Earticle

통신해양기상위성 자료처리시스템(CMDPS)은 기상 관측과 기상 예측을 지원하기 위해서 국가기상위성센터에 의해서 개발되었고, 16종 기상자료(Level 2)를 생성하고 있다. 현재 CMDPS는 후속 기상위성자료처리를 위한 시스템 확장이나 통합 S/W에 대한 효율성, 유지관리 관점에서 다소 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해서, 본 논문에서는 확장성을 갖는 통신해양기상위성 기상자료처 리를 위한 컴포넌트 기반 시스템 아키텍처를 제안하였다. 제안된 시스템은 확장 가능한 아키텍처를 갖는 컴포넌트 기반의 프레임워 크를 채택하고 있으며, 신규 위성자료처리 알고리즘 개발과 시스템 유지관리를 위해 손쉬운 방법을 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

The Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS) data processing system(CMDPS) has developed to support the meteorological observation and weather prediction by NMSC(National Meteorological Satellite Center) and it is generating the 16 kind of meteorological data(Level 2 product). Unfortunately, currently CMDPS has some problems in terms of the system maintenance and the integrated software efficiency, and the extension to support the next generation meteorological satellite data processing. To solve this problems, in this paper, we suggest the extensible component-based system architecture for COMS meteorological data processing with consideration of identified issues. Proposed system is adapted the component-based frameworks with extensible architecture. We expects that this system will be provide easy ways to develop new satellite data processing algorithms and to maintain the system.

This study seeks to investigate the relationship between Prator's Hierarchy of L2 learning difficulty and segment-level pronunciation learning difficulties that were observed among Korean adult EFL learners in 2006. A total of 148 student participants at a college-level institute took part in an empirical study on the comparison between the effects of two different EFL pronunciation syllabi. Out of the 148, only 93 students yielded a complete set of pronunciation data, namely the pre- and post- test results of L2 sound identification and L2 word read-aloud tests. Two native English-speaking instructors of English and two non-native instructors of English each taught four 70-minute lectures to the participants. Based on the descriptive analysis, the participants showed identification accuracy results that generally affirmed the predictions suggested by Prator, while they showed somewhat puzzling results concerning their read-aloud accuracy scores. Two additional factors of L2 sound learning difficulty are suggested based on the results of the read-aloud tests: 1) the L1 orthographic system, which is relatively transparent compared to the L2 orthographic system, and 2) the phonological context in which a certain L2 sound occurs.

Purpose: This study was to identify the mental health and self-care activities according to perceived stress level in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Methods: The descriptive survey design was conducted using a convenient sample. One hundred and fifty-two diabetic participants with metabolic syndrome were recruited in a university hospital. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Students' t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: The high, moderate, and low stress groups according to perceived stress score consisted of 30.9%, 38.2%, and 30.9%, respectively. Differences of mental health and total self-care activities among the three groups were statistically significant. Depression(F=46.73, p<.001), trait anger(F=5.75, p<.01), and anger expression-in(F=4.60, p<.01) of participants in the high stress group were higher than other groups, whereas the total of self-care activities(F=2.85, p<.05) and exercise(F=3.49, p<.05) were lower than other groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome with a high stress level were low in self-care activities along with elevated depression and anger.

Carbon dioxide(CO2) promotes development of primordia and depress differentiation of sporophore and gill containing basidia, have an effect on quality. This experiments were conducted to elucidate optimal level of CO2 for king oyster mushroom(Pleurotus eryngii). King oyster mushroom was cultivated under 1,600, 2,400, and 3,200ppm CO2. Harvest ratio in normal plot were 98.6, 99.3, and 93.8% at 1,600, 2,400, 3,200ppm, respectively, so 2,400ppm is optimal. The yield per bottle was 102.5g at 2,400ppm, better than 99.7g at 1,600ppm, The CO2 concentration of 2,400ppm was also the best condition for quality, 6.1 at 2,400ppm was 115% of 1,600ppm's. In thinning treatment plot, quality at 2,400ppm was 9.5 better than 1,600ppm whose quality was 9.4. The yields per bottle were 90.7, 98.2, 77.3g at 1,600, 2,400, 3,200ppm respectively. These results show that 2,400ppm was optimal CO2 concentration for quantity of King Oyster mushroom as well as quality.

