Earticle

목적: 모공 커버 메이크업의 적용은 얼굴 피부의 확장된 모공을 메우고 피부의 결을 매끄럽게 커버하여 매우 빠르고 즉각적인 피부 보완 효과를 줄 수 있는 적용이다. 모공 커버 효능에 해당하는 화장품 원료들은 대부분 디메치콘과 기타 실리콘 폴리머를 기반으로 한다. 이 연구에서는 모공 커버에 우수한 효능이 예상되는 엘라스토마 실리콘을 이용하여 메이크업 프라이머 화장품(ESPCC)을 제 조하였다. 방법: 제조한 프라이머 화장품에 대한 안정성과 안전성, 모공 커버 효능을 평가하였다. 안정성은 원심분리 테스트, 사이 클링 테스트, 점도 및 pH 변화를 평가하였다. 안전성은 20-30대 여성을 30명을 대상으로 피부자극반복패치테스트(Human Repeat Insult Patch Test)을 실시하였다. 모공 커버 효능은 디지털 이미징(Visio FaceⓇ1000D)을 이용하여 평가하였다. 결과: ESPCC 화장 품의 원심분리 및 사이클링 테스트 결과 제형의 분리가 나타나지 않아 안정성이 확인하였고, 4주간의 점도 및 pH 변화를 평가한 결 과가 제형 안정성을 확인하였다. 또한, 안전성 평가 결과 연구 지원자 30명 전원이 음성(-) 반응으로 나타나 ESPCC의 인체 적용 시 안전성을 확보하였다. 모공 커버 효능평가 결과, base-line 대비 ESPCC 제품을 적용한 후 모공 개수가 전체적으로 현저히 감소하 여 모공 커버 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 결론: 향후 모공 프라이머의 제품 개발은 단순히 모공을 감추는 기능만을 가진 제품이 아 닌 피부 및 모공축소 개선에 효능이 있는 코스메슈티컬 개념을 탑재한 제품 개발이 필요할 것이다

Purpose: Pore-concealing makeup offers an immediate solution for filling enlarged pores and smoothing skin texture. The cosmetic ingredients responsible for pore-concealing efficacy are primarily based on dimethicone and other silicone polymers. A makeup primer formulation, termed elastomer silicone-based pore-concealing cosmetics (ESPCC), was developed using elastomer silicone, which is expected to excel in pore coverage. Methods: The ESPCC’s stability, safety, and pore-covering efficacy were evaluated. Stability was tested through centrifugation, cycling tests, and changes in viscosity and pH. Safety was evaluated through a human repeat insult patch test involving women in their 20s and 30s. The pore-concealing efficacy was assessed using digital imaging. Results: The ESPCC formulation demonstrated stability by exhibiting no separation in centrifugation and cycling tests. The 4- week evaluation of viscosity and pH changes met cosmetic evaluation standards, confirming the stability of the ESPCC formulation. Additionally, the safety evaluation revealed that all 30 study participants had negative (−) reactions, confirming the absence of allergic reactions upon human application of ESPCC. The pore-concealing efficacy test revealed a significant reduction in pore count after applying ESPCC compared to the baseline, demonstrating its effectiveness. Conclusions: Future development of pore primers should go beyond merely concealing pores, aiming to create cosmeceutical products that improve skin texture and reduce pore size.

目的: 毛孔遮盖化妆品为填充粗大毛孔和平滑肌肤纹理提供即时解决方案。负责毛孔遮盖功效的化妆品成分主要 基于聚二甲基硅氧烷和其他有机硅聚合物。一种名为“弹性体硅基毛孔遮盖化妆品”(ESPCC)的底妆配方是使用弹 性体硅酮开发的，预计其在毛孔覆盖方面表现出色。方法: 评估ESPCC的稳定性、安全性和毛孔覆盖功效。通过 离心、循环测试以及粘度和pH值的变化来测试稳定性。通过对20多岁和30多岁女性进行的人体重复侮辱斑贴试 验(HRIPT)评估安全性。使用数字成像评估毛孔覆盖功效。结果: ESPCC配方在离心和循环测试中没有分离，证 明了稳定性。4周的粘度和pH变化评估符合化妆品评估标准，保证了ESPCC配方的稳定性。此外，安全性评估 显示，所有30名研究参与者均出现阴性(-)反应，证实人体应用ESPCC时，不存在过敏反应。毛孔覆盖功效测试 显示，与基线相比，应用ESPCC后毛孔数量显着减少，证明了其有效性。结论: 未来毛孔打底产品的发展不应仅 仅局限于遮盖毛孔，而是要打造能够改善肤质、缩小毛孔的药妆产品。

