Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 경제자유구역 입주기업의 네트워크, 조직학습, 혁신활동 등 클러스터 형성이 중앙정부의 역할, 지방자치단체의 역할을 매개하여 유의한 경영성과를 창출하는지 분석하는 데 있 다. Baron and Kenny(1986)의 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 3단계 회귀식에서 유의한 영향을 미치고 있음 을 발견하였다. 구체적인 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 1단계 분석에서 혁신활동→지방자치단체 역할의 표준화 회귀계수(ß)는 0.594를 보여줘 가장 큰 영향력을 나타내고 있음을 발견하였다. 둘째, 독립변수가 매개변수를 거쳐 종속변수에 미치는 영향력, 즉 네트워크→지방자치단체 역할→경영성 과의 표준화 회귀계수(ß)는 0.341을 나타내 가장 큰 영향력이 있음을 발견하였다. 경제자유구역 입 주기업 클러스터 형성, 즉 네트워크, 조직학습, 혁신활동에 지방자치단체 역할이 중앙정부 역할보다 크게 나타났고 경영성과에 미치는 영향력의 크기는 네트워크, 조직학습, 혁신활동 순임을 발견하였 다. 셋째, 2단계와 3단계 분석에서 표준화 회귀계수(ß)의 크기는 재무성과, 非재무성과 순으로 나타 났다. 그리고 경제자유구역 입주기업 클러스터 형성이 재무성과에 미치는 영향력, 즉 표준화 회귀계 수(ß)의 크기는 중앙정부 역할과 지방자치단체 역할 모두 조직학습, 혁신활동, 네트워크 순이었으며, 중앙정부 역할이 지방자치단체 역할보다 크게 나타났다. 넷째, 독립변수에서 경영성과에 영향을 미 치는 매개효과가 유의한지 Sobel Test로 분석한 결과 중앙정부 역할, 지방자치단체 역할 등이 매개 효과를 가져오는 변수임을 밝혔다. 본 연구결과가 주는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 입주기업은 경 제자유구역이 보유하고 있는 산업클러스터 특성을 기반으로 경영성과 제고를 위한 긍정적 노력을 보여주고 있다. 이는 기업활동 생태계가 선순환하고 있음을 시사한다. 둘째, 경제자유구역 입주기업 은 네트워크, 조직학습, 혁신활동 등 클러스터 형성을 통해 중앙정부와 지방자치단체로부터 적극적 인 지원을 받아 경영활동을 하고 있으므로 산업단지에 속한 중소기업은 산업클러스터 형성이 중요 함을 시사한다. 셋째, 경제자유구역 입주기업은 대개 규모가 작고 초기기업이므로 중앙정부와 지방 자치단체로부터 적극적인 지원을 받으면 긍정적인 경영성과를 창출할 수 있음을 시사한다. 다만, 경 제자유구역 입주기업이 중앙정부와 지방자치단체의 지원요건을 충족하도록 노력할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the independent variables that form a cluster, such as the network, organizational learning, and innovation activities of companies in free economic zones, mediated the roles of central and local governments to derive significant business results. The results found that each analysis step, Steps 1, 2 and 3, met the conditions to have a significant relationship. Specific analysis results are as follows. First, in the first step of the analysis, found that innovative activities → the role of local governments showed the most influence by showing the standard coefficient of beta (ß) 0.594. Second, the influence of independent variables on dependent variables through parameters, the standard coefficient beta, was found the most influence, showing network → role of local governments → business performance is 0.341. It was found that the role of local governments in forming a cluster of companies in free economic zones, network, organizational learning and innovation activities, was greater than the role of central government, and that the magnitude of influence on management performance was in order of network, organizational learning and innovation activities. Third, the two and three step analyses showed that the beta size of the standardized coefficients was in order of increase in sales, return on investment, and increase in net profit. And the impact of the formation of a cluster of companies in free economic zones on the rate of sales increase, namely, the size of the beta of the standardized coefficient, was the role of the central government and local government were both in order of organizational learning, innovation activities, and the network, and the role of the central government was greater than that of the local governments. Fourth, whether the parameter influences management performance through parameters in the independent variable is significant analyzed as a Sobel Test. As a result, it founded that the role of the central government and the role of local governments are factors that have mediated effects. The implications of this study are as follows: First, the companies in Free Economic Zones are showing positive signs of efforts to enhance their management performance based on the characteristics of the industrial clusters. This suggests that the system of business activities is in a virtuous cycle. Second, since companies in free economic zones are engaged in management activities with the support of central and local governments through the formation of clusters, such as network, organizational learning, and innovation activities, it suggests that the formation of clusters by companies in free economic zones is important. Third, companies in free economic zones are usually small in size and early in the year, it suggests that if they actively receive various support from the central and local governments, they are positive in generating management results. However, they need to try to meet the support requirements of the central and local governments.