본 연구는 소방대원의 응급의료체계 인지도를 2급 응급구조사 교육 전과 교육 후로 분석하였다. 연구대상자는 소방대원 60명으로 이 중 남성은 58명, 여성은 2명이었으며 평균 연령은 43세로 나타났다. 소방대원 중 구급대원 경력이 있는 대원은 36명이었으며, 자발적으로 교육에 참여한 대원은 17명이었다. 병원 전 응급의료체계를 신고, 현장, 이송단계로 분류하고 인지도를 파악했을 때 신고단계의 응급처치 장비 선택과 응급처치 지도 인지도는 교육 전 2점대에서 교육 후 3점대로 인지도의 차이를 나타냈으며, 현장단계의 감염예방 지침, 응급구조사 업무범위에서는 교육 전 2점에서 교육 후 3점으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 이송단계의 중증도 분류, 의료지도, 응급의료기관, 의료진에게 환자 정보제공에 대한 인지도도 높아져 교육 후 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 응급구조사에 대한 인지도는 응급구조사 역할에 대한 인지도만 교육 전보다 교육 후 점수가 증가하여 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 응급의료체계 인지도 변화에는 구급대원의 경력과 교육 참여 선택에는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 교육 만족도가 높을수록 교육 후 응급의료체계 인지도가 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이러한 내용을 종합해 볼 때, 본 연구 대상자로 선택된 소방대원은 구조 및 화재현장에 초기반응자로 활동할 수 있는 인력이다. 따라서 이러한 인력에게 2급 응급구조사 교육을 통하여 응급의료체계의 인지도가 높아질 수 있도록 교육이 진행되어야 하며 이를 통해 병원 전 응급의료체계의 기본응급처치 대응이 빨라질 수 있도록 노력해야 한다.

As the importance of the first responder is on the increase, training 2 level emergency medical technicians mostly consisting of firefighters is actively implemented. Thus, this study aimed to provide basic data on human resources in the emergency medical system and analyzed firefighters’ recognition changes toward the emergency medical system through level 2 emergency medical technician training. When examining the recognition level by categorizing the pre-hospital emergency medical system to reporting, locating and transferring phases, a difference in the recognition level on the reporting phase consisting of emergency measure and device selection and emergency measure guidance was observed as the score lower than three points before the training session rose to over three points. At the locating phase consisting of emergency medical technicians’ responsibilities including the infection prevention guidelines, significant differences were resulted, two points before the training session and three points after it. At the transferring phase recognition consisting of severity level classification, emergency medical guidance, emergency medical facilities and patient information transferring to the medical staff, significant differences were resulted as the recognition level rose. No significant differences were observed in the working experiences and training session participation selection of the medical technicians; however, high correlation was found between the satisfaction level on the training session and the recognition level of the emergency medical system. The firefighters who were selected as the subject of the study were the human resources who could engage as the first responders at the rescue and fire sites. So, it is imperative that level 2 emergency medical technician training session be given to such human resources so as to raise the recognition level toward the emergency medical system. It is important that faster basic emergency medical measures be taken in the pre-hospital emergency medical system through the training session.