Sensory perception and performance are important aspects for the successful development of cosmetics in the market. This study was to prepare the hypo-allergenic foam cleansers depending on various pH levels and perform a sensory evaluation. We prepared the foam cleanser formulations of different pHs; control(pH 9.0), sample A(pH 7.0), sample B(pH 9.0) and evaluated the sensory attribute on 5 points Likert scale. The prepared foam cleansers were used to test the reliability of the 30 panels on five questions: bubble volume, hydration, detergency, irritation, applicability sense. The result of the sensory evaluation showed that no difference was noted among samples regarding their bubble volume and applicability sense. This is attributable to the fact that the tested samples were prepared in the same formulation as the foam type. Interestingly, sample B showed the highest satisfaction level for the hydration, detergency, and irritation, showing significant differences among groups. The reason for this sensory evaluation results is related to the pH level of formulation. This experiments confirmed the positive expectation for the development of hypo-allergic foam cleanser (pH 5.0). The following was the prominent finding of the sensory evaluation: foam cleanser formulation with a 5.0 pH are beneficial for high satisfaction.

목적: 세미퍼머넌트 아이브로우 제품은 눈썹에 색상이 일시적으로 착색되어 일정기간 동안 메이크업 효과가 지속되는 장점을 지 니고 있다. 제품의 지속력에 가장 중요한 요인은 제형과 pH 레벨에 따른다. 방법: 이 연구에서는 액상형의 세미퍼머넌트 아이브로 우 화장품의 pH를 조절하여 Control (pH 6.0), Sample A (pH 5.0), Sample B (pH 4.0), Sample C (pH 3.0)를 제조하였다. 제조된 시료들의 제품 색상을 측정하였으며, 30명의 패널을 모집하여 사용 후 관능평가를 실시하였다. 결과: 시료의 제품 색상 측정 결과 Control과 Sample A, B, C의 색상 특성이 다르게 나타났는데, 제조 시 동량의 색재를 사용하였더라도 pH 조절제에 의해 제품색의 변형이 나타난 것을 확인하였다. 또한 관능평가 결과 pH 4.0과 3.0에 해당하는 Sample B와 C의 착색 및 지속력에 대한 만족도가 높게 나타났는데 이러한 결과는 제품의 pH 조절에 따라 낮은 pH의 제품이 착색 및 지속력이 우수하게 평가되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 화장품의 관능평가는 제품의 시판화를 위한 가장 실용적인 평가방법이라 할 수 있다. 이 연구결과에서 낮은 레벨의 pH를 적 용한 세미퍼머넌트 아이브로우 제품이 제품 착색 및 지속력에서 우수한 평가 결과를 보였으며 이에 따른 활용가능성제을시 하였다.

Purpose: Sensory perception and performance are important aspects for the successful development of cosmetic in the market. In this study, we aimed to prepare semi-permanent eyebrow formulations and perform a sensory evaluation of the same. Methods: We prepared semi-permanent eyebrow cosmetic (SEC) formulations of different pHs (pH 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0) and evaluated the sensory attribute on a 5-point Likert scale. The test panel comprised women aged 20-39 years who were SEC users and were recruited from an organization via invitation. Results: In sensory evaluation, no difference was noted among samples regarding their spreadability and usability. This is attributable to the fact that the tested samples were prepared in the same form as the liquid type of SECs. The SEC (pH 3.0) and SEC (pH 4.0) showed a high satisfaction level for the color strength and tenacity. These results are likely to be related to the pH regulator components (i.e., citric acid and sodium citrate). Conclusions: The following was the prominent finding of the sensory evaluation: formulations with a low pH (<4.0) are beneficial for maintaining the coloration (i.e., color strength and tenacity) in SECs.