수년전부터 시작된 물류에 대한 관심은 최근 물류를 구성하고 있는 요소들에 대한 관심으로 다양하고 깊이 있게 발전하고 있다. 초기의 물류에 대한 관심이 전체적인 물류과정에 대한 연 구에 집중되어 있었다면, 최근에는 이를 구성하고 있는 운송, 물류, 유통 등으로 분화시켜 연구 하는 특징을 보이고 있다. 이러한 요소들 중에 하나가 바로 집적화의 문제이다. 물류의 효율성을 최대화하기 위한 방법의 하나로 지역별 최적산업을 적용한 것이 바로 산업단지의 개념이다. 그 동안 산업단지는 지역별로 가장 적절한 산업과 연계하여 효율성을 추구하며 진행되어왔으 며, 이에 따라 학계에서도 관련 연구들이 활발하게 진행되어왔다. 그러나 그 동안의 연구들이 산업단지의 필요성, 활성화, 연계들에 대한 연구들이 주를 이루고 있어, 변화하는 산업단지의 노후화와 개별 기업에 대한 발전 방안 제시가 부족한 것이 사실이다. 본 연구는 그 동안 산업 단지 중심의 발전전략이 기업 중심 발전전략으로 이동해야하는 근거와 방향에 대해 논의하고 자 하며, 관련하여 산업단지 유형별로 그 동안의 성과 추이를 살펴봄으로써 각각 단지들의 특 성과 성과를 파악하고자 한다. 더불어 향후 산업단지의 방향성에 대해 제시하였다. 산업단지 입주가 경쟁력이었던 한계에서 벗어나 산업단지가 나아가야할 방향성에 대해 기존 의 매출액, 고용정도, 수출액, 기업 가동률, 그리고 생산액이라는 고정된 목표에서 벗어나야 함을 나타내었다. 기업이 추구하는 사업의 특성별 입지결정요인이 달라짐을 감안하여 산업단 지의 일률적인 기업 편성의 문제점을 앞으로 개선해야한다. 더불어 산업단지 중심의 발전방안 이 최근변화에 적응하지 못하고 있다는 사실을 인지하여, 지역이나 제품에 적합한 산업단지 기업의 성과 영향요인의 변화를 추구해야 할 것이다.

Purpose : By looking at the performance trends for each type of industrial complex, we want to understand the characteristics and performance of each complex. In addition, I would like to present the direction of future industrial parks. Research design, data, methodology : A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to see if there were any differences in export changes, employment changes, designated area growth rates, and production value changes depending on the country, general, urban high-tech, and agricultural industries. Results : According to the analysis of differences in export changes, employment changes, designated area growth rates, and production value changes according to the country, general, urban high-tech, and agricultural industry, each group showed significant differences in export changes, employment changes, designated area growth rates, and production value changes. Conclusions : It expressed that the entry of industrial complexes should be outside the limits that used to act as competitiveness, and that internal and external factors should be applied to fit the resources and characteristics of the company, not just to move into local industrial complexes.

Purpose: Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death globally, and understanding symptom clusters (SCs) among LC patients could improve symptom management. This scoping review provides a comprehensive summary of the most common SCs and their compositions identified in studies specifically investigating SCs of LC patients. Methods: A scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. The study included LC patients as participants, SCs as the concept, and studies with distinct aim to investigate LC SCs as the context. We searched studies from inception to September 2022 in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library databases using the terms: "lung cancer," "cancer survivors, " and "symptom cluster." Results: Of 41 reviewed reports, 188 SCs were identified. Both a priori and de novo method were used to identify LC SCs, with exploratory factor analysis being the most commonly used statistical method in the de novo approach. The three most frequent SCs were respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and psychological SCs. The most common respiratory SC included cough + dyspnea. Nausea + vomiting was the most prevalent cluster membership among GI SCs. Sad + feeling irritable + feeling nervous + worrying was the most common cluster membership among psychological SCs. Conclusion: Respiratory, GI, and psychological SCs were common among LC patients, and addressing these clusters could improve symptom management strategies. Further research on SCs across the lung cancer trajectory is essential to enhance our understanding about SCs and facilitate effective symptom management throughout the disease course.