대기 중 미세먼지 (Particular Matter)의 높은 농도에 노출되는 것은 인간 건강에 심각한 영향을 미친다. 많은 연구가 미세먼지가 특히 높은 농도에서 인간에게 매우 유독하다는 것을 보여주었다. 이러한 이유로 여러 국 가가 미세먼지 농도를 규제하기 위해 상당한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 미세먼지 피해를 줄이기 위해 PM 농도 기반 의 조기 경보 시스템이 필요다. 본 논문에서 대한민국 서울의 PM2.5 농도를 예측하기 위해 3D CNN을 활용한 새로운 앙상블 예측 접근법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 매 6시간 최대 2일 동안 관측된 데이터에 대한 시공간 데이터 의 특징을 추출하고 결합하기 위해 공간 정보뿐만 아니라 시간 정보도 활용할 수 있는 3D CNN의 앙상블 예측을 사용한다. 결합한 특징은 공유 계층을 통해 의미 있는 특징 정보를 추출하고 개별 계층을 통해 시간별로 예측된 농 도를 반환한다. 제안된 방법은 서울 메트로폴리탄 지역의 PM2.5 및 기상 데이터를 사용하여 2015년 1월 1일부터 2021년 2월 28일까지 예측을 수행하였다. 제안된 방법은 PM 2.5 관측 (실제 값), CMAQ 예측 및 ConvLSTM에 대해 종합적으로 모델을 평가하였다. 예측 성능 측면에서, 제안된 방법은 널리 사용되는 예측 모델과 비교하여 7.06%의 향상된 예측 정확도, 4.28%의 향상된 고농도 탐지율, 오경보율을 11.77%만큼 개선하였다.

Exposure to high concentrations of airborne particulate matter (Particular Matter) has serious effects on human health. Much research work showed that particulate matter is very toxic to humans, especially in high concentrations. For this reason, many countries make considerable efforts to regulate PM concentrations. In order to implement PM measures to reduce damage, an early warning system based on PM concentration level is essentially required. In this paper, we propose a novel 3D CNN ensemble prediction approach for forecasting PM2.5 concentrations in Seoul, Republic of Korea, which is observed every 6 hours for up to two days. The proposed method uses an ensemble of 3D deep CNNs that can utilize not only spatial information but also temporal information to extract and combine features for spatiotemporal data corresponding to each input. The combined features aim at extracting meaningful feature information through the shared layer and return the time-series predicted concentration for each period through the individual layer. The proposed method performs prediciton using PM2.5 and meteorological data of Seoul metropolitan area, ranging from 2015-01-01 to 2021-02-28. The proposed method was comprehensively evaluated for PM2.5 observation (Ground-truth), CMAQ forecast, and ConvLSTM. In terms of prediction performance, the proposed method showed improvement in performances with an increase of 7.06% in accuracy, an increase of 4.28% in probability of detection, and a decrease of 11.77% in false alram rate, compared to the widely used forecast model.

While the quality of machine translation is getting better and better, it is still not perfect. In this case, how the user treats the imperfect machine translation results determines whether the user achieves the purpose for using machine translation. In this process, user evaluations are a key factor. User evaluations are not objective nor accurate. User evaluations are a subjective evaluation of the user and is related to the user. Therefore, this paper attempts to analyze the relationship between the level of the user's L2 and user evaluations. This paper surveyed 69 Chinese users to understand the current status of their use of machine translation, including frequency of use, purpose of use, favorite machine translation, reasons for preferences, and satisfaction with the quality of the machine translation used. At the same time, for specific translation articles, it lets users evaluate the accuracy and fluency of machine translation articles. The survey results show that users with low L2 levels used machine translation at a higher frequency and were more inclined to evaluate machine translation from the perspective of ease of use. In addition, statistical analysis of the evaluation results found that users’ evaluation of machine translation was related to the user's own level L2. The lower the L2 level, the higher the evaluation of the adequacy and fluency of machine translation, and the higher the assessment of the overall quality of the machine translation.

The level of plasticizer such as diethyl phthalate (DEP ), di- n - propyl phthalate (DprP ), di- n - butyl phthalate (DBP), di- n - pentyl phthalate (DPP), butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), di- (2- ethylh exyl) phthalate (DEHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and di- (2- ethylhexyl) adipate were det ermined in disposable sanitary gloves. Samples of dispos able sanitary gloves were taken at retail shop , and their over all extraction sin carbon tetrachloride were measured, afterest ablishment of soxhlet appratus in 6 hours. All of 8 samples of dispos able sanitary gloves at retail shops were poly ethylene (PE). All of the manufactures were voluntarily labelled their boxes of gloves in line Korea Food Code. The level of phthalate esters and DEHA in all of 8 samples were not exceed the detection limit . The detection limits of DEP, DprP, DBP, DPP, BBP, DEHP, DCHP and DEHA were 1.8, 1.9, 1.3, 1.1, 0.9, 0.7, 2.1 and 0.8 mg/ L, respectively.