目的: 感官感知和性能是化妆品市场成功发展的重要方面。本研究旨在制备半永久性眉毛配方，并对其进行感 官评价。方法: 制备不同pH（pH3.0、4.0、5.0和6.0）的半永久性眉毛化妆品（semi-permanent eyebrow cosmetic, SEC）配方，用里克特五级量表评价其感官特性。测试小组由20-39岁的女性组成，她们是SEC的用 户，并通过邀请从一个组织中招募。结果: 在感官评价中，各样品在铺展性和可用性方面无明显差异。这是由 于测试样品的制备形式与液体类型的SEC相同。SEC（pH3.0）和SEC（pH4.0）对颜色强度和韧性的满意度较 高。这些结果可能与pH调节成分（即柠檬酸和柠檬酸钠）有关。结论: 通过以上研究显著发现低pH（<4.0）的 配方有助于在秒内保持着色（即颜色强度和韧性）。

4차 산업혁명에 대한 담론과 더불어 미래에 대한 이야기들이 홍수를 이루고 있다. 그러나 기독교는 미래를 말하려고 하기 보다는 종말을 이야기한다. 미래와 종말은 분명하게 구분되어져야 하는데 기독교는 미래를 생략하고 종말로 비약하는 경향이 있다. 본 글은 미래학자들이 그려주는 미래의 그림에 귀를 기울이면서 미래 사회를 위한 교회론을 모색하여 보려고 한다. 미래 학자들의 많은 이야기들 중에서 본 글이 주목하려고 하는 점은 융복합이며, 이 점에 집중하여 혼종적 교회론을 제안하여 보려고 한다. 혼종적 교회는 생명운동(환경운동)과 복음을 접속시키는 생명교회, 사회복지와 복음을 연결하는 복지교회, 다문화와 복음을 연결시키는 다문화교회, 예술과 복음을 연결시키는 예술(문화)교회 등과 같이 다양한 전문적 영역에서 특정한 전문성을 선택하여 복음과 접속시키는 전문화된 교회를 의미한다. 복음과 전문성이 융복합적으로 만나고 있기 때문에 혼종적 교회로 명명하고자 한다. 중세가 무너지고 근대가 열리면서 신학의 통제를 받았던 학문들이 독립하기 시작하였으며 각각의 학문들은 학문적 경계선을 굵게 그으면서 자신들의 전문성 안으로 깊게 파고 들어갔다. 그러나 탈현대(post-modern)로 넘어 오면서 학문들 간의 경계선은 무너지기 시작하였고 다른 학문들과의 통합을 시도하면서 융복합적 연구가 주목을 받고 있다. 미래학자들에 따르면, 미래가 요구하는 인재는 멀티플레이형으로서 융복합적 인물이다. 미래 교회가 이러한 시대적 흐름을 돌파할 수 있는 길은 융복합적 시도를 통한 혼종적 교회라 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 혼종적 교회의 신학적 전거를 아우구스티누스의 혼합된 교회와 루터의 만인제사장설과 라틴아메리카 해방신학의 기초 교회 공동체에서 찾아본다. 미래 사회를 위한 혼종적 교회는 복음과 전문성이 만나는 전문적인 교회로서 양손잡이 교회이다. 전통적인 교회는 성과 속을 분리하면서 영적인 측면만을 강조하는 오른잡이 교회이었다. 그러나 미래 교회는 환경, 예술, 복지, 다문화 등 다양한 전문성 중에서 특정한 전문성을 복음과 접속시키는 전문적이면서 융복합적 교회를 창출시켜 보아야 한다. 미래 교회론으로서 혼종적 교회를 위하여 기독교 신앙의 공식은 다양화 되어야 한다. 현재 기독교 신앙의 공식은 <창조-타락-구원>이 유일한 공식이라 할 수 있다. 생명운동과 복음을 접속하는 생명교회는 기독교 신앙의 공식을 창조-타락-구원으로 구성하기 보다는 <태초의 창조-현재적 창조-종말론적 창조>로 구성하는 것이 미래 교회와 미래 선교를 위하여 더 타당성을 지닌다고 볼 수 있다. 더 나아가서 예술교회, 복지교회, 다문화교회 등 다양한 교회를 위한 기독교 신앙적 공식이 발전되어야 한다.

