Earticle

Whole body vibration training (WBVT) has been used as a supplement to conventional exercise training such as resistance exercise training to improve skeletal muscle strength, specifically, in rehabilitation field. Recently, this exercise modality has been utilized by cardiovascular studies to examine whether WBVT can be a useful exercise modality to improve cardiovascular health. These studies reported that WBVT has not only beneficial effects on muscular strength but also cardiovascular health in elderly and disease population. However, its mechanism un-derlying the beneficial effects of WBVT in cardiovascular health has not been well documented. Therefore, this review highlighted the im-pacts of WBVT on cardiovascular health, and its mechanisms in con-junction with the improved muscular strength and body composition in various populations.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of short-term weight loss on body shape, physical fitness, and blood variables in col-lege ssireum (one of the Korean traditional martial art) athletes. Six col-lege ssireum athletes participated as subjects. The weight loss program includes 50% of limited diet, 5.5 hr of physical and skill training. Body composition such as weight, body fat, muscle mass, and body mass in-dex (BMI) was determined. Fitness test such as shuttle run, sit-up, trunk extension test, grip test, sitting reach test, and side step test was mea-sured. Blood variables such as total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein, glucose, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were checked before and after the short-term weight reduction. The results revealed significant decrease in body composition such as weight, body fat, muscle mass, and BMI. Fitness test also showed significant decrease in sit-up, trunk extension test, and grip test. The results demonstrated positive significant change in side step test, shuttle run, and sitting reach test. The results of blood variables showed significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL, glucose and SOD. In contrast, MDA revealed significant increase and no significant change was found in ROS. Finally, it is assumed that a proposal of weight loss without de-crease of muscle mass, muscle force, and muscle endurance is neces-sary because of the negative effects on muscle force and muscle en-durance which should be used during actual games.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of body composition and quadriceps muscle activation on pulmonary function in young adults. Methods: One hundred young adults participated in this study, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 for Windows. Body composition and the activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were assessed. Pulmonary function was evaluated using forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed, with the significance level set at 0.05. Results: Among male participants, VL muscle activity was positively correlated with FEV1 (p<.05). However, VL muscle activity was not a significant predictor in regression analysis (p>.05). Muscle mass was a significant predictor of FVC (β=.64, p<.001), whereas mineral mass was a significant predictor of FEV1 (β=.63, p<.001). For female participants, body water mass was a significant predictor of FVC (β=.70, p<.001), whereas skeletal muscle mass was a significant predictor of FEV1 (β=.39, p<.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the key determinants of pulmonary function exhibit sex-specific differences, emphasizing the importance of considering body composition variations between male and female individuals. Furthermore, these findings may provide insights for the development of individualized exercise programs that consider individual differences in body composition and pulmonary function.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 12-week cir-cuit training program on health-related physical fitness and metabolic syndrome risk factors in obese female college students. Twenty sub-jects with over 30% of accumulated body fat voluntarily participated and were randomly allocated to the control group (n=10) or circuit training group (n=10). The circuit training program consisted of 10 types of resistance and aerobic exercise and was performed 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Health-related physical fitness and metabolic syn-drome risk factors were analyzed to elucidate the effect of the circuit training. Significant differences between groups were determined with two-way repeated analysis of variance and paired t-test. As a result of this study, body weight, % body fat, and body mass index in the circuit training group was significantly decreased compared to the control group. All health-related physical fitness indicators such as back strength, sit-up, sit-and-reach, and 1,600 m running time showed rela-tive effects between groups or over time. Among the metabolic syn-drome risk factors, waist measurement, triglyceride, and total choles-terol were significantly decreased but blood glucose, high-density lipo-protein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol did not show any significant difference. Therefore, the present data suggested that circuit training for 12 weeks may be effective in improving physical fit-ness and preventing metabolic diseases.

