Earticle

The concept of e-Government was first developed and implemented in industrialised countries. Consequently, it should not be assumed that this concept is automatically appropriate for developing countries. This study aims to examine the roles of perceived support quality and support satisfaction in the context of government- to-citizen (G2C) transactions towards behavioural intention and usage in developing countries. To test the proposed model, the official website of Kuwait Government Online Services (KGOS) was selected. A survey with a total of 628 responses was analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to investigate the goodness of fit of the model and the underlying indicators. The findings confirm the significance of support quality perceived by citizens and provide insights to explain citizens’ intention to use e-Government systems.

본 연구는 외국인직접투자를 유치한 개발도상국 경제에 기여하기 위해 다국적기업이 행해야 할 몇 가지 주요한 조언을 제공하는데 주요 목적을 두고 있다. 이 목적을 달성하기 위해, 우리는 한국의 성장경험으로부터 시사점을 도출해 보고자 노력하였다. 한국의 경제성장 과정을 살펴본 결과, 다국적기업에게 다음과 같은 다섯 가지 제언을 하고자 한다: 1) 다국적기업은 현지시장의 인적자본 개발을 돕고자 시도해야 한다. 2) 다국적기업이 보유하고 있는 지식과 기술을 숨기고자 하는 모습은 바람직하지 않다. 3) 다국적기업은 현지시장의 부패를 근절하고자 힘씀은 물론, 개발도상국 내에서 사회에 기여하는 선량한 시민이 되고자 하여야 한다. 4) 다국적기업은 특히 급변하는 환경 속에서, 사회적 책임활동을 비용이 아닌, 의무로 고려하여야 한다. 5) 다국적기업은 개발도상국 시장을 강압적으로 개방하고자 하여서는 안된다. 우리는 본 논문을 통해 다국적기업이 사회적 책임활동의 긍정적인 면을 조망하고, 개발도상국과 상생할 수 있는 협력적 방안을 모색하는데 조금이라도 도움이 되었기를 바란다.

This paper strives to suggest some advice for MNEs by identifying advisable roles for MNEs in host developing countries. In order to achieve this objective, we have also tried to obtain implications from economic development in the Korean experience. Through observing the process of Korean economic development we propose the following five guiding principles to MNEs: 1) MNEs should try to help in the improvement of human capital in local economies, 2) It is not desirable for MNEs to endeavor to hide valuable knowledge and technology in local markets, 3) MNEs should try to eradicate corruption and set an example for good citizenship in developing countries, 4) MNEs should consider CSR, not as a cost, but as a duty, particularly in turbulent environments and 5) MNEs should not force developing countries to open their markets. We hope that this paper helps MNEs to think about the positive aspects of CSR and the ways to cooperate with developing countries in pursuit of a win-win approach.

Ultraviolet-C light produces ultraviolet energy that can destroy wide range of microorganisms, without the use of chemicals. Here, we investigated the anti-bacterial effects of portable UV-C light on river water samples. Water samples were obtained from a river in Wonju City, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea. The water samples were then transferred in a water bottle to be tested in the laboratory. The UV-C lamp tube was submerged in a water bottle, where it was then exposed to different doses of UV-C light: 0 sec, 20 sec, 40 sec, 1 min, 2 min, and 3 min. Microbial tests were done by spread plating using Blood Plate Agar (BPA) and pour plating using Nutrient Agar (NA). Our results showed a high antibacterial effect against bacteria in river water cultured in BPA and NA. The percent reductions of bacteria in BPA were 99.75% in 20 seconds while 100.00% in 40 sec, 1 min, 2 min, and 3 min. On the other hand, the percent bacterial reduction in NA were 85.71%, 83.71%, 90.48%, 99.75%, and 100.0% in 20 sec, 40 sec, 1 min, 2 min, and 3 min. This study confirmed the antibacterial efficacy of UV-C light by the percent bacterial reduction cultured in BPA was totally cleared in 40 seconds while NA was cleared in 3 min. This study could be applied in as water disinfectant in developing countries where access to safe drinking water is inadequate.

