Earticle

This study evaluated the effects of supplementing sawdust medium with 10% (w/w) Korean-style soy sauce residue (KS) and brewed soy sauce residue (BS) on the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. Over 25 days, KS treatment produced mycelial growth comparable to the control, whereas BS treatment showed slower colonization. Fruiting bodies appeared after nine days in the control, ten days with BS, and twelve days with KS, with fresh weights of 146.0 g, 174.8 g, and 89.0 g, respectively, indicating reduced yield with KS and increased yield with BS. In antioxidant assays, DPPH radical scavenging slightly increased from 89.15% in the control to 89.99% with KS and 90.34% with BS. ABTS scavenging was 82.36% in the control, 83.42% with KS, and 75.99% with BS. Total polyphenol content was 64.39 mg AAE/mL in the control, 62.72 mg AAE/mL with KS, and 43.28 mg AAE/mL with BS. In conclusion, KS supports mycelial growth without compromising DPPH-based antioxidant capacity, while BS enhances fruiting body yield but reduces ABTS activity and phenolic content. Both residues show potential as supplementary nutrients in conventional sawdust media.

목적: 본 연구는 기능성 원료인 감태의 항산화 및 생리활성을 분석하여 기능성 원료로서의 감태의 가능성을 밝히고 향후 연구방향 을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 방법: DPPH 및 ABTS 실험을 통해 라디칼 소거 활성을 분석하기 위해 in vitro 실험을 수행하였고, 감 태 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량을 분석하였다. 결과: DPPH와 ABTS는 라디칼 소거 활성이 증가한 것으로 나타 났으며, 감태 100E는 가장 높은 항산화 효과를 나타냈다. 다음으로 감태 50E와 감태 D.W 시료는 농도 의존적으로 높은 항산화 활 성을 나타냈으며, total polyphenol content 분석에서는 감태 100E에서 높은 항산화 함량을 보였으며, total flavonoid content 분석 에서도 감태 100E가 높은 항산화 함량을 보였다. 결론: 본 감태의 in vitro 실험을 통해 추출물의 강력한 항산화 효과 및 항산화 함 량을 확인하였다. 이는 건강기능식품, 기능성화장품, 천연치료제 등 다양한 산업분야에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있는 기능성 소재로 서의 가능성을 확인하였다.

Purpose: Ecklonia cava is an edible brown alga with documented antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. This study analyzed the free radical scavenging capacities and bioactive compound profiles of E. cava extracts to provide foundational evidence for potential uses as a functional raw material in various food, health, and beauty products. Methods: The free radical scavenging activities of ethanol and distilled water extracts of E. cava were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays. The total phenolic content was determined quantitatively using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, with gallic acid as the standard. And also, the flavonoid content was determined using aluminum chloride assay, with quercetin as the standard. Results: Extracts prepared using 100% ethanol (100 E), 50% ethanol (50 E), and distilled water (DW) all demonstrated substantial dose-dependent free radical scavenging activities, with the 100 E extract showing the highest scavenging capacity according to both DPPH and ABTS assays, followed by 50 E and DW extracts. Moreover, the 100 E extract exhibited scavenging activity roughly equivalent to the positive control ascorbic acid. The 100 E extract also possessed the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Conclusion: Ecklonia cava holds promise as a functional material for health foods, cosmetics, and natural therapeutics.

目的: 分析昆布这种功能性原料的抗氧化和生理活性，揭示昆布作为功能性原料的潜力，并为未来的研究方向提 出建议。方法: 通过DPPH和ABTS实验进行体外自由基清除活性分析，并对昆布提取物中总多酚和总黄酮含量 进行分析。结果: DPPH和ABTS显示出增加了自由基清除活性，并且昆布100E显示出最高的抗氧化效果。昆布 50E和昆布D.W样品以浓度依赖性方式显示出高抗氧化活性，昆布100E在总多酚含量和总黄酮含量中显示出高抗 氧化剂含量。结论: 通过体外实验证实了昆布提取物具有较强的抗氧化作用和抗氧化剂含量。这证实了其作为功 能性原料的潜力，可以在保健功能食品、功能化妆品和自然疗法等各个工业领域发挥重要作用。

This study was conducted to investigate the growth and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia grown in medium supplemented with Aronia. The diameter and dry weight of the mycelia were increased in the medium supplemented with Aronia compared with the untreated medium. The total polyphenol content of mycelia grown in medium supplemented with Aronia and untreated medium was 6.54 mg GAE/g and 5.77 mg GAE/g, respectively. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of mycelia grown in medium supplemented with Aronia and untreated medium was 61.81% and 49.65%, respectively. Moreover, the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity of mycelia grown in medium supplemented with Aronia and untreated medium was 59.83% and 52.66%, respectively. These results confirmed that P. ostreatus mycelial growth and antioxidant activity were increased when Aronia was added to the culture medium.