Objectives: This study examined the effect of PM2.5, and the mediating effect of physical activity on adult obesity in Korea. Methods: Data of 27,155 adults participated in the 2016 to 2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in the National Air Pollution Database. The effect of annual average PM2.5 on obesity was analyzed using logistic regression and generalized additive models, and the mediating effect of physical activity was tested using the bootstrap method. Results: When the annual average PM2.5 concentration exceeded the Korean air quality standard, the risk of obesity was significantly higher (OR=1.098, p<0.01), and the body mass index also significantly increased. Mediation analysis further indicated that physical activity partially mediated the association between annual average PM2.5 concentration and obesity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that exposure to PM2.5 may contribute to an increased obesity risk by reducing physical activity. The results provide evidence to support stricter particulate matter control and the promotion of physical activity in public health policies.

본 연구의 목적은 쇠퇴주거 재생사업이 시행되고 있는 청주시 사직2동을 대상으로 협력적 거버넌스 참여여부 에 따른 협력적 거버넌스와 주민만족도에 관한 영향관계를 실증적으로 검증하는데 있다. 이를 위해 사직2동 지역주민을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하여 분석 데이터를 구축하였고, 구조방정식 모형인 ‘AMOS 21.0’을 활 용하여 영향관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 설정된 가설적 구조모형이 적합한 것으로 분석되어 협력적 거버넌스가 주민만족도에 영향을 미치 는 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 구체적으로 협력적 거버넌스 직접참여자 집단에서만 거버넌스 참여과정이 경제적 만족도와 사회적 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 미치고, 주민참여 프로그램 운영이 경제적 만족도에 유의미한 영 향을 미치고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 협력적 거버넌스 직접참여자는 협력적 거버넌스 간접참여자 및 비 참여자에 비해 거버넌스 참여과정과 주민참여 프로그램 운영 요인에서 주민만족도에 많은 영향을 미쳤음이 밝혀졌다.

The purpose of this study is to conduct empirical analysis of influential relationship between cooperative governance and resident satisfaction depending on cooperative governance participation in Sajik 2-dong, Choengju, where regeneration project for deteriorated residences is performed. To achieve the purpose, this study conducted questionnaire survey with the local residents living in Sajik 2-dong, established analysis data, and analyzed influential relationship by using the structural equation model 'AMOS 21.0.'According to the analysis, hypothetical structural model was suitable, and it was interpreted that cooperative governance affected resident satisfaction. More specifically, to those who directly participated in cooperative governance, governance participation process significantly influenced their economic satisfaction and social satisfaction. Also, residents who participated cooperative governance directly were more influenced by governance participation process and resident participation program performance than to those who participated indirectly and to those who did not participate cooperative governance.

성인학습자의 모국어는 제2언어를 학습할 때 부정적인 영향을 끼치기도 하지만 긍정적인 효과를 주는 경우도 있다. 본 논문에서는 초급 과정의 여성 결혼이민자를 대상으로 제2언어인 한국어를 학습 시 학습자 모국어가 긍정적인 효과가 있는지를 비교 실험을 통해 확인하였다. 학습자의 모국어와 모국 문화를 수업에 활용한 집단과 기존의 한국어와 한국 문화 위주의 수업 방식으로 수업을 진행한 집단을 비교 실험한 결과, 학습자들에게 그들의 모국어와 모국문화를 활용한 수업을 진행한 집단에서 한국어 학습효과가 증진되고 문화적응 스트레스는 감소되는 효과가 있었다. 즉 초급 과정의 성인학습자의 경우 한국어 수업 시에 그들의 모국어와 모국문화를 적절하게 활용했을 때 학습자의 모호성에 대한 관용도에 긍정적인 효과를 주고 문화적응 스트레스도 약화시키는 결과를 가져왔다.