This study is aimed at exploring the direction of legislative support in developing countries in the field of climate technology. The direction of related legislative support can be specified when international trends on technology transfer and technical cooperation in developing countries are identified. Thus, the climate technology trends and the mechanism of supporting developing countries of UNFCCCC were analyzed. By this way, a system for identifying legislative needs in developing countries could be established. The most effective method is to conduct a demand survey of developing countries' governments and climate technology experts. However, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Technical Needs Assessment for Climate Change at the UNDP, and the analysis of the results of the Climate Needs Assessment were also valid. It can be considered that developing countries identify national priorities for mitigation and adaptation technologies. It will be important to check the technical areas of major partner countries and to see if there are related laws through analysis of climate technology cooperation projects promoted by developing countries and Korea. In addition, if domestic companies participating in overseas climate change projects had difficulties in their projects to developing countries due to insufficient legislation, the insufficient scope of such legislation would be an area of legal support for developing countries. A consultative body will be formed with experts from the countries to be dispatched and experts who participated in the project to discuss the priority of the country, but the system can be oriented to maintain a steady understanding of the legal needs of officials and project managers in developing countries through the network. When providing legislative support, it is desirable to present promotion laws and regulatory laws related to detailed technologies by comprehensively considering the basic environmental laws, environmental policies, and political systems of developing countries. In particular, laws and systems have been developing for decades, so the approach to passing on best-fit, not best practices, will be valid. At this point, it would be most realistic to analyze legislation suitable for the technology of the country and accumulate such data in connection with the Korea Climate Technology Cooperation Project. And the process of getting developing countries to ask for demand on the legal system should also be made in the mid- to long-term. International organizations and state-run research institutes are also working on master plans related to climate change policies. However, simple national reports often apply only to introductions of legislation or ideal improvements. Efforts should be made to provide legal support for the central government's enactment of the law and the revision of local government's ordinances in which the project is underway.

This study is aimed at exploring the direction of legislative support in developing countries in the field of climate technology. The direction of related legislative support can be specified when international trends on technology transfer and technical cooperation in developing countries are identified. Thus, the climate technology trends and the mechanism of supporting developing countries of UNFCCCC were analyzed. By this way, a system for identifying legislative needs in developing countries could be established. The most effective method is to conduct a demand survey of developing countries' governments and climate technology experts. However, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Technical Needs Assessment for Climate Change at the UNDP, and the analysis of the results of the Climate Needs Assessment were also valid. It can be considered that developing countries identify national priorities for mitigation and adaptation technologies. It will be important to check the technical areas of major partner countries and to see if there are related laws through analysis of climate technology cooperation projects promoted by developing countries and Korea. In addition, if domestic companies participating in overseas climate change projects had difficulties in their projects to developing countries due to insufficient legislation, the insufficient scope of such legislation would be an area of legal support for developing countries. A consultative body will be formed with experts from the countries to be dispatched and experts who participated in the project to discuss the priority of the country, but the system can be oriented to maintain a steady understanding of the legal needs of officials and project managers in developing countries through the network. When providing legislative support, it is desirable to present promotion laws and regulatory laws related to detailed technologies by comprehensively considering the basic environmental laws, environmental policies, and political systems of developing countries. In particular, laws and systems have been developing for decades, so the approach to passing on best-fit, not best practices, will be valid. At this point, it would be most realistic to analyze legislation suitable for the technology of the country and accumulate such data in connection with the Korea Climate Technology Cooperation Project. And the process of getting developing countries to ask for demand on the legal system should also be made in the mid- to long-term. International organizations and state-run research institutes are also working on master plans related to climate change policies. However, simple national reports often apply only to introductions of legislation or ideal improvements. Efforts should be made to provide legal support for the central government's enactment of the law and the revision of local government's ordinances in which the project is underway.

최근 전력산업의 규제완화 혹은 민영화가 범세계적인 추세가 되고 있고, 선진국의 많은 전력회사들은 자국 전 력수요 성장의 둔화로 인한 성장 한계의 극복 및 수익 증대를 위한 신규 사업거점을 확보하기 위해 앞을 다투 어 해외진출을 꾀하고 있다. 이와 같은 상황에서 성공을 거두기 위한 다양한 전략들이 논의될 필요성이 있다. 해외 발전(發電)사업이 세계적으로 경쟁력을 확보하고 있는만큼 면밀하게 타당성을 검토한 후 경쟁력이 있다 고 판단되면 전폭적인 지원 분위기가 형성되어야 할 것이다. 해외 발전사업의 경우 다른 국가들과 경쟁을 해 야 하고, 발전소 건설의 특성상 주민들의 반발을 최소화할 수 있도록 지역협력사업에 역점을 두어 주민친화적 인 발전소 건설이 추진되도록 해야 할 것이다. 그동안 민간자본의 세계화 및 해외투자에 대한 연구는 많이 있었지만 경제관련 기반시설 및 서비스를 공급하 는 공기업의 해외 진출 사례, 특히 발전소 건설에 있어서 지역협력 등에 대한 연구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 공공기관의 경쟁력 확보방안의 한 측면으로서 최근 전력산업의 해외진출에 있어서 지역협력사업의 효과성 제고를 위해 한국중부발전 사례를 분석하였다. 한국중부발전의 인도네시아 발전(發電 )사업에서는 모범적인 지역협력사업을 펼치고 있고, 특히 이에 새마을운동을 접목하여 효과를 거두고 있다. 이에 대한 연구를 통해 향후 해외 발전사업에 대한 정책적 함의를 도출하고 지식을 공유하는 계기로 삼고자 하였다. 인도네시아 발전사업 주변지역의 경우 다른 지역에 비해 낙후도가 심해 1970년대 한국 농촌사회의 잠재력을 총동원하여 빈곤퇴치에 성공한 농촌개발운동을 선망하고 있다. 한국중부발전에서는 2010년도부터 발전소 주 변지역을 대상으로 새마을운동을 접목하는 지역협력사업을 추진하고 있고, 주민들의 호응도가 매우 높아 향 후 발전사들의 해외 발전사업에 있어서 선도모델이 될 것으로 판단되어 본 논문에서 소개하였다.