Purpose This study aimed to analyze the bibliographic characteristics and content of articles on flood management published in journals indexed by Scopus written by researchers from throughout the world from 2000 to 2019. Methods We obtained data from the Scopus database on October 2, 2020. “Flood management” was used to search across several categories, including article title, abstract, and keywords, filtered by subject area (social science; environmental science; and business, management, and accounting). We only retrieved articles written in English. We conducted content analysis using the VOSviewer software and visualized the co-occurrence of keywords and bibliographic coupling of sources and countries. Results Following the study protocol, we found 984 articles on flood management over the past 20 years. Among the three subject areas, environmental science was the most productive field for publishing flood management articles. Flood control, flood management, and risk assessment were the top three most popular topics. Flood management publications were published in 266 journals. In total, 86 countries collaborated to produce research related to flood management. Natural Hazard Journal and Journal of Flood Risk Management were the most prominent journals. Institutions from Europe ominated the top 10 institutions with the most publications by affiliated researchers. Conclusion From a global perspective, flood management research in the past two decades has increased significantly. There were five major topic clusters, and European-published journals ominated publications. Thus, Asian institutions need to conduct more active research on this topic.

Purpose: This study explored the influence of family support, self-care performance and symptom cluster on quality of life (QoL) among individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 132 participants who were over 40 years old and diagnosed with PD from a tertiary hospital in Seoul between September 5 and November 7, 2024. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Results: The explanatory power of the final regression model was 71% (F=17.72, p<.001). The most significant factors affecting QoL were motor symptom clusters (t=4.38, p<.001), emotional/emotion regulation clusters (t=2.90, p=.004), time since diagnosis (t=-3.11, p=.002), having a spouse as the primary caregiver (t=2.55, p=.012), self-care performance in the daily life management domain (t=-2.35, p=.020), and self-care performance in the diet domain (t=-2.01, p=.046). Conclusion: Symptom-cluster?informed, family-centered nursing?integrating motor & emotional management, dietary and daily-life self-care coaching, and early diagnostic pathways with caregiver education?is essential to improve QoL in PD.

We here report the whole genome sequence of Ligilactobacillus agilis C7 with anti-listerialactivity, which was isolated from pig feces. The genome size of L. agilis C7 (~ 3.0 Mb) is relativelylarger compared with other L. agilis strains. L. agilis C7 carries three bacteriocin geneclusters encoding garvicin Q, salivaricin A, and Blp family class II bacteriocin. Garvicin Q andsalivaricin A are reported to be active against Listeria monocytogenes and Micrococcus luteus,respectively, as well as against other Gram-positive bacteria. Meanwhile, the bacteriocinencoded in the blp cassette was shown to be active against pneumococci, mediating intraspeciescompetition. This report highlights the potential of L. agilis C7 for the production ofbacteriocins inhibiting pathogenic bacteria.

The purpose of this study is twofold. The first is to investigate how many 4-gram clusters should be considered in Maritime English and what portion of these clusters is associated with general English. Using WordSmith tools, we extracted and identified both clusters and key clusters in terms of frequency, dispersion text thresholds, and a log-likelihood test, respectively, comparing the Maritime English Corpus(MECO) II with the British National Corpus(BNC) Baby. Our second aim is to investigate the statistical relationship between syntactic categories and semantic functions of 4-gram key clusters using a chi-square test, and to explore their semantic functions, such as stance bundles, discourse organisers, referential expressions, and special bundles, by comparing their collocates with those of the BNC Baby. Furthermore, we attempt to graphically display dispersion plots where 4-gram clusters possessing each of their semantic functions have occurred in the whole text in order to discover whether the use of their semantic functions is different from general English in comparison to the dispersion plots of the MECO II and the BNC Baby.

Network service chaining is a service deployment concept that enables network operators to configure network services dynamically in software without making any changes to the hardware. With software defined networking and network function virtualization, network service chaining is gaining a serious attention in the research community. However, its concept is still vague and advantages are yet not clear. Therefore, in this paper, we discussed an architecture for the orchestration of multiple service chains on the underlying infrastructure and explain the workflow of a service chain. With this architecture, applications can create and manage their service chains independently.

