concept of Granger causality, that economic growth causes IT investment in some industries, and that IT investment is not associated with economic growth in some industries. In the country-level time-series data made by summing up the IT capital and gross output for each industry, the results do not show any causality between IT investment and economic growth. However, they show bi-directional causality between IT investment and economic growth in the panel data. These results may be a source of IT productivity paradox.

VREscapeSim은 가상 실 공간에서 지하철 화재를 체험하면서 재난상황에서 스스로 탈출하는 방법을 배우는 체 감형 재난 안 훈련을 한 기능성 게임이다. 본 논문에서는 체감형 재난 탈출 기능성 게임을 구성하기 하여 필 요한 사용자 인터페이스와 센서들을 포함하는 시스템 구성을 제안하고 구하으며, 시나리오와 게임 구성에 해 서 소개하다. 기능성 게임의 훈련 효과를 입증하기 하여 20명의 사용자 설문을 통하여 얻은 체험 실험 결과를 피드백 받았으며, 사용자의 체험 경험은 제안하는 안교육 콘텐츠가 재난 탈출 요령 체득에 실성 있고, 재난 피요령의 교육에 한 효과가 있다는 결과를 얻었다.

We proposed and implemented a self-training simulator named VREscapeSim, which is an immersive serious-game aiming to educate how to escape from a fire disaster in a subway situation by experiencing fire disasters in cyber-space. This paper describes system configuration composed of wearable motion sensors and VR HMD for providing serious game environment of user interface for the immersive virtual reality self-training seriousgame. Any player’s motions are synchronized with corresponding motions of user’s Avatar in the VR contents. The experimental results obtained from selected 20 voluntary players show the efficacy of the proposed serious game in training effects learning evacuation skills in a subway fire disaster.

이 논문은 장현광의 칠곡지역 제자 가운데 한 명인 이도장(李道長)의 학문 연원과 그 내용을 살펴보고, 이를 기반으로 여헌학단의 학문전수와 그 특징을 확인해 보려는 것이다. 이도장은 장현광의 성주․칠곡 지역 제자 대부분이 그러하듯, 한강문하와 여헌문하를 동시에 드나 들었던 대표적인 인물이다. 이 때문에 그의 정확한 입문시기가 기록으로 드러나 있지는 않지만, 형인 이도창과 함께 함께 여헌학맥에 입문한 후 여문10현 가운데 한 명인 이주와 깊은 교유관계를 가지면서 여헌학맥을 대표하는 인물 가운데 하나가 되었다. 다만 그의 학문은 오랜 관직생활과 비교적 젊은 나이에 세상을 떠났기 때문에 장현광의 성리설이나 역학과 같은 핵심 학문에는 다가서지 못했기 때문에 주로 그의 경세론을 중심으로 살펴볼 수밖에 없다. 특히 이도장은 하늘을 체인하여 왕도정치를 실현하는 것을 군주의 임무로 보는 장현광의 건극론을 바탕으로, 지방 정치를 담당하고 있는 태수의 역할을 이천(二天)으로 규정하면서 동일한 임무로 해석하는 모습에서 이러한 입장은 잘 드러난다. 이와 같은 특징은 군신의 역할을 제기하는 것이면서, 동시에 중앙으로부터 지방에 이르기까지 하늘의 뜻을 체인하여 왕도정치를 실현할 수 있도록 하려는 입장으로 이해할 수 있다. 둘째, 향약을 중시하는 입장 역시 장현광의 학문적 특징을 잇고 있다. 󰡔주례󰡕를 향약의 효시로 이해하고, 이를 통해 향약의 궁극적 기능을 ‘교화’에서 찾고 있다. 향약을 교화의 측면에서 이해하고 있는 장현광의 특징이 잘 반영되어 있는 대목이다. 이와 같은 특징은 지역의 규율을 바로 잡기 위한 향규(鄕規)의 성격을 더 강하게 가지고 있는 이황의 <예안향약>과는 달리, 향약의 교화적 기능에 더 충실하는 모습으로 평가할 수 있다.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a member of disciples on Chilgok, Yi Dojang’s academic origin and contents and to identify Yeoheon circle’s instructing academics and characteristics based on it. Yi Dojang is representative man who studies under both Hangang and Yeoheon, as Jang Hyeongwang’s disciples on Seongju and Chilgok. Thus, his initiation time does not correctly turn out to be record, but after he takes a hand in school ties of Yeoheon with brother, Yi Dochang, he deeply messes with Yi Joo, a man of ten sages of Yeohen school, and then he becomes one of men who represent school ties of Yeoheon. His studies would not get to the core studies like Jang Hyeongwang’s theories of Xing-li(性理說) and I-hsuh(易學) for he was too young to die, because of over a long public office. Mainly, we can have only upward on the basis of his governance theory. Thus, this paper studies a give and take relationship of learning on the basis of governance theory of Jang Hyeongwang and Yi Dojang. The first feature of Jang Hyeongwang’s governance theory is geongeuknon(建極論) which discusses role of subjects around king; second feature is harmony of royal court and unity of private opinions; third feature is emphasis of hyangyak focused on reformation. Of course, these features is not showed in Yi Dojang without omissions or rewrites. Jang Hyeongwang’s geongeuknon is expanding on to the region through Yi Dojang. First, based on Jang Hyeongwang’s geongeuknon that regards realizing benevolent royal government by accepting Tian-li as assignment of king, he think that role of governor-general who charges local politics is the same. This is that that defines role between king and subjects, and realizes benevolent royal government by accepting disposition of providence from the central government to local government. Second, the stance which emphasizes hyangyak succeed to Jang Hyeongwang’s academic characteristics. he thinks Zhou-li(󰡔周禮󰡕) as beginning of hyangyak, and looks up ultimate function of hyanghak in the reformation. This is Jang Hyeongwang’s feature. These same features differ from Yi Hwang’s YeAnHyangyak which has character of local covenant to tighten local rules.