Recently, the deregulation or privatization of the electric power industry becomes a global trend, and many power companies in advanced countries plan to expand overseas competitively to secure a base of new projects in order to overcome growth limits due to slowdown in growth and power demands of the country and promote profits. In this circumstance, various strategies for success should be discussed. Overseas power business secures global competitiveness, so if it is judged that there is competitiveness after a close inquiry into feasibility, an atmosphere of utmost support should be formed. Overseas power business should compete with other countries, and by the characteristics of the construction of power plants, it should focus on a regional cooperation project to minimize the residents' opposition so that it can promote residents-friendly construction of power plants. This study will analyze the case of Korea Midland Power Co., Ltd. (hereafter, KOMIPO) to promote the effectiveness of regional cooperation projects in the recent overseas expansion of the electric power industry as an aspect of measures to secure the competitiveness of public institutions. KOMIPO's power business in Indonesia is carrying out an exemplary regional cooperation project, and especially, it has effectively grafted Saemaul Undong on to that. Through a study on this, policy implications for projects of the construction of power plants in developing countries will be drawn and a chance to share knowledge will be obtained. The neighboring areas of the construction of power plants in Indonesia are very underdeveloped compared with other areas, so they envy the South Korea's rural development movement that succeeded in poverty reduction by mobilizing the potential of the societies in the 1970s. KOMIPO has promoted regional cooperation projects grafting Saemaul Undong on to the areas adjacent to power plants since 2010, and the residents' responses are very high, so this study will introduce it as it can be a leading model of the future overseas power business of power generation companies.

One of the prominent challenges of e-government identified in developing countries is low level of ICT literacy and skills of e-government users. For those countries at the nascent stage of e-government development, it is crucial to identify and provide e-skills needed from the demand side. However, prior research has mostly focused on the supply side of e-skills, ignoring the consumption side of e-skills. In addition, no user centric approach for e-skills identification and development for e-service consumption, with respect to the stages of e-government development, have been proposed and validated. The purpose of this article is thus to: 1) Identify skills required for e-services utilization by all participants-citizens, public, and private sector employees-involved in G2C, G2B, and G2E e-government relationships respectively; assuming they are consumers of e-government and to 2) Propose and validate an user-centric approach for e-skills identification and development based on stages of e-government utilizing the Delphi method. As a result of the study, a comprehensive list of e-skills (N = 81) was generated. We found that e-skills required for e-service consumption are not merely technical; they include a wide variety of related skills that can be applied to enhancing e-skills. Therefore, the findings can serve as a standard curriculum for training and educating both citizens and government employees in developing countries. Moreover, the findings of this research may also facilitate international organizations in indentifying and measuring citizens’ readiness for e-government in terms of e-skills.

최근 주요 개도국들의 경우 경제 및 사회발전 과정에서 과학기술이 차지하는 중요성과 그 역할에 대한 인 식이 빠르게 높아지고 있다. 특히 한국의 성공적인 경제 및 과학기술 발전에 주목하여 이로부터 발전 경험과 노하우를 학습하고자 하는 관심 표명 및 공유 요청이 꾸준하게 증가하고 있는 중이다. 따라서 한국의 입장에 서는 과학기술에 기반을 둔 새로운 관점에서 대개도국 국제협력을 적극 확대하는 것이 바람직하다. 연구장비는 이같은 개도국 대상 과학기술 국제협력 추진과정에서 중추적 역할을 담당하는 핵심요소이다. 이는 개도국의 지속 가능한 성장을 위해서는 과학기술혁신역량의 강화가 가장 중요하고, 다시 이를 실현하기 위해서는 과학기술 기반의 구축이 우선적으로 이루어져야 하는데, 연구장비야말로 개도국 과학기술 기반의 구축을 위해 가장 중요하면서 동시에 가장 부족한 요소로 지적되고 있기 때문이다. 그러나 아직까지 국내에 서 개도국에 대한 연구장비 이전은 개별 기관 위주로 소규모, 간헐적으로 추진되고 있을 뿐 국가정책 차원에 서 체계화되거나 활성화되지는 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 배경 및 시각을 바탕으로 본 논문은 몽골과 베트남, 양국에 대한 국내 출연(연)의 연구장비 이전 사례를 각각 검토하고 비교함으로써 미래를 위한 정책 시사점 도출을 시도했다. 비교분석 결과, 첫째, 개도국 입장에서 연구장비 이전은 자체 수요를 충족시키는 유용한 국제협력 방안이며, 둘째, 국내 출연(연)들의 경우 비체계적이지만 대개도국 연구장비 이전을 비교적 성공적으로 수행하고 있고, 셋째, 개도국별 다양한 수요와 환경을 감안한 맞춤형 이전 추진을 위해 전략과 시스템의 정비가 필요함을 발견했다.