Classroom use of authentic texts used in everyday communication has not always been an inseparable part of foreign language teaching. According to Grigaliuniene (2013, p. 17), “the structures many current textbooks teach for certain functions are either never used or used infrequently while quite unexpected structures are the ones that actually occur”. Despite the awareness of the importance of authentic patterns of language use, students often learn structures (lexical or grammatical) which are rarely used in actual communication. Teaching authentic phrases is even more important in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) where learners’ specific needs impact the design of a course (Dudley-Evans & St John, 1998). What is more, ESP students need to acquire vocabulary of a target profession. Thus, in this preliminary study, conducted using corpus linguistic methodology, an attempt is made to identify and explore the use and discourse functions of frequent and typical patterns of language use, i.e. keywords, recurrent clusters and multi-word terms (nominalizations), found in a custom-designed corpus of car reviews written in English. As shown by examples of student tasks, the results have pedagogical potential in that they can be used as a useful resource when designing or supplementing teaching materials for secondary-school ESP students (automotive technicians and car mechanics).1)

This study aims to investigate keywords and key clusters in Shakespearean love plays focusing on a group of three love tragedies(Anthony and Cleopatra, Othello, and Romeo and Juliet) and a group of three love comedies(A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As You Like It, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona). The only one shared key keyword in love tragedies and love comedies is love. Some of the key keywords in love comedies have a positive tendency, such as love, lover, lovers, sweet, wit, and love’s. By contrast, some of the key keywords in love tragedies have a negative tendency, such as dead, poison, beguil’d, death, and soldier’s. The only one shared key key cluster in love tragedies and love comedies is go with me. These results tell us that all six plays belong to the category of love plays and the characteristics of keyword and key cluster dispersion plots can distinguish tragedy plays from comedy plays.

지역과 국가의 지속가능한 경제발전을 위해서는 장기적 관점에서의 새로운 클러스터 형성에 관심을 기울여야 하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 클러스터의 개념과 특징들을 살펴보고, 선행연구들을 토대로 클러스터의 출현과 관련한 조건들을 분석하고 중요요인들을 도출한 후 향후 클러스터를 분석하는데 도움이 될 수 있는 프레임워크를 제안 하고자 하였다. 발전단계로는 발생, 성장, 성숙, 쇠퇴의 4단계로 구분하였으며, 출현조건으로는 기업가정신, 제도적지원 과 발전단계별 결정요인들과 미래 클러스터 성공요건들을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 클러스터 출현분석을 위한 통합 프레 임워크를 제시하였다는 점에서 학문적 의의가 있으며, 또한 이를 통해 향후 연구의 방향과 지역 및 국가 차원에서의 정책적 시사점을 제시하고 있다. 그러나 다양한 차원과 환경에서의 변수들을 모두 고려하지 못하였기 때문에 일반화를 하기엔 어려움이 많은 한계점이 있다.

In order to sustainably develop economy of regions and countries, it is necessary to pay attention to formation of new clusters from a long-term perspective. This study examined concepts and characteristics of clusters, and analyzed conditions related to emergence of clusters based on previous studies. Then, this study derived important factors and intended to propose a framework that is possible to help analyze clusters in the future. The development stages were divided into four stages of occurrence, growth, maturity, and decline. As for emergence conditions, entrepreneurship, institutional support, decision factors by development stages, and requirements for the future cluster success were presented. This study has academic significance in that it presents an integrated framework to analyze cluster emergence, and based on it, this study also presents directions of future studies and the regional and national policy implications. However, this study has many limitations in that it is difficult to generalize because it has not considered all variables in various dimensions and environments.

This study accounts for the acquisition of English onset /s stop r/, /s stop/ and /stop r/ clusters by Chinese and Korean learners. Participants in this study include 10 low level and 10 high level Mandarin and Korean EFL learners each. The material includes 27 words of target clusters. The results show that Mandarin and Korean speakers tended to make more modification in the more marked tri-consonant clusters than the less marked bi-consonant clusters. In addition, high level subjects performed noticeably better than low level subjects in both groups. Korean and Mandarin speakers’ simplification strategies were different: Mandarin speakers inserted /u/ or /ə/ into the clusters, whereas Korean speakers preferred to replace one of the consonants (often /r/) with another consonant in tri-consonant clusters and /stop r/ clusters. Both Korean speakers and lower English proficiency Mandarin speakers mistakenly aspirated the voiceless stops /p, t, k/ in the onset /s stop/ clusters.