There are many discourses in company with the fourth industrial revolution. However, Christianity focuses on eschatology rather than future. Future and the end of history should be distinguished but Christianity is inclined to jump to eschatology skipping future. This article tries to suggest an ecclesiology for the next church giving consideration to the discourse of futurists. This article will focus on convergency among the discourses on futurists and suggest the hybrid ecclesiology as the next church. The hybrid church connects the Christian faith to a professionality like the welfare church, the multi-cultural church, and the life church. Because the Gospel meets to a professionality, I will call it as the hybrid church. Academic field was divided by beginning with the modern world even though many academic fields was under the theology. Philosophy became independent of theology, and science was separated from theology. Academic field liberated from theology concentrated on its own speciality. However, academic field is trying to integrate its own field into other academic fields erasing the boundary line among academic fields. According to futurists, the competent person for future is the type of multi-player. This article will examine Augustine, Luther, and the Latin American theology for the theological foundation of the hybrid church. Unlike Donatism, Augustine suggested the mixed church. Luther claimed the universal priesthood. The liberation theology of Latin American seeks the basic ecclesial community. The mixed church of Augustine can become the theological foundation of the hybrid church, the universal priesthood of Luther informs the hybrid church with the spiritual dimension of all Christians, and the basic ecclesial community gives fascination insight to connect faith and work to the hybrid church. The hybrid church is the church of ambidexter to take the Gospel and a professionality all together. The traditional church was the church of right-hander to separate the holy from the secular. Futhermore, the church emphasizes the spiritual aspect rather than the secular aspect. However, the next church should try to make the conversant church to connect the Gospel to a speciality. For the hybrid church as a next ecclesiology, the formulation of Christian faith should be diversified. It cannot be denied that the only formulation of Christian faith is Creation- Corruption-Salvation. The life church to assimilate the Gospel with the environmental movement should re-construct the formulation of Christian faith like the primal Creation-the continuing Creation-the eschatological Creation rather than Creation-Corruption-Salvation. Furthermore, the church of art, the church of welfare, and the church of multi-culture should develop their formulation of faith.

The use of natural coloring materials has been variously attempted due to the harmfulness of tar pigments used in lip products. However, problems arise with regard to stability, color development, and sustainability. Therefore, in this study, the viscosity improver was added to the formulation of produced lip tint to improve its sustainability. A control sample was prepared from gardenia extract colorant and Hydrogenated styrene/Isoprene copolymer was added to Control sample to make Sample A. For comparative evaluation, Sample B (commercial product) to which tar pigment was added was prepared. Finally, we evaluated sensory attribute of prepared lip tints by 5-Likert scales. The measurements of product color of Sample A were L* 54.88±0.40, a* 27.64±0.48, and b* 35.94±0.79 whereas, those of post-application color development were L*51.30±1.75, a* 22.17 ±1.92, and b* 18.80±1.43. The result of sensory evaluation demonstrated that lip tint containing gardenia extract and hydrogenated styrene/Isoprene copolymer (Sample A) were high values in product color and persistence. As a consequence, it is expected that the use of Hydrogenated styrene/Isoprene copolymer can increase the commercialization potential for the improvement of the retention of lip tint using natural coloring materials.

본 연구에서는 초음파매개물의 1차적인 목적이외에 부가적인 특징을 조합하여 새로운 초음파매개물의 개발 가능성을 모색하였다. 임의 제조된 각 제형에 따른 유동학적 특징과 제조비용을 기성품 제제와 비교 분석하였다. 초 음파전파매개물은 제형에 따라 각기 다른 기능적 특성을 지니게 되며, 저점도에멀전과 오일젤에서 유동성이 가장 우 수하였다. 제조비용에서는 수화젤 제형이 물성분이 많을수록 제조비용이 가장 낮았으며, 에멀전과 오일젤 제형에서는 오일의 함유량이 높을수록 제조비용에 많은 차이가 있었다. 본 연구는 초음파의 다양한 영역의 전문성을 겸비한 새 로운 초음파매개물의 연구에 대한 초석을 이룰 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, by combining a unique purpose and additional aspects of ultrasonic transmission media, a development potential on a new ultrasonic transmission media was sought. The rheological characteristics and the manufacturing cost for each manufactured formulation were compared and analysed with ready-made. An ultrasonic transmission media is to have different functional characteristics according to the following formulation, it was the best in rheological value, low viscosity emulsion with the oil gel. Polymer hydro gel is can be manufactured at low cost compared to other formulations. Emulsion which shows a sharp viscosity difference according to the components of oil and water had a big difference in manufacturing cost. This study can be utilized as the fundamental data on the ultrasound transmission media equipped with expertise in various areas of ultrasound.