According to economic and social development in developing countries, the interest and demands for S&T(Science and Technology) have been intensified. Especially, the demand for cooperation with Korea is increasing with an intention to learn from Korea's experience of economic, science and technology development. Reflecting the demand, there needs to develope and operate international cooperation based on S&T with developing countries. Research equipment and equipment operation technology is the key of S&T cooperation with developing countries. That's because although this is the most important factor of constructing national S&T, it tends to be relatively weak in developing countries. In the case of Korea, however, the research equipment transfer to developing countries has been mainly proceeding not synthetically in government level but on small scale in each institutions level. Based on such background and necessity, this study attempts to focus on research equipment and equipment operation technology support to developing countries in a way of S&T cooperation and explores vitalization plan for S&T cooperation through comparative case studies between Mongolia and Vietnam. According to the observation made in this study there are 3 implications. At first, overseas transfer is a useful way of international cooperation with developing countries to meet their S&T demands. Second, government- funded research institutes have accomplished research equipment overseas transfer relatively successfully. Third, there exists a demand for formulating strategies and procedure of official S&T supporting with considering demands and conditions of developing countries.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze air quality and carbon emissions in developing countries, particularly Myanmar, and explore the impact of transportation on CO2 emissions during peak hours relative to free-flow conditions. Method: This study conducted a traffic survey in two major cities in Myanmar to quantify carbon dioxide emissions from the transportation sector, using IPCC's tier 1 and tier 2 approaches, with statistical analysis performed using Python 3 and Microsoft Excel for comparative analysis of critical factors in CO2 emissions. Result: The result of this study is an estimate of the vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) and fuel consumption in Yangon city for the year 2019, based on data from various sources including the Myanmar Statistical data base, YUTRA project survey, and Ministry of Electric and Energy. The study also analyzes the average travel time index (TTI) for the four roads in Yangon, which indicates the impact of congestion on vehicle travel time and CO2 emissions. Overall, the study provides important insights into the transport sector in Yangon city and can be used to inform policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving traffic conditions. Conclusion: The study concludes that congestion plays a significant role in increasing fuel use and emission levels in the road transport sector in Myanmar. The analysis provides valuable insights into the impact of the sector on the environment and emphasizes the importance of addressing congestion to reduce fuel use and emissions. However, the study's scope is limited to Yangon city and Mandalay city, and some mean values may not accurately represent the entire country and other developing countries.

본 연구는 개발도상국의 재정정보시스템 구축 프로젝트 핵심 성공요인에 관한 연구로 “개발도 상국의 재정정보시스템 구축 프로젝트의 성공요인은 무엇일까?”라는 문제에 답을 내기 위해 연구를 진행하였다. 국내외 문헌조사와 국내외 재정정보시스템 및 국제개발협력 분야의 국내외 전문가와의 FGI를 통해 핵심 성공요인을 도출한 후, 재정정보시스템 전문가를 대상으로 2차 델파이 조사를 실시 하였다. 조사결과 프로젝트 전제조건, 프로젝트 준비, 프로젝트 이행, 시스템 운영의 4개 도메인과 11 개 카테고리에서 46개의 핵심 성공요인으로 구성된 개발도상국의 재정정보시스템 구축 프로젝트 핵 심 성공요인 모형을 도출하였다. 이는 부족한 관련 연구에 대한 학술적 의미는 물론 코로나19 등 외 부 변동성으로 인해 특히 개발도상국 재정관리의 중요성이 확대되고 있는 상황에서 개발도상국의 재 정정보시스템 프로젝트와 관련이 있는 실무자에게도 의미가 있는 연구로 볼 수 있다.

This research is a study on the critical success factors of the financial management information system (FMIS) project in developing countries, and the study was conducted to answer the question of "What are the success factors of the FMIS in developing countries?" After deriving critical success factors through domestic and foreign literature surveys, domestic and foreign FMIS, and FGI with domestic and foreign experts in international development cooperation, second rounds Delphi survey was conducted on FMIS experts. As a result of the survey, a critical success factor model for the FMIS implementation project in developing countries was derived, consisting of 46 critical success factors in 4 domains of project pre-condition, project preparation, project implementation, and system operation and 11 categories. This can be seen as a meaningful study for practitioners related to FMIS projects in developing countries, especially at a time when the importance of financial management in developing countries is expanding due to external volatility such as COVID-19.