This study aims to investigate whether the gradient effect of OCP (the Obligatory Contour Principle) can mirror the co-occurrence restrictions across a syllable boundary in English phonotactics. For this purpose, this study collected the data from the Carnegie Mellon University Pronouncing Dictionary and employed the Observed over Expected (O/E) analysis which is introduced by Pierrehumbert (1993) to measure the OCP effects. As a result, our finding is that the co-occurrence of the two consonants sharing the same manner feature across a syllable boundary is strongly restricted by OCP. In terms of OCP-place, the effect plays a role in an opposite way in that the co-occurrence of two consonants sharing the same place features are more likely to be represented than other combinations. In conclusion, the heterosyllabic clusters represents an asymmetric tendency with regard to place and manner features in English phonotactics: they tend to be similar violating OCP in terms of the place of articulation, but they tend to be different satisfying OCP in terms of the manner of articulation. We can also capture the effects are applied in gradient fashion. Additional finding of this study is that the OCP-voice and the Syllable Contact Law (Vennemann 1988) effects are not active in heterosyllabic clusters of English words.

This research focused on the development Strategy of innovation clusters in Gyeonggi Province. In Gyeonggi Province, there are three major innovation clusters; Gwanggyo Technovalley, Pangyo Technovalley and Ansan Science Valley. In Gyeonggi province, the innovation cluster policy was launched ambitiously. However, there are many issues to be solved for them to be the Global R&D Hub. In this reason, the study was performed based on both theoretical study and related qualitative study approaches. Particularly, scenario planning method was used for the strategy formulation of the innovation clusters in Gyeonggi Province. The major determinants for the success of the formation of the innovation clusters in Gyeonggi Province can be summarized as follows; the establishment of S&T based host institution, the gradual enlargement of the role of host institution and the balancing the operational strategy on Hardware and Software of innovation clusters. In terms of the needs of times, this study regarding the strategy for the formation of the innovation clusters is anticipated to be a good reference for the R&D organizations and technology cluster participants in coming years.

In this paper we examine the perception of onset clusters containing /w/ in order to assess the ability of Korean learners of English to perceive syllable membership. Results of the experiment conducted here indicate that /kw/ sequences are more easily perceived than either /tw/ or /sw/ sequences. We maintain that, while measuring perception is a far more complex task than assessing production, it is a crucially important one for L2 acquisition and should not be neglected because of its inherent challenges. In addition to the theoretical importance of this research, there is also a significant pedagogical component: the ability to perceive syllables correctly bears on a number of issues related to the acquisition of English phonology, including the determination of stress placement, the formation of the comparative/ superlative, the (mis)perception of near‐minimal pairs and the hangulization of foreign words.

This article presents a constraint-based analysis of the reduction of the word-initial consonant clusters /kn-, gn-/ to /n-/. We explore scenarios on the diachronic development of the consonant clusters kn- and gn- in Kökeritz (1945), Dobson (1968), and Lass (1999). On the basis of a modified version of Lass’s (1999) scenario, we analyze the phonetic changes from a constraint-based perspective (Optimality Theory: Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004). Unlike previous analyses using a very specific constraint *σ[kn, our analysis deals with /gn-/ as well as /kn-/ in a unified way, proposing a more general constraint *σ[SN. In addition, this study reflects the direction of sound change agreed upon, which is from faithfulness >> well-formedness (markedness) to well-formedness (markedness) >> faithfulness. That is, our analysis involves the promotion of the markedness constraint *σ[SN and the demotion of the faithfulness constraint Max-IO. In the analysis, we adopt the floating constraint model (Nagy and Reynolds 1997), in which constraints move and their ranking changes, and Rank-Ordering Model of Eval (Coetzee 2006), which accounts for phonetic variation.

This article accounts for various factors triggering /h/-dropping in the word-initial consonant clusters hr-, hl-, and hn- such as ease of articulation, acoustic and auditory weakness, universal preference (CV syllable structure), and French influence (no word-initial /h/). It also provides a constraint-based account of the developmental process of /h/-dropping, assuming that /h/-dropping would have happened under the scenario on the basis of the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processing in speech perception. /h/-dropping in consonant clusters seems to have proceeded like this: [hr], [hl], [hn] > [hr]∼[r̥], [hl]∼[l̥], [hn]∼[n̥] > [r̥]∼[r], [l̥]∼[l], [n̥]∼[n] > [r], [l], [n]. In analyzing these diachronic sound changes, I have presented two markedness constraints (*SONvl and *[+s.g., +glottal]) and two faithfulness constraints (DEP-IO and MAX-IO). The diachronic changes could reasonably be accounted for through four stages. The constraint ranking of the first stage is DEP-IO, MAX-IO, *SONvl >> *[+s.g., +glottal], that of the second stage is DEP-IO, MAX-IO >>>> *SONvl, *[+s.g., +glottal], that of the third stage is DEP-IO, *[+s.g., +glottal] >>>> *SONvl, MAX-IO, and that of the last stage is DEP-IO, *[+s.g., +glottal], *SONvl >> MAX-IO.