Participatory Design (PD) community recognized that identification of use case scenarios describing possible uses of the future system is beneficial for users to identify their system requirements. However, brainstorming is a typical methodology for users to create use case scenarios during PD session, which heavily depend on the people skill and experiences of the analysts. The objective of this study is to develop a theoretical framework for automatic generation of requirement scenarios. Automatically generated scenarios serves as a menu of the possible user requirements from which user group can start to generate ideas about their requirements. The convergent approach taken here is novel in that the generated scenarios describe system requirements as well as the business process requirements in which the system operates. A context-sensitive grammar is used to generate the context relevant requirement scenarios.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 서목태, 미강, 미나리 유래 기능성 복합소재의 체취 개선 가능성을 평가하는 것이다. 방법: 노화 관련 냄새 의 주요 원인 물질인 trans-2-nonenal의 제거 효능을 극대화하기 위해, 중심합성계획법(central composite design, CCD)를 적용하 여 최적 조성 함량(optimal composition ratio, OCR)을 도출하였다. OCR의 항산화 활성과 겨드랑이 냄새 유발균에 대한 항균 활성 을 단독 소재와 비교 분석하였다. 또한, OCR을 함유한 비누를 사용하여 후각 시험 및 냄새 강도 측정(POLFA)으로 인체 적용 시험 을 수행하였다. 결과: CCD를 통해 통계적으로 유의미한 이차 회귀 모형을 도출하였다. OCR은 서목태 449.8 mg, 미강 14 mg, 미 나리 4.8 mg으로 확립되었으며, 단독 소재보다 유의미하게 높은 atrns-2-nonenal 제거 활성을 보였다. 또한, OCR은 항산화 및 항 균 활성을 나타내어 다기능 복합소재로서의 가능성을 확인하였다. OCR로 제조된 비누를 사용한 인체 적용 시험에서 대조군에 비해 탈취 효능이 유의미하게 향상되었다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 천연 복합 제형의 기능성과 실용성을 입증하며, 효능 향상 및 상용화에 중점을 둔 향후 연구에 귀중한 토대를 제공한다.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the potential of a functional composite material derived from Seomoktae, rice bran, and water parsley to improve senile body odor. Methods: To maximize the removal of trans-2-nonenal—the key compound responsible for age-related odor—we applied a central composite design (CCD) to determine the optimal composite ratio (OCR). Antioxidant and antibacterial properties against axillary odor-causing bacteria were then compared between the OCR and its individual components. Additionally, soap formulated with the OCR was used in olfactory evaluations and human clinical trials using odor measurement (POLFA device). Results: CCD analysis generated a statistically significant quadratic regression model. The OCR, identified as 449.8 mg of Seomoktae, 14 mg of rice bran, and 4.8 mg of water parsley, demonstrating significantly improved trans-2-nonenal removal compared to each ingredient alone. The OCR also exhibited notable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, supporting its multifunctional efficacy. Furthermore, the application of OCR-formulated soap significantly enhanced deodorizing performance relative to the control group. Conclusion: This study confirms both the functional benefits and practical usability of this natural composite formulation. These results offer a foundation for future studies aimed at improving efficacy and enhancing commercialization opportunities.

目的: 本研究旨在评估一种由鼠目太豆、米糠和水芹制成的功能性复合材料改善老年人体味的潜力。方法: 为了 最大限度地去除Trans-2-nonenal (导致老年体味的关键化合物)，我们采用中心复合设计(central composite design, CCD)确定了最佳复合比例(optimal composition ratio，OCR)。随后，我们比较了该OCR及其各组分 对腋下致臭细菌的抗氧化和抗菌性能。此外，我们还使用含有该OCR的肥皂进行了嗅觉评估和人体临床试验， 并采用气味测量设备(POLFA)进行测量。结果: CCD分析生成了一个具有统计学意义的二次回归模型。OCR(由 449.8 mg鼠目太豆、14 mg米糠和4.8 mg水芹组成)与单独使用各成分相比，显著提高了Trans-2-nonenal的去 除率。OCR还表现出显著的抗氧化和抗菌活性，证实了其多功能功效。此外，与对照组相比，使用添加OCR的 肥皂显著提高了除臭性能。结论: 本研究证实了该天然复合制剂的功能优势和实用性。这些结果为未来旨在提高 疗效和增强商业化前景的研究奠定了基础。