This study comparatively analyzed obesity, lean balance, and physical fitness related to growth and development in female middle school stu-dents to investigate the importance of regular physical activity on body composition and physical fitness in adolescence. The subjects were 31 elementary school students in grades 5–6 in Seoul, consisting of 16 stu-dents in the regularly active group and 15 students in the inactive group. Body composition and physical fitness factors were measured. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass, and fat-free mass were mea-sured using Inbody 3.0. Physical fitness factors such as muscle strength (grip strength), muscle endurance (situps), flexibility (body flexion), agili-ty (side stepping), and lean balance (balancing with eyes closed), were measured as described herein. The results of comparing the two groups’ obesity-related body composition, the weight (P<0.001), body fat mass (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.002), and % body fat (P<0.033) were sig-nificantly higher in the inactive group compared to the physically active group. Comparison of lean balance was there was a significant differ-ence in muscle mass between the left and right Arm (P<0.001), left and right leg (P<0.002) in the inactive group. comparing physical fitness be-tween groups was trunk flexion (P<0.001) and side stepping (P<0.001) were higher in the physically active than the inactive group. This study found significant differences in weight, body fat, BMI, flexibility, and side stepping between the physically active and inactive groups, which may negatively affect health indicators related to adolescents’ growth, development, and obesity. Therefore, attempts to promote physical ac-tivity in growing adolescents are crucial.

The purpose of this study is to examine the validity and reproducibility of impedance body fat measurement devices measuring the body com-position of Korean male and female adults using three bioelectrical im-pedance analyzers. We compared two methods for evaluating body composition: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and bioelectri-cal impedance analysis (BIA). Subjects were 200 healthy adult Korean males and females whose mean±standard deviation (range) age, standing height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 44.1±14.5 years, 172.8±7.4 cm, 76.0±12.8 kg, and 25.4±3.3 kg/m2, and 44.5±14.7 years, 158.7±5.8 cm, 58.3±8.3 kg, and 23.2±3.0 kg/m2, re-spectively. As a result, first of all, the reproducibility of the bioelectrical impedance analyzer had very high coefficients at r=0.998, r=0.997 be-tween men and women, respectively. The correlation coefficients among three comparisons for lean body mass (LBM) were provided the following coefficients: r=0.951 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC720, r=0.950 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC360, and r=0.946 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC380 in men. In the results for women, they also had the very high fol-lowing coefficients: r=0.956 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC720, r=0.946 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC360, and r=0.957 for DEXA vs. ACCUNIQ BC380 in LBM. In conclusion, this research showed a higher correlation in terms of accuracy compared to existing BIA-based body composition measurement techniques, and the accuracy of LBM was improved with high correlation coefficients through the algorithm that was improved using the multifrequency BIA method in the ACCUNIQ BC products.

목적: 본 연구는 쑥좌훈이 여성들의 신체조성과 교감활성, 부교감활성, 자율신경균형에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하며 여성들의 삶의 질 향상에 긍정적으로 기여할 수 있고 나아가 미용 산업의 질적 향상에도 도움이 되고자 한다. 방법: 연구대상자40명을 선정하여 실험군은 쑥좌훈을 주 2회 10주간 총 20회를 실시하였고 대조군은 편안한 상태에서 아무런 처치를 하지 않았다. 실험 전 일반적 특성 및 건강상태, 식습관, 운동습관 실태 조사를 실시하였으며 체지방량, 골격근량, 교감활성, 부교감활성, 자율신경균형을 측정하였다. 측정은 실험 전, 5회 후, 10회 후, 15회 후, 20회 후의 각 신체변화를 측정하였으며 수집된 자료는 SPSS 20.0 프로그램을 이용하여 통계적 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 첫째, 실험군은 체지방량이 집단과 측정시기별로 통계적으로 유의하게 변화하였다. 둘째, 실험군은 골격근량이 집단과 측정시기별로 통계적으로 유의하게 변화하였다. 셋째, 실험군은 교감활성이 집단과 측정시기별로 통계적으로 유의하게 변화하였다. 넷째, 실험군은 부교감활성이 집단과 측정시기별로 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 다섯째, 실험군은 자율신경균형이 집단과 측정시기별로 통계적으로유의하게 변화하였다. 결론: 쑥좌훈이 신체조성과 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 알아본 결과 여성들의 신체건강에 효과적인영향을 줄 수 있어 미용 산업에 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Purpose: This research was conducted to make the quality of women’s life better and to improve the beauty industry more by examining the effects of mugwort fumigation on the body composition and autonomic nervous system. Methods: After the 40 subjects were chosen, the experimental group was treated with mugwort fumigation twice a week for 10 weeks but there is no treatment for the control group. General characteristics, body fat, skeletal muscle mass, sympathetic nerve activity, parasympathetic nerve activity, and autonomic nerve balance were measured. The measurements for each physical change were performed with the frequency of use (before, after 5 times, after 10 times, after 15 times, and after 20 times). The collected data were statistically analyzed by using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: First, the experimental group had statistically significant variation in body fat by groups and measuring time. Second, the experimental group had statistically significant variation in the skeletal muscle mass by groups and measuring time. Third, the experimental group had statistically significant variation in sympathetic nerve activity by groups and measuring time. Fourth, the experimental group had no statistically significant variation in parasympathetic nerve activity by groups or measuring time. Fifth, the experimental group had statistically significant variation in the autonomic nerve balance by groups and measuring time. Conclusion: We found out that mugwort fumigation had an effective impact on health and it can be used in the beauty industry.