이모빌라이저 시스템은 자동차 키에 저장된 코드와 자동차 엔진 ECU에 저장된 암호코드가 일치하는 경우에 만 자동차 시동이 걸리는 차량 도난방지 시스템이다. 이모빌라이저 시스템 자동차의 키 분실 및 차량이 도난당했을 경우 이에 대응하기 위해 스마트 폰 등을 이용 KDC와 KMC를 통하여 사용자 인증을 마친 후 새로운 비밀 번호를 부여받는 모델을 제안한다.

Only if the secret key stored in the engine ECU matches car key stored in the car, immobilizer system is a car anti-theft system that automobile engine takes. To take an action as soon in case of losing car key or being stolen, the ASPI protocol is proposed for assigning a new password after finishing user authentication by the smart phone etc. The shortcoming point of that directly bring the car to a service center in case of losing key can be complemented by the proposed protocol. In case of the car and key both are theft together, the car can be stopped soon.

본 연구의 대상기간은 2003년부터 2010년까지 8년간이며, 비상장 중소기업 3,794개, 코스닥 중소기업 414개, 유가증권시장 대기업 306개 등 총 4,514개 기업을 표본으로 선정하여 다중회귀분석을 하였다. 본 연구는 중소기업이 겪고 있는 만성적인 자금애로 현실에서 부채의 조달과 수익성(EBIT) 간의 관계규명을 새롭게 시도하였으며, 이를 기업환경이 다른 세 그룹 간 기업을 비교함으로써 자본구조와 관련된 연구영역의 지평을 넓혔다. 본 연구의 분석결과에서 그 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부채비율과 수익성(EBIT)의 관계에서 모든 기업 그룹에서 부채가 수익성에 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 자본조달순위 이론을 지지하는 실증분석과 같은 결과이나 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과 보다는 우리나라의 금융여건에서 대출 금리의 상대적 차이와 차입금의존도 비중 문제가 기업의 수익성에 영향을미치는 것으로 판단되었다. 둘째, 부채의 결정요인을 분석한 모형에서 중소기업과 대기업이 기업규모, 비부채감세효과, 영업이익률, 업력 등에서 차이가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 이상의 분석결과에서 특히 자산의 담보가치는 중소기업과 대기업 모두에서 강한 정(+)의 영향을 미침으로써 금융기관의 담보위주 대출관행을 확인할 수 있었으며, 기업규모는 중소기업에서만 수익성(EBIT)에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 변동성은 비상장 중소기업과 유가증권시장 대기업에서 영업활동에 커다란 영향을 받게 되어 수익성(EBIT)이 커진 반면, 코스닥 중소기업에서는 위험과 수익의 상반관계를 따르지 않는 것으로 분석되었다