어느 국가의 기업도 이제는 사이버 위협에 취약하다. 사물 인터넷, 클라우드 컴퓨팅 및 통신 플랫폼의 부상은 이러한 위협의 급격한 증가에 기여했다. 따라서, 기업이 직면한 사이 버 위협과 위험을 해결하는 것은 중요하다. 이러한 상황의 중요성을 고려하여, 본 연구는 문헌고찰을 통해 기업을 위한 사이버 보안 관리의 이론적 이해를 제공하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 한다. 이 논문의 연구 프레임워크는, (i) 사이버 보안 위험 관리 프레임워크, (ii) 사이버 보안 관리 조치, 그리고 (iii) 사이버 보안 문화의 세 단계로 구성된다. 사이버 보안 위험 관리 프레임워크는 전략적 수준에서 채택될 수 있으며, 사이버 보안 위험 관리 조치 는 실무 수준에서 적용될 수 있다. 이 두 가지가 성공적으로 도입된다면 사이버 보안 문화 가 배양될 것이며, 이는 기업 내에서 사이버 보안 관리가 지속 될 수 있도록 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는, 첫째, 사이버 보안 위험 관리 프레임워크 및 조치의 다양한 모델과 요소를 살펴보고, 둘째, 사이버 보안 관리의 성공을 위해 균형적 접근 방식의 중요성과 그 요소들 을 논의하고자 한다. 이러한 논의가 사이버 보안 관리 개념화의 토대를 마련하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대한다.

Businesses in any country are vulnerable to cyber threats. The rise of Internet of Things, cloud computing, and communication platforms contributed to a drastic increase in those threats. Therefore, it is of importance to address the threats and risks that businesses face. Considering the significance of this situation, this paper aims to provide a theoretical understanding of cyber security management for businesses via literature review. Research framework in this work consists of three steps, (i) Cyber security risk management frameworks, (ii) Cyber security management measures, and (iii) Cyber security culture. Cyber security risk management frameworks can be adopted on the strategic level, and cyber security risk management measures can be used on the practical level. If these are taken successfully, cyber security culture is to be cultivated for the perpetuation of cyber security management within a business. In this paper, first, various models and elements of the frameworks and measures are explained, and second, a balanced approach is discussed in order to make a success of cyber security management. It is expected to lay the foundation for conceptualisation of cyber security management.

This paper takes a narrative approach, looking at Chan master Shengyan’s (1931-2009) autobiographies, and historicizing his response to life and the circumstances of Chinese Chan Buddhism in the zeitgeist of the twentieth century. The time-honored Chan Buddhist tradition, in the tumultuous sociopolitical transition, struggled for a space in the age of reason and rationality; this perceived struggle on the larger religious and sociological scale was encapsulated in Shengyan’s own narration of his life, forming his personal and religious identities. My basic argument is that his Chan teachings were contingent on both his personal crisis and his perceived global crisis of a war-torn China. Against the backdrop of his individual struggles, the sociopolitical transformations of twentieth century China, the internal crisis of orthodoxy, and the external threat of non-Chinese forms of Buddhism in Taiwan, Shengyan envisioned Chan Buddhism as the doctrinal culmination and experiential fulfillment of the whole of Buddhism, manifested through creating the Dharma Drum Lineage.

AMR (Active Magnetic Regenerative) refrigerators require the large variation of the magnetic field and a HTS magnet can be used. The amount of AC loss is very important considering the overall efficiency of the AMR refrigerator. However, it is very hard to estimate the precise loss of the HTS magnet because the magnetic field distribution around the conductor itself depends on the coil configuration and the neighboring HTS wires interact each other through the distorted magnetic field by the screening current Therefore, the AC loss of HTS magnet should be calculated using the whole configuration of the HTS magnet with superconducting characteristic. This paper describes the AC loss of the HTS magnet by an appropriate FEM approach, which uses the non-linear characteristic of HTS conductor. The analysis model is based on the 2-D FEM model, called as ‘magnetic field formulation and edge-element model’, for whole coil configuration in cylindrical coordinates. The effects of transport current and stacked conductors on the AC loss are investigated considering the field-dependent critical current. The PDE model of ‘Comsol multiphysics’ is used for the FEM analysis with properly implemented equations for axisymmetric model.