본 연구는 국가별 디지털 금융 발전 및 금융 포용성(Financial Inclusion)이 금융 역량에 미치는 상관관계를 분석하였다. 종속변수인 금융 역량은 금융 이해력의 세 가지 차원인 금융 지식, 금융 행위, 금융 태도를 통해 측정되었다. 분석을 위해 2016년, 2020년, 2023년 실시된 OECD/INFE 설문 데이터와 주성분 분석(PCA)을 통해 산출된 세계은행(World Bank) Global Findex 기반 금융 포용 지수를 주요 변수로 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 금융 포용성은 금융 행위 및 태도와는 유의미한 양(+)의 상관관계를 보였으나, 금융 지식과는 음(-)의 관계이거나 낮은 상관 관계를 나타냈다. 특히 디지털 결제 활용과 금융 이해력 하위 요소 간에는 뚜렷한 연결고리가 발견되지 않은 반면, 금융 지식은 국가의 경제 발전 수준, 디지털 연결성 및 금융 시스템의 심화 정도와 더욱 밀접하게 연관되어 있었다. 이러한 결과는 금융 서비스에 대한 접근성 확대가 금융 시스템에 대한 이해 및 관리 능력의 비례적 향상으로 직결되지 않음을 시사하며, 이는 OECD가 제시한 ‘디지털 금융의 역설(Digital Financial Paradox)’과 궤를 같이한다. 따라서 향후 금융 정 책, 특히 개발도상국에서의 정책은 단순한 양적 접근성 확대를 넘어, 체계적인 경제 교육과 신뢰 할 수 있는 정보 제공, 그리고 제도적 성장이 뒷받침된 ‘금융 역량 강화 정책’으로 패러다임이 전 환되어야 함을 강조한다.

This study examines the relationship between financial inclusion, digital financial development, and financial capability across countries. Financial capability is measured through three dimensions of financial literacy: financial knowledge, financial behavior, and financial attitude. The analysis uses financial literacy data from OECD/INFE surveys conducted in 2016, 2020, and 2023, along with a financial inclusion index built from World Bank Global Findex data, which was created using principal component analysis. The findings indicate that financial inclusion is closely and positively linked to financial behavior and financial attitude, but it has a weak and negative connection with financial knowledge. There is no strong link between the use of digital payments and any aspect of financial literacy. Financial knowledge is more closely linked to economic development, digital connectivity, and the depth of the financial system. These results show that even though more people have access to financial services, there isn't a corresponding increase in their ability to understand and manage money effectively, which aligns with the OECD's concept of the Digital Financial Paradox. The findings indicate that policies focused on enhancing financial skills, especially in developing economies, should go hand in hand with efforts to expand financial access, supported by ongoing commitments to education, reliable information, and strong institutional growth.

본 연구는 국가별 디지털 금융 발전 및 금융 포용성(Financial Inclusion)이 금융 역량에 미치 는 상관관계를 분석하였다. 종속변수인 금융 역량은 금융 이해력의 세 가지 차원인 금융 지식, 금융 행위, 금융 태도를 통해 측정되었다. 분석을 위해 2016년, 2020년, 2023년 실시된 OECD/INFE 설문 데이터와 주성분 분석(PCA)을 통해 산출된 세계은행(World Bank) Global Findex 기반 금융 포용 지수를 주요 변수로 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 금융 포용성은 금융 행위 및 태도와는 유의미한 양(+)의 상관관계를 보였으나, 금융 지식과는 음(-)의 관계이거나 낮은 상관 관계를 나타냈다. 특히 디지털 결제 활용과 금융 이해력 하위 요소 간에는 뚜렷한 연결고리가 발견되지 않은 반면, 금융 지식은 국가의 경제 발전 수준, 디지털 연결성 및 금융 시스템의 심화 정도와 더욱 밀접하게 연관되어 있었다. 이러한 결과는 금융 서비스에 대한 접근성 확대가 금융 시스템에 대한 이해 및 관리 능력의 비례적 향상으로 직결되지 않음을 시사하며, 이는 OECD가 제시한 ‘디지털 금융의 역설(Digital Financial Paradox)’과 궤를 같이한다. 따라서 향후 금융 정 책, 특히 개발도상국에서의 정책은 단순한 양적 접근성 확대를 넘어, 체계적인 경제 교육과 신뢰 할 수 있는 정보 제공, 그리고 제도적 성장이 뒷받침된 ‘금융 역량 강화 정책’으로 패러다임이 전 환되어야 함을 강조한다.