This study is to analyze the effect of debts on the corporate profitability (EBIT; earnings before interest and taxes) based on the capital structure theory. This study also tries to find out the differences between SMEs (small and medium enterprises) and large companies and their causes based on the SMEs’ theory and effect of determinants of debt on the EBIT as well. The subjects of this study period of eight years (2003~2010) and 3,794 from unlisted SMEs, 414 SMEs listed in KOSDAQ, including 306 large companies listed in KOSPI, with a total of 4,514 observations were selected as OLS (ordinary least squares) analysis. The analysis showed that there are no significant differences between large companies and SMEs in terms of effect of debts on their profitability (EBIT). This study tried to find out the relation between financing and profitability (EBIT) in the environment where the SMEs suffer the chronic lack of funds for management. This study has a meaning in that by comparing the management environments among unlisted SMEs, SMEs listed in KOSDAQ and large companies listed in KOSPI, the scope of study has been broadened. The characteristics of the study are as follows. First, in the relation between debt ratio and profitability (EBIT), the debts are found to negatively affect the profitability (EBIT) the group of all. but to support the pecking order theory and empirical analysis in this study, these results rather than results or financial condition from dependence on borrowing and capital cost rates relative difference in the proportion problems that affect the profitability of companies. This showed us that the Korea’s domestic financial environment affects the companies more than the pecking order theory. but It means that at least in Korea the comparative difference in capital cost and the weight of debts in funds affect profitability (EBIT) of companies. Second, in the model analyzing the determinants of debt, there are difference between SMEs and large companies in terms of SIZE (company scale), NDTS (non-debt tax shields), PROF (rate of operating profits), and AGE (company age). Third, it was found out that TGB (the value of assets for security) for loan positively affect the profitability (EBIT) of all companies, showing that the loans performed in Korea are usually based on the offer of assets as security or collateral. It also found that SIZE negatively affect the profitability (EBIT) for SME, It also found that VOL (volatility) does positively affect the risk-return trade off for unlisted SMEs and listed large companies but the VOL does not follow the risk-return trade off in SMEs listed in KOSDAQ. The long age of the companies are found to negatively affect the profitability for all groups. Finally, to enhance the management profitability (EBIT), the companies shall control their dependence on debts to a proper level and thus alleviate the capital funding cost to a certain level and the government shall help SMEs to get proper funding through good support plan. This finding may have some limitation for generalization of results because of manufacturing industry. Nevertheless, This study is the first empirical study for not only the role of unlisted SMEs’ debt but also the difference between large companies and SMEs in terms of effect of debt ratio on their profitability (EBIT) in Korea.

The gross domestic product (GDP) deflator, which was used in the recent paper by J. Park, S. K. Shin, and H.-H. Shin, “he intensity and externality effects of information technology investments on national productivity growth,”IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage., vol. 54, no. 4, November 2007, pp. 716-728, may not be appropriate for estimating real information technology (IT) investment because it does not reflect accurately the steep downward sloping price trend of IT. Moreover, the difference between the real IT investment by the GDP deflator and those by IT price index is increased as the time distance from a base year is increased. Using the real IT investment by the GDP deflator, there is a possibility of overestimating the effect of national IT capital on economic performance. The study should therefore have analyzed it using the real IT investment considering the steep downward sloping price trend of IT, or clearly included the assumption and limitations related to use of the GDP deflator in the paper.

본 연구는 한국 금융산업에서의 기업 데이터 품질이 경제적인 성과에 주는 영향을 2008년과 2009년 자료를 이용하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 데이터 품질은 한국데이터베이스진흥원에서 측정한 데이터 품질관리 프로세스 지수와 데이터 품질기준을 이용하였으며, 기업의 재무 성과는 금융감독원의 금융 통계정보시스템을 이용하여 수집하였다. 분석 결과, 데이터 품질은 기업의 매출액, 영업이익, 부가가치 에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 주었다. 데이터 품질관리 프로세스 지수가 1만큼 증가하면, 부가가치는 약 2.3%가 증가한다. 또한 데이터 품질기준이 1만큼 증가하면, 부가가치는 약 72.6% 가 증가한다. 기업 의 경영자는 데이터 품질을 개선시키도록 노력해야 하고, 경제정책 입안자들은 기업 들이 데이터 품질 에 관심을 갖고 데이터 품질을 개선시키도록 하는 유인책과 정책 방향을 수립해야 한다.