目的: 研究艾条烟熏对身体组成和自主神经系统的影响，从而改善妇女的生活质量，进一步有助于美容行业质量的提 高。方法: 选出40名研究对象，分为两组，实验组和对照组。对实验组进行艾条烟熏治疗10周，每周两次共20次；对 照组在非常安逸的状态下，无任何治疗。实验前，对研究对象调查一般特征，健康状态，饮食习惯，运动习惯 等，并 测量体脂，骨骼肌质量，交感神经活动，副交感神经活性和自主神经平衡。每个身体变化的测量，随着使用次数的增 加，分别测定，实验前，使用5次后，10次后，15次后以及20次后，并把收集到的数据用 SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分 析。结果: 第一，实验组的体脂含量随着测量时间的变化具有统计学意义的差异； 第二，实验组的骨骼肌质量随着测量 时间的变化具有统计学意义的差异；第三，实验组的交感神经活动随着测量时间的变化具有统计学意义的差异；第四， 实验组的副交感神经活动随着测量时间的变化不具有统计学意义的差异；第五，实验组的自主神经平衡随着测量时间的 变化具有统计学意义的差异。结论: 艾条烟熏对身体组成和自主神经系统的影响研究结果，发现对女性的身体健康具有 一定效果的影响，它充分可以用在美容行业使用。

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aquatic exer-cise on body composition, physical fitness, and vascular compliance of obese elementary school students. For the purpose of this study, 20 obese elementary students were selected as subjects. The subjects were then divided into two groups: the swimming group (n=10) and the control group (n=10). The subjects were asked to exercise for 60 min-utes a day, 3 times a week for 12 weeks with an exercise intensity of 50-70% HRmax. The following results were achieved: first, in terms of body composition, both body fat percentage and fat-free mass showed sig-nificant differences within the swimming group. There were also signifi-cant differences again in the posttest of difference between the two groups. Second, in terms of changes in physical fitness, there were, again, no significant changes in muscular strength between the two groups. However, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiopulmonary endurance showed significant differences in the swimming group’s test for difference within groups. Significant differences in both groups for the posttest of differences between groups were also seen. Third, in terms of vascular compliance, there was a significant increase in the right leg for the swimming groups’ test of difference within groups, as well as in the posttest of difference between groups.

The purpose of this study was to find the change and correlation between obesity factors and body composition according to regular exercise. Thirty-six sturdy men at twenty years old in ‘K’ university students were participated in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (n= 18 in each group): control group and regular exercise group. Exercise program composed of three programs: warm-up (10 min), work-out (30-60 min), cool-down (10 min), and categorized by five days per week for eight weeks. Aerobic exercise using a treadmill at 60% of heart rate reserve was performed, and weight training was composed of nine different exercises for the large muscles. Before the performing regular exercise, there was no significant difference between control and regular exercise groups. In the present results, 8 weeks regular exercise significantly decreased leptin, weight, fat mass, % fat, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) more than compared to before performing regular exercise, whereas significantly enhanced lean mass more than compared to before performing regular exercise. Furthermore, regular exercise group reduced leptin, weight, fat mass, % fat, WHR, and BMI compared to control group in the post test. In the correlation of obesity-related factors and body composition, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) showed correlation with weight, lean mass, and fat mass after performing regular exercise. Here in this study, we suggest that regular exercise is a valuable tool for the improvement of health in the sturdy men, because regular exercise suppresses body fat and obesity-related factors.