This study examines the relationship between financial inclusion, digital financial development, and financial capability across countries. Financial capability is measured through three dimensions of financial literacy: financial knowledge, financial behavior, and financial attitude. The analysis uses financial literacy data from OECD/INFE surveys conducted in 2016, 2020, and 2023, along with a financial inclusion index built from World Bank Global Findex data, which was created using principal component analysis. The findings indicate that financial inclusion is closely and positively linked to financial behavior and financial attitude, but it has a weak and negative connection with financial knowledge. There is no strong link between the use of digital payments and any aspect of financial literacy. Financial knowledge is more closely linked to economic development, digital connectivity, and the depth of the financial system. These results show that even though more people have access to financial services, there isn't a corresponding increase in their ability to understand and manage money effectively, which aligns with the OECD's concept of the Digital Financial Paradox. The findings indicate that policies focused on enhancing financial skills, especially in developing economies, should go hand in hand with efforts to expand financial access, supported by ongoing commitments to education, reliable information, and strong institutional growth.

이제까지 국제개발협력과 관련하여 개발도상국의 공공리더십에 관한 연구가 주목을 받지 못했다. 이 분야와 관련한 연구는 개발도상국 공공리더십을 비관적 혹은, 긍정적인 관점에서 접근하고 있다. 또한, 지금까지 간헌절으로 진행돼온 개발도상국 공공리더십 연구는 지역별 상이한 특징을 고려하지 않고, 공공리더십의 보편성만을 강조하고 있었다. 따라서 이 연구는 아세안 국가, 인도 등 신남방 지역 사례를 중심으로 개발도상국 공공리더십 구성 요소를 탐색하고, 신남방 지역의 맞춤형 공공리더십 유형인 ‘신남방 리더십’을 도출하고자 한다. 결론적으로 이 연구는 차이 검정을 통하여 개발도상국 공무원 881명의 설문 응답을 분석하고, 신남방 지역에 적합한 ‘신남방 리더십’을 실증하며, 맥락적 다양성이 간과된 개발도상국 대상 공공리더십 문헌에 기여한다. 또한, 이 연구는 국제개발협력과 관련하여 상대 지역별로 상이하고 다양한 공공리더십 유형의 중요성을 강조하며 맞춤형 역량개발 훈련 등 지역별 차별화된 국제개발협력 전략의 필요성을 강조한다.

To advance a polarized and scarce debate on public leadership in developing countries, this study investigates government officials‘ leadership and its impacts on performance in developing countries. Assuming different regions have its own style of public leadership, this study establishes a distinctive style of public leadership for the New Southern Asian region (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and India). Particularly, the analytical results of 881 survey responses from government officials in developing countries show the public leadership style for the New Southern Asia has more elements of transformational leadership than servant style. Ultimately, advancing the literature on public leadership in developing countries, these results highlight the need to pay attention to the varieties of public leadership across different parts of developing countries, and the importance of formulating the more customized strategies of international development and cooperation.

This study raises the following question: Will the neoliberal political economic model turn out to be indisputably superior to the so-called “China model” after the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and the current United States–China rivalry end? This question is raised because the neoliberal political economic system has been slowing down since the global financial crisis of 2008, whereas the China model has performed considerably well. The current acceleration of the United States–China hegemonic rivalry makes this question a timely and relevant issue for investigation. Currently, the Western neoliberal political economic system is struggling with two fundamental problems: the increase in economic inequality and the rise of populism. This study defines the current situation of the neoliberal political economic system as being in a crisis owing to these problems. The neoliberal political economic system must tackle these problems not only to surpass China’s challenge but also to recover from its current crisis. Given this mindset, the major arguments of this study are as follows: The neoliberal political economic model, often called “the Washington Consensus,” that has dominated for 40 years in the neoliberal political economic world has increased income inequality. The decline of the middle class caused by this increasing inequality is one main reason why political populism has lately grown in many Western countries. In addition, the policy requirement of the Washington Consensus that was imposed by Bretton Woods institutions concerning developing countries has not been effective. In fact, it has caused much harm to developing countries by straining their potential for development. As long as advanced Western countries and Bretton Woods institutions hold on to the Washington Consensus in their attitude toward developing countries, the Beijing Consensus, also known as the China model, may seem more attractive to developing countries. The study argues that the neoliberal political economic system should be drastically reformed and the Washington Consensus should be left behind. The Washington Consensus has failed not only as an effective development model for developing countries but also as a sustainable model for advanced Western countries. To surpass the challenge of the China model, the neoliberal political economic system must confront the deteriorating income inequality problem and solve the current crisis. With regard to the issue of increasing income inequality, the China model is no better than the Washington Consensus; in fact, it may be worse. How China will deal with this problem and continue its economic growth remains to be seen.