While L2 learners’ native language may cause the negative effect in their L2 learning, it can also give the positive effect to them when learning an L2. In this paper we checked whether the L1 causes the positive effect or negative one by using two different teaching methods for novice class married women immigrant learners. In our experiment, we used two different teaching methods against each of the same level groups of married women immigrant learners of Korean. In one method we accepted the use of L2 learners’ native language and culture during the class. In the other method, only Korean was allowed as a teaching and using language in the class. The result showed that the former method for, at least, the novice level adult learners of Korean was more effective than the latter one in their L2 improvement and the alleviation of their stress levels resulting from the discrepancies of culture in Korea and their native countries. We claim that effective use of L2 learners’ native language and culture in the novice level L2(Korean) learning classes can improve their learning performance while minimizing their cultural adaptation stress and maximizing the tolerance of ambiguity.

In this study, we present a modeling language, Metabolic Flux Analysis Markup Language (MFAML) level 2. It is designed for the formal representation of metabolic flux models, and also the open framework for the effective exchange of such models. As the successor of the MFAML level 1, it has advanced features to describe more sophisticated metabolic models; defining named compartment, pathway, pathway introduction, dynamic representation and mathematical formulae. In MFAML level 1, the static model is mainly expressed but, Level 2 extends the previous model representation and works with the dynamic information. In addition to these major changes, several other elements are present in Level 2. [This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Koreagovernment (MOST) (No. M10309020000-03B5002-00000). Further supports by LG Chem Chair Professorship, Microsoft and IBM SUR program are appreciated.]

The content of vitamin D2, including its precursor ergosterol, was determined in some cultivated mushrooms to manufacture fortified Doenjang (Korean traditional soybean paste) with vitamin D by supplementation with mushroom. Ergosterol was the most abundant sterol in the mushrooms (50 to 140 mg/100 g dry weight) but the ergocalciferol portion made up only 0.065% (Pleurotus eryngii) to 2.5% (stipe part of Lentinus edodes, shiitake) of the total vitamin D2 of each mushroom. Changes in these compounds in L. edodes caused by UV or solar irradiation were also evaluated. Ergocalciferol content in the pileus part of L. edodes went up to 424 ug/100 g dry weight and ergosterol levels reached 139.3 mg per 100 g dry weight at maximum levels. Ergocalciferol content increased about 50% when exposed to solar radiation and increased 377% with UV irradiation. These compounds level in Doenjang was enriched as much as supplied UV irradiated L. edodes powder to before fermentation, and the supplemented mushroom did not influence the palatability of Doenjang.

Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E, a capnophilic rumen bacterium, produces succinic acid in high concentrations under anaerobic conditions. In this study we investigated the response of M. succiniciproducens MBEL55E to different levels of dissolved CO2 ranging from 0 to 260 mM. Comparing the fermentation results with the levels of key enzyme activities, we found that the efficient carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to oxaloacetate, in which CO2-fixation occurs by both PEP carboxykinase (PckA) and PEP carboxylase (Ppc), allows M. succiniciproducens to produce substantial amounts of succinic acid. In particular, the activity of PckA was more than 50 times higher than those of Ppc and malic enzyme (SfcA). The results provide useful information for the design of effective bioprocesses to improve succinic acid production. [This work was supported by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korea government (MOST) (2005-01294). Further supports by the LG Chem Chair Professorship, IBM SUR program, Microsoft, and by the KOSEF through the Center for Ultramicrochemical Process Systems are appreciated.].

As integration densities continue to increase, interconnection has become one of the most important factors in determining the performance of multi-core processors. Recently, in order to reduce the delay due to interconnection, many studies have focused on the 3D multi-core processors. Compared to 2D multi-core architecture, 3D multi-core architecture gets decreased interconnection delay and lower power consumption owing to reduced wire length. Despite the benefits mentioned above, 3D design cannot be practical because it causes serious thermal problems in multi-core processors due to high power density. In this paper, we analyze temperature behavior of 3D multi-core processors according to various placement of core and level-2 cache. According to our simulation results, the floorplan where the core is stacked adjacently to the level-2 cache can reduce the temperature by 22% with 4-layers, and by 13% with 2-layers on the average, compared to the floorplan where the core is stacked adjacently to the core.