This study empirically investigated the effect of firm-level data quality on economic performance in the Korean financial industry during 2008～2009. The data quality was measured by data quality management process index and data quality criteria by Korea Database Agency, and financial firm performance data was acquired from Financial Statistics Information System of the Financial Supervisory Service. The result showed that the data quality has statistically significant impacts on financial firm performance such as sales, operating profit, and value added. If the data quality management process index increases by one, the value added can increase by 2.3 percent. Moreover, the data quality criteria increase by one, the value added can increase by 72.6 percent.

Many studies based on the production function approach have reported the positive impact of IT capital on economic performance. Yet, the reverse impact has often been reported in the information systems literature. To examine if these results at the country level are conflicting or complementing with each other, we use the Granger causality test that allows the analysis of bidirectional causality with country-level data from 1992 to 2007. The results in general reveal that economic performance causes IT investment. By partitioning the sample period by 2000 (the dot-com bubble burst), we find unidirectional causality from economic performance to IT investment in pre-2000 while we find unidirectional causality from IT investment to economic performance in post-2000. The implication for managers is that it is possible to forecast IT investment by the analysis of past economic growth in all countries. Since 2000 networked IT by Internet could cause country-level economic performance in most countries.

본 연구는 아시아의 개발도상국인 중국과 정보기술 선진국임에도 불구하고 관련 연구가 부족한 한국의 기업을 대상으로 정보기술 투자와 기업 성과간의 관계에 관한 실증연구를 수행하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중국과 한국 기업의 정보기술 투자는 기업의 효율성 지표에 모두 긍정적 영향을 주고 있다. 둘째, 한국기업에서는 정보기술 투자가 기업의 성장성에 긍정적 영향을 주고 있는 반면, 중국기업에서는 정보기술 투자가 기업의 성장성에 영향을 주지 않고 있다. 셋째, 기업 효율성(ROA) 측면에서는 경제발전단계(또는 정보기술 성숙 단계)로 인한 정보기술 투자 효과의 차이가 발견되었으나, 기업 성장성 측면에서는 통계적으로 의미있는 결과가 발견되지 않았다.

Over the past three decades, the impact of information technology (IT) investments on firm performance has been the subject of active research. Despite increasing importance of research into the productivity of IT in developing countries, almost all findings on IT productivity have been based on data collected in developed countries. This study investigates the effects of IT investment on firms' financial performance in the insurance industry of Korea, which is OECD member and can be classified as a developed country in IT perspective, and in the electronics industry of China, which is a developing country, and compare them. The findings show that IT investment has a positive and significant impact on firm efficiency in both Korea and China, but a weakly positive impact on firm growth in only Korea. Moreover, the size of the impact on efficiency (ROA) in China is significantly larger than that in Korea.

This paper investigated the causal relationship between IT investment and economic performance with the office, computing and accounting machinery (OCAM) and gross domestic product (GDP) statistics from the United States for the period 1961 to 2001. Due to non-stationary aspects of the series, found by unit root tests, it was deemed applicable to apply growth models using the first difference of the series. The results indicate that IT investment growth at the country level do not only cause economic performance growth, but are also caused by economic performance growth. While IT investment growth affect economic performance growth over shorter time periods, economic performance growth affect IT investment growth over longer time periods. As a result, this study reveals IT investment growth have the preceding effect on economic performance growth, and then economic performance growth impact subsequently on IT investment growth.

As robotic technology expands into various fields, robots need to execute some complicated tasks in diverse environments. However, the previous robotic software solutions were limited to independent systems. We can not adapt to diverse functionalities and environments. This makes it hard to provide rapid and effective services and leads to costs and losses in the development process. To overcome these problems, we propose a robot software framework with behavior trees based on ROS2. This framework simplifies complex robot behaviors through behavior trees and makes it easy to modify, extend, and reuse robot behaviors. Furthermore, ROS2 standardizes connections between software modules, enhances the robot's flexibility, and enables independent development and testing of software. Our framework aims to provide a foundation for high-quality robot service provision by supporting the modularity, reusability, independent development, and testing required by intelligent robots that need to provide services in various environments.