Incidents of damage claims due to aircraft noise (including airfields and noises from surrounding areas), account for the highest percentage of environmental lawsuits in Korea, as the degree of damage is severe and has broad characteristics. Even though the very first lawsuits of the past were filed by residents around the Maehyang-ri Air Force Shooting Range area, residents of the affected region have been appealing about ceaseless damage. It is correct to resolve noise complaints from residents around airports with public law regulations. However, not only are those regulations insufficient, but the legislation that does regulate support for local residents affected by aircraft noise in principle excludes airports, which also serve as flight operators, from their scope of application. In particular, there is a limit to compensation for residents of areas affected by noises from military aircraft (including noises in the area from airfields, shooting ranges, etc.) Civil remedies for residents of areas affected by aircraft noise include injunctive relief and liability claims for damages. The prior remedy of injunctive relief has contents on preventing aircraft noise, but the attitude toward this is a very passive, perhaps due to concern about being ostracized over public concern related to whether or not a civil lawsuit can be filed. Accordingly, victims of aircraft noise violations have to file compensation claims for damages as an ex-post remedy. In practice, the existence of a problem due to noise, etc. from aircraft or military aircraft from take-off or landing, etc. is determined by whether or not the degree of damage from aircraft noise exceeds the acceptable limit according to social norms. Although precedents list various requirements to determine the extent to which damage is tolerable when there is an infringement of environmental rights, many problems have been raised regarding the criteria for determining this acceptable extent. In addition, since a short-term statute of limitation is applied to victims of aircraft noise infringement, the problem arises that victims cannot receive relief if noise infringement has exceeded three years. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and present solutions to civil claims of victims of aircraft noise for ① prior injunctive relief and ② compensation for damages as an ex-post remedy i) standards for determining each criterion for the extent to which damage is tolerable when there is an infringement of environmental rights, ii) the approach to risk that is considered when determining liability damages and the monetary amount of compensation and iii) problems of liability claims for damage that will arise in the future.

Can advances in information technology be utilized to provide access to educational resources in rural environments to help in the development of a country? Most developing countries are characterized by a large youth population and struggle to find the resources to provide basic education beyond primary school. This is true in Belize where students in rural schools often lack access to well-trained subject experts, score lower on national exams, and enroll in secondary schools at a lower rate than urban students. Utilizing mobile Internet technologies, students living without electricity can now access the same educational resources as privileged urban students. This article describes a field experiment designed to focus on learning outcomes as measured by students’ cognitive ability, self-efficacy and motivation. It compares a self-organized learning environment with one enhanced by self-regulated strategies, through a quasi-experimental design. Our results show significant improvement in students’ cognitive ability and self-efficacy.

본 연구의 목적은 통일 이후 전개된 독일의 공적개발원조 정책을 추적하는 것이다. 본 연구는 공적개발원조의 국가별 유형은 고정적이지 않다는 판단에서부터 출발한다. 각국의 공적개발원조 정책은 국가 이익과 국제적 상황 요인의 변화에 따라 유동적이다. 냉전 해체의 연장선에서 이루어진 독일 통일 이후 진행된 공적개발원조 정책은 분명 통일 이전과 다른 모습이다. 통일 이후 독일의 공적개발원조는 그 지향점과 공여 기준에 있어 뚜렷한 차이를 보이고 있다. 통일 독일과 냉전의 해체라는 상황 요인의 변화가 공적개발원조 정책의 방향을 보편적 가치, 즉 남북문제 해결, 인권과 민주주의 강화에 기반하는 쪽으로 이동시키고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 물론 통일 이후의 독일 공적개발원조 정책에서도 국가 이익 실현 이라는 본래적 목적이 소멸된 것은 결코 아니다. 통일 이후 통일 비용의 부담으로 인해 통일 독일의 공적개발원조는 규모면에서나 비중 면에서 낮아지는 경향을 보였지만, 여전히 국제사회에서 독일은 주요 공여국의 지위를 유지하고 있는 상태이다. 독일의 공적개발원조 정책은 앞으로도 변화하는 국제정세와 유동적인 국내 정치 상황이 교차하는 지점에서 그 방향이 결정될 것이다.

This study intends to look into the German ODA policy changes unfolded in the post-reunification era. The study is founded on the presumption that characteristics of ODA in one country is not fixed. Each country's ODA policy changes depending on national interests and international conditions. Certainly Germany's ODA shows some explicit differences after its reunification which symbolized dismantling Cold War systems. Changing conditions such as reunification and the end of Cold War made ODA policy directions shifting towards universal values of resolving North-South issues or reinforcing human rights and democracy. German ODA policy in the post-reunification era neither dropped its primary goal of pursuing national interests. After reunification, heavy burden of unification costs tends to lower the size and ODA/GNI(Gross National Income) ratio. However, Germany still remains as a major donor in the international community. Germany's ODA policy will be directed by both changing international conditions and fluid national political environments.