The purpose of the study was to analyze changes in physique, body composition, physical fitness, and isokinetic strength in female colle-giate taekwondo athletes. The study included 14 subjects, of whom 8 were followed up throughout the study. Anthropometric characteristics included body weight, height, sitting height, circumferences, and bone width. Physical fitness parameters included flexibility, agility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, power, speed, and cardiorespiratory en-durance. Peak torque, mean power, and H/Q ratio were analyzed by us-ing Cybex 770. All data were analyzed by using the SAS statistical pro-gram. Paired t test was performed, with 0.05 as the significance level. The results indicated significant changes in body weight, and upper arm and flexed upper arm circumferences during the experimental pe-riod. Test scores for plate tapping, and sit and reach significantly in-creased, but that for power decreased. In addition, the peak power of right flexion at 180°/sec was significantly increased, as well as the mean power of right and left flexion, and the H/Q ratio at 180°/sec.

Hypertension is designated as either essential (primary) hypertension or secondary hypertension and is defined as a consistently elevated blood pressure exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Hypertension is called “the silent killer” because it often causes no symptoms for many years, even decades, until it finally damages certain critical organs. In various causes of hypertension, obesity is an increasing health problem worldwide, and several epidemiological studies have identified a positive association between obesity and an increased incidence of hypertension. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of long-term resistance exercise on body composition, blood lipid profile, vascular compliance, and blood pressure in the elderly men. For this study, the In- Body test, blood lipid profile, and analysis of vascular compliance and blood pressure were performing before and after in experiment. The twenty male subjects aged between 68 and 72 yr were recruited from the ‘Y’ senior towers in Korea. All subjects performed exercises on a weight training machines 40 min once a day for 52 weeks. The exercise intensity for resistance training was 60% of the 10 RM maximal voluntary contraction test. All subjects before performing resistance exercise showed an increase in hypertension following enhanced %fat, blood lipid factors (TC, LDL-C), whereas decreased lean body mass (LBM), vascular compliance. However, 52 weeks of resistance exercise suppressed %fat and LDL-C, whereas improved LBM, vascular compliance, resulting in reducing hypertensive levels in the elderly men. We suggest that resistance exercise can be a valuable tool for the remarkable improvement of hypertension.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of practicable combined exercise program in daily lives on body composition and physical fitness in elderly females. A total of 34, old female adults and all over 75 yr of age participated in this study. Collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS PC win 12.0/pc for by paired simple T-test. Alpha was set at .05. The results of the study showed statistical significance in weight (P< 0.001), body fat mass (P< 0.001), waist-hip ratio (P< 0.001), basal metabolic rate (P< 0.05), body mass index (P< 0.001), standing-up and down on a chair (P< 0.001) and showed not statistically significant in one leg standing with eyes closed, back hand holding, grip strength and emotional state. But it was found that there was significant change in a mean value between pre and post test.

This study compared the effects of ballet exercise and a weight-bear-ing exercise program on body composition, basic physical fitness, and isokinetic knee muscle function in obese women. Twenty-three partici-pants were randomly assigned to the control group (CG, n=7), ballet exercise group (BEG, n=10), and weight-bearing exercise group (WBEG, n=6). Both exercise groups performed 60-min sessions, 3 times a week, with progressively increased intensity. Body weight and percent body fat decreased significantly only in the BEG (P<0.05 and P<0.01), while no significant changes were observed in skeletal muscle mass across all groups. In the basic physical fitness, the BEG and WBEG showed significant improvements in back strength, flexibility, and left-side dy-namic balance, whereas sit-up performance and right-side balance im-proved significantly only in the BEG. For isokinetic knee muscle func-tion, the results were differentiated between muscle strength (60°/sec) and muscular endurance (240°/sec). At 60°/sec, both exercise groups showed significant improvements primarily in left knee extensor strength, including peak torque and relative peak torque. At 240°/sec, both groups demonstrated significant increases in extensor total work for both limbs, indicating enhanced muscular endurance. Additionally, the BEG showed improvements in right knee flexor total work and average power. These findings suggest that ballet exercise is associated with improvements in body composition, basic physical fitness, and lower-limb muscle func-tion in obese women. In particular, ballet exercise may provide compa-rable benefits to weight-bearing exercise in enhancing isokinetic mus-cle function, while offering additional advantages in core endurance and unilateral balance.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of plyometric training on body composition, physical fitness, and bone mineral density (BMD) in obese male adolescents. Twenty obese male adolescents were randomly assigned to a control group (n=10) or a plyometric ex-ercise group (n=10). The plyometric exercise group performed the ex-ercise 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Body composition, physical fitness, and BMD were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Following results were obtained. In the plyometric exercise group, body fat mass significantly decreased before and after the intervention, but differences in body weight, body mass index, and lean body mass were not significant. Among physical fitness factors, grip strength, muscular endurance, and the 20-m shuttle run significantly improved, but flexibility did not show a significant difference. In the plyometric exercise group, BMD significantly improved before and after the intervention. These re-sults indicate that 12 weeks of plyometric training may be effective in improving body composition, physical fitness, and bone density in obese adolescents.