This study explores the effect of a humanities-based convergent class model (HBCCM) on critical thinking (CT) when Kakao-Talk is utilized as a virtual learning space to acquire new knowledge using flipped learning (FL). Its objective is to promote EFL undergraduates’ (n=51) participation in face-to-face discussion activities by getting them to prepare before coming to class. The preliminary learning contents and conceptual knowledge organized into specific argumentative topics based on Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Foucault’s philosophical perspective of Sexuality, Madness and Power were provided via Kakao-Talk. Students could experience a self-regulatory learning process outside of class and develop their ideas with peers' through in-class discussion. While the collaborative learning through group activities promoted social interaction, interdependence and critical analysis, the students self-evaluated their ideas clearly. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies including Watson-Glaser's (W-G) CT assessment were conducted to evaluate the change of CT skills. The results showed the significant interaction of the CT skills. In particular, the students improved the skills of recognizing assumption, deductive reasoning and evaluating arguments as they experienced CT-efficacy through this learning process. Accordingly, HBCCM may contribute to the higher education for activating CT and the improvement of a teaching and learning method.

본 연구에서는 트라우마 초점화된 심리치료에 유용하게 활용할 수 있는 트라우마 사례개념화 양식(Trauma Case Formulation Framework, TCFF)을 개발하고 그 타당도와 신뢰도를 함께 검토하였다. 트라우마 사례개념화 양식은 내담자의 트라우마로 인한 심리적 증상들과 이에 대한 개입에 대한 치료자의 이해를 돕는 정보들을 조직화해주는 틀이다. TCFF는 트라우마 사례개념화 영역 즉, 트라우마 사건 특성, 트라우마 관련 심리적 증상, 증상을 유지시키는 심리적 기제, 트라우마 치료목표, 트라우마 치료전략의 총 5개 영역으로 구성되었다. 그리고 트라우마 심리치료에 효과적이라고 알려진 6개의 근거기반 심리치료들로부터 사례개념화 요소들을 추출하였다. 이후 사례개념화 요소들을 범주화하고 전문가들로부터 타당도를 확보하였다. 21명의 참여자들에게 TCFF 활용에 대한 교육을 실시하고 트라우마 사례개념화 요소를 평정한 결과 평정자간 신뢰도는 수용할만한 수준을 보였다. TCFF 양식지의 활용에 대한 타당도는 다양한 임상 장면에서 활동 중인 46명의 심리치료전문가 집단에서 검토되었다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 그리고 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 함께 논의하였다.

The present study aims to develop a trauma case formulation framework (TCFF), tool that allows clinicians to constructively organize trauma-related information to better understand client’s posttraumatic problems and design effective interventions. The TCFF is comprised of five dimensions derived from six evidence-based trauma psychotherapies, including: characteristics of the traumatic event, trauma-related psychological symptoms, maintaining psychological mechanisms relevant to psychological symptoms, treatment goals, and treatment strategies. Elements of each dimension were further identified and verified by specialists. 21 participants received training regarding the use of TCFF and interrater reliabilities were calculated and found to be acceptable. The validity associated with the application of the TCFF worksheet was also reviewed by 46 psychotherapists. Implications, restrictions and further research suggestions for this study were discussed.

Background: Although a growing number of guidelines and clinical researches are available for immunosuppressive treatment of post-transplantation, there is no clinical practice guideline for the care of kidney transplant recipients in Korea. Selection of a researchable question is the most important step in conducting qualified guideline development. Thus, we aimed to formulate key questions for Korean guideline to aid clinical decision-making for immunosuppressive treatment. Methods: Based on previous published guidelines review, a first survey was constructed with 29 questions in the range of immunosuppressive treatments. The experts were asked to rate the clinical importance of the question using a 5-point Likert scale. The questions reached 60% or more from the first survey and additional new questions were included in the second survey. In analyzing the responses to items rated on the 9-point scale, consensus agreement on each question was defined as 75% or more of experts rating 7 to 9. Results: In the first survey, 50 experts were included. Among the 29 questions, 27 were derived to get 60% or more importance and 3 new questions were additionally identified. Through the second survey, 9 questions were selected that experts reached consensus on 75% and over of the options. Finally, we developed key questions using PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) methodology. Conclusion: The experts reached a high level of consensus on many of key questions in the survey. Final key questions provide direction for developing clinical practice guideline in the immunosuppressive treatment of transplantation.