지난 10년 동안 세계화가 빠르게 진행됨에 따라 FDI는 선진국에서 신흥국으로, 특히 개발도상 국에서 가장 두드러진 특징으로 나타났다. 특히 아시아, 아프리카 및 중남미 국가들은 FDI의 주요 대상국으로 부상하였다. 이에 본 논문에서는 1980년대부터 2019년까지 개발도상국의 패 널데이터를 이용하여 개도국의 FDI 유입 결정요인이 무엇인지 분석하였다. 분석대상은 개발 도상국 33개국 아시아, 아프리카 및 중남미 3개 그룹으로 구분하여, 그룹별 국가에 영향을 주 는 FDI결정요인이 무엇인지? FDI에 영향을 주는 종속변수와 금융발전, 시장규모, 거시경제, 인 프라시설, 무역개방성, 노동자원 6가지 독립변수로 하여 패널 데이터 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 금융발전 수준, 시장 규모, 물가 수준 , 인프라 시설, 무역 개방성, 노동자원이 개발도상국 FDI 유입에 긍정적 요인으로 나타났으며, 아시아, 아프리카, 중남미 각 지역에 대한 분석결과 를 비교해보면 아시아의 경우 FDI 유입을 촉진하기 위해 시장 규모와 무역 개방성이 FDI 유입 요인으로 나타났다, 또한 아프리카의 경우는 인프라와 금융 개발, 중남미 지역의 경우 금융발 전 수준, 시장 규모, 노동자원 및 무역 개방성이 각각 FDI에 영향을 준 것으로 분석되었다.

Purpose : Foreign direct investment is one of the important economic characteristics in the modern globalized world. The flow of investments into developing economies is increasingly accounting for a large share of global FDI. The purpose of the study is to find out the factors that influence the attraction of foreign investment into developing countries. Research design, data, methodology : The study collected data from 33 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin, Central America, and Caribbean between 1980 and 2019. By using the Eviews, stationary test, fixed effects and random effects test to find variables that have a significant impact on the development of developing countries as well as each region of Asia, Africa, Central South America. Results : The results show that since 1980, financial development, market size, price stability, trade openness, infrastructure capacity and labor force have had a significant impact on FDI inflows to developing countries. However, when separating with Asia, Africa, the Americas, Central America and the Caribbean, different factors determine the FDI inflows of each region. For Asia market size and trade openness are influential factors that have a positive impact on attracting foreign capital inflows. The larger the trade openness, the more FDI inflows are attracted. Similarly, a larger market, encouraging efficient investment, has been particularly attractive to FDI investors in recent decades. For Africa, the level of financial development, market size, trade openness, infrastructure and labor source are the factors that influence the attraction of FDI inflows. While for Central South America, the level of financial development is the most significant variable affecting FDI attraction, followed by market size, labor source and trade openness are positive factors that have a significant impact on FDI inflows. Conclusions : Therefore, In order to promote FDI inflow, the level of financial development, market size, openness of trade, infrastructure construction and workers' resources should be established. And as the analysis shows, different FDI determinants in Asia, Africa, and Latin America are different, so policy planning and enforcement for each region are needed.

Agricultural productivity in developing countries is increasingly imperiled by climate variability. Nepal presents a compelling case study: with 66% of its population dependent on agriculture, the country must contend with fragmented landholdings, erratic monsoon patterns, and severe agro-ecological heterogeneity across 1,359 distinct climatic zones. Timely, location-specific weather forecasts are a prerequisite for informed crop management, yet such systems have remained largely inaccessible to smallholder farmers. This study presents a comprehensive, data-driven agricultural decision-support framework that integrates spatio-temporal weather forecasting, soil-aware crop recommendation, and a Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) advisory chatbot within a unified mobile platform, with the aim of enhancing farm-level decision-making across Nepal's diverse agro-ecological landscape. Historical weather data spanning 42 years from 1,359 locations (NASA POWER) were used to train two deep learning architectures: a Transformer-based Graph Neural Network and a Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (STGCN). A graph structure encoding geodesic distance and altitudinal similarity (edges within 15 km or 50 m altitude difference) modeled spatial dependencies. A 120-day rolling lookback window captured temporal dynamics. Forecasted weather variables were integrated with static soil attributes via an inverse-distance scoring algorithm to rank crop suitability. A RAG chatbot using hybrid SPLADE and dense embeddings provided natural-language advisory support in Nepali and English. The STGCN achieved superior forecasting performance with a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 0.011 compared to 0.013 for the Transformer-based model, demonstrating its capacity to capture complex spatial and temporal dependencies. The crop recommendation engine generated ranked suitability indices across all 1,359 locations. The RAG-based advisory system produced contextually relevant, multilingual responses to diverse farmer queries. The mobile deployment received positive qualitative feedback from rural users in terms of accessibility and relevance. This study demonstrates that integrating spatio-temporal deep learning with soil data fusion and conversational AI can deliver scalable, accessible, and accurate agricultural guidance in data-scarce, geographically complex settings. The framework offers a replicable model for precision agriculture in other developing-country contexts vulnerable to climate variability.