This study aimed to assess and compare changes in body composition, standing balance, cardiovascular parameters, and salivary biomarkers, particularly salivary antioxidant status, after brisk walking training with or without music in older women. Twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to brisk walking groups: with music (BWM) (n= 12) or without music (BW) (n= 12). Eighteen subjects completed the exercise training (9 in each group), and their data were used for analysis. The research protocols were classified into three phases: pretraining phase, training phase, and posttraining phase, while the data collection was divided into four sessions: resting condition, during treadmill exercise testing, immediately posttreadmill exercise testing, and 5-min posttreadmill exercise testing defined as after the cool-down session. The results showed that 8 weeks of home-based brisk walking with or without music did not improve standing balance, blood pressure, salivary biomarkers including total protein concentration, and antioxidant status but maintained or prevented the decline of these parameters. Only the BWM group reduced fat mass relative to increasing fat-free mass (P< 0.05) and improved recovery heart rate (P< 0.05) by modifying cardiac autonomic control in posttreadmill exercise testing. Therefore, brisk walking with preferred music can be a tool to delay the progression of cardiovascular dysfunction in older women. A longer duration of the exercise program and larger groups of participants are needed for further investigation of brisk walking with or without music on physiological and biochemical changes.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability and validity of the body composition results for each impedance device and use them as primary data for body composition research. Total of 58 participants, including 24 men and 34 women, were recruited. The correlation was analyzed by measuring two repetitive measurements for each device. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) equipment was used as ref-erence equipment for body composition research. All data were ana-lyzed as IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 25.0, and the validity and reliability were estimated by calculating the timely correlation coefficient. As a result of the study, repeated measurements of the measuring instru-ment showed high reliability by gender and age, especially in the child age group, with relatively higher reliability than those in their 50s or old-er. In the validity analysis between DEXA, in the case of the male group, the validity of the fat mass amount was relatively higher than the body fat amount and body fat rate. In the case of the women’s group, the va-lidity of the body fat amount and body fat rate was relatively higher than that of the fat mass amount. The company B had the highest validity for body fat rate and body fat amount in both men and women. However, the validity for men’s fat mass amount was the lowest. In subsequent studies, it is believed that studies that have expanded the population further and studies targeting special groups such as athletes should be conducted.

본 연구는 비만중년여성을 대상으로 12주간 필라테스 매트 운동 프로그램을 통하여 신체구성과 지질대사에 미치 는 영향을 비교 분석하여 심혈관질환 및 관상동맥질환 등 각종 만성질환에 관심을 두고 있는 비만중년여성의 건강유지 및 증진에 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 비만중년여성들을 대상으로 필라테스 매트 운동프로그램군과 통제군으로 구분하 여 12주간 주당 3회 60분간 실시하였다. 측정변인으로는 신체구성과 지질대사의 변화를 분석하였으며 통계처리는 이원 반복측정 분산분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 신체구성에서 운동군은 체중, 골격근량, 체지방량, 체지방율 및 신체질량지수 에서긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며 통제군에서는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 지질대사에서 운동군은 총콜레스테롤, 중성지 방, 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤, 저밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤, 유리지방산에서 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며 통제군에서는 유의 한 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 본 연구에서 실시한 12주간 필라테스 매트 운동 프로그램이 비만 중년여성들 의 심혈관계 및 만성질환을 예방 할 수 있는 운동 프로그램이라고 생각된다.

This study aims to provide basic data for maintaining and promoting health of obese middle-aged women who are interested in various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and coronary artery disease by comparing and analyzing the effect on body composition and lipid metabolism through a 12-week Pilates mat exercise program for obese middle-aged women. This study targeted middle-aged women residing in Gyeonggi-do A, who are obese middle-aged women in their 40s and 50s with a body fat ratio of 30% or more, and had no regular exercise in the past three months. Obese middle-aged women(n=19) were divided into two groups, the Pilates mat exercise program group(n=9) and the control group(n=10), conducting exercise for 60 minutes three times a week for 12 weeks. As a result of analysis, the exercise group had a positive effect on body weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body fat percentage, and BMI in body composition, but not in the control group. In the lipid metabolism, the exercise group had a positive effect on TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, and FFA, but not in the control group. These results suggest that the 12-week Pilates mat exercise program conducted in this study is an exercise program that can prevent cardiovascular and chronic diseases in obese middle-aged women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 16 weeks of spinning and bicycling exercises on body composition, physical fitness and blood variables in female adolescents. Subjects participated in this study were 24 female middle school students (12 spinning cycles, 12 general bicycles) attending to Seoul Yeoksam middle school. Each group was trained for 16 weeks, 3 times a week, and 1 hr per day after school. Body composition, physical fitness (1,200 running, sit-ups, back strength, sit and reach, side-steps) and blood variables (low-density li-poprotein cholesterol, glucose, reactive oxygen species, and malondi-aldehyde) were examined before and after 16 weeks of training. As the results, body weight did not show any significant difference; however, body mass index, and % body fat were significantly difference in spin-ning group. The enhancement in physical fitness factors were recog-nized in both groups, which was greater in spinning group in sit-ups, back strength, and side steps. Blood parameters were significantly dif-ference between groups, but between group and time interactions were significantly difference in glucose and reactive oxygen species. In conclusion, this study suggests that 16 weeks of bicycle exercises were positive changes in body composition, physical fitness and blood con-stituents, indicating that spinning cycle is more beneficial as compared to ordinary bicycle.

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks pre-season training on body composition, physical fitness, anaerobic capacity, and isokinetic strength in collegiate taekwondo athletes. Thir-ty-four collegiate athletes (male: 22, female: 12) participated. Body com-position, bone mineral density, physical fitness, anaerobic capacity, and isokinetic muscle strength were tested. After statistical analysis was performed the results indicated that there were significant decreases in body weight, percent body fat, and fat tissue after 8 weeks of pre-season training. Bone mineral density increased significantly only in males. There were significant improvements in the 50 m shuttle run and 20 m multistage endurance run in both males and females. The sit & reach test and standing long jump were not significantly changed af-ter 8 weeks. Relative peak power and anaerobic capacity were signifi-cantly improved in males. Significant increases in angular velocity were observed for knee extension at both % BW 60°/sec and 180°/sec in both males and females. A significant increase in angular velocity was seen for right knee flexion at % BW 60°/sec for males, but it decreased at % BW 180°/sec for both males and females. In conclusion, this study sug-gests that 8 weeks of pre-season training has a positive effect on body composition, physical fitness, anaerobic capacity, isokinetic muscular strength, and endurance. Nevertheless, an exercise approach with the goal of increasing lean tissue, and improving power in knee flexors and flexibility of athletes, should be included in the training program.

Purpose: The purpose is to examine the influence of changes in body components due to the movement of core muscles on the unstable support surface and the stable support surface. Methods: The study consisted of 12 healthy adults. Two groups were randomly selected. The flank and bridge exercises were carried out on the unstable support surface and the stable support surface. Body-X balance tool was used to create an unstable support surface. The exercise intensity and time were progressively increased every week. Results: There was a significant difference in body weight of the group using the stable support surface (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference elsewhere. There was no significant difference in body weight, fat mass and skeletal muscle mass of the group using the unstable support surface (p>.05). There was a significant difference in body weight between the groups (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in body fat mass and skeletal muscle mass between the two groups. Conclusion: According to the results, significant differences were found only in body weight after performing exercises on stable support ground while there was no significant differences in body weight, fat mass and skeletal muscle mass on unstable support. Although there was no significant changes in the body composition after conducting interventions, a decrease trend of body weight was found. Therefore, it will be necessary to study with more than three-week intervention periods in the future studies, related to core exercise and body composition.