본 연구는 산말 3종류 Desmarestia dudresnayi subsp. Tabacoides (담배잎산말), Desmarestia viridis (쇠꼬리산말), Desmarestia ligulate (참산말) 잎 추출물의 항산화 및 항 멜라닌 활성에 대한 기능적 연구를위해 수행하였다. 3종류의 산말 중 담배잎산말 추출물이 2.5 mg / mL의 농도에서 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성이 각각 68.0 % ± 1.9 % 및 84.6 % ± 1.7 %로 강한 항산화력을 나타냈다. 질소 (NO) 라디칼 소거 활성은 91.6 % ± 1.1 %의 높은 항산화능을 보였다 산말 추출물을 이용한 B16F10세포의 세포독 성은 100 μg/mL 농도에서 3종의 산말 추출물이 모두 85% 이상의 세포 생존률을 보였고, 100 μg / mL농도 에서 담배잎산말 및 쇠꼬리산말이 70% 이상의 멜라닌 억제효과를 보였다. 이러한 내용은 산말이 항산화 및 항 멜라닌 활성과 같은 천연 화장품 소재로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study investigated the functional study in anti-oxidant and anti-melanin activity by Desmarestia dudresnayi subsp. Tabacoides, Desmarestia viridis, Desmarestia ligulate leaf extracts. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of D. viridis extract showed a high antioxidant activity of 68.0 ± 1.9% at the concentration of 2.5 mg / mL, the ABTS and scavenging activity showed a high antioxidant activity of 84.6 ± 1.7% at the concentration of 2.5 mg / mL, and the NO radical scavenging activity was 2.5. It required a high antioxidant capacity of 91.6 ± 1.1% at mg/mL concentration. In addition, in B16F10 cells, at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, D. viridis extract is 35.0 ± 1.7% melanin among, which has the lowest amount of melanin among the three species. With these contents, it seems that there is a possibility that D. viridis could be developed as a cosmetic material. These results D. viridis considered that it can be used as a natural cosmetic material such as anti-oxidant and anti-melanin activity.

활성산소종이 DNA를 손상하고 암을 유발하는데 기인하는 것으로 밝혀지면서 활성산소를 제거하기 위한 항산화 물질 개발 연구가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 리기테다 소나무 솔방울 에틸아세테이트 분획물의 항산화 효과 및 산화적 스트레스에 의해 야기된 DNA 손상 보호 효과를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 항산화 활성을 확인하기 위해 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성, 환원력, Fe2+ 킬레이팅 활성을 평가하였으며, 항산화 활성과 연관된 총 페놀 및 비타민 C의 함량도 분석하여 식물 화학물질을 확인하였다. 산화적 DNA 손상 억제 효과는 φX-174 RF I plasmid DNA 절단 분석법 을 이용하여 측정하였다. DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성은 농도 의존적으로 나타났다. 환원력과 Fe2+ 킬레이팅 활성 은 200 ㎍/㎖에서 각각 77.32 ± 2.28%, 64.09 ± 1.01%의 활성을 나타냈다. 또한, 리기테다 소나무 솔방울은 산화적 스트레스에 대한 plasmid DNA 보호 효과를 보였다.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage DNA and cause cancer. Therefore, the research is being conducted on the development of antioxidants for the removal of ROS. This study was performed to investigate antioxidant activity and protective effect against oxidative DNA damage using ethyl acetate fractions from the cone of Pinus rigida x taeda (ERT). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, and Fe2+ chelating assay. Also, the contents of phenolic compounds and vitamin C related to antioxidant activity were analyzed to confirm phytochemicals. The DNA protective effect against oxidative stress was confirmed by the φX-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. As a result, ERT showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activities were 77.32 ± 2.28% and 64.09 ± 1.01% at 200 ㎍/㎖. Also, ERT showed a DNA protective effect against oxidative stress.

Aralia continentalis Kitagawa (Araliaceae), known as “Dokwhal” in Korea. IS one of the most popular edible mountain vegetables. It habitat is in China, the Russian Far East, Japan, and Korea. There are several reports suggesting that A. continentalis (AC) has pharmacological properties as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The biological activity was estimated with methanol extracts isolated from cultivated roots and adventitious roots . DPPH and ABTS activity showed the highest activity in methanol extract of adventitious roots and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of the adventitious roots was higher than other samples. In the antibacterial activity assay (paper disc method), the methanol extract of adventitious roots showed activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, and S. enterica. This study demonstrated that adventitious roots of A. continentalis, which was produced for the first time in the roots of A. continentalis, can be used as a natural antibacterial and antioxidant agents.

This study was carried out to search for natural antioxidants compounds from 10 longevity plants (Panax ginseng(Korean mountain cultivated ginseng), Lycopersicon esculentum, Agaricus bisporus, Perilla frutescens, Allium sativum, Rubus coreanum, Allium tuberosum, Vaccinium corymbosum, Polymnia sonchifolia, Oryza sativa(Brown rice)) in Gyeongju. These plants were extracted with 70% ethanol. In order to measure total antioxidant activity of flavonoids, polyphenol content was measured. Radical scavenging activities of extracts were examined using a-a-Diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and superoxide anion radical assays. C. tinctorius seed extracts showed the highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents as well as strong DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. Theses results indicate that 10 longevity plants can be used as a functional material due to their effective anti-oxidative activities.

In the present study, we evaluated on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of MeOH extract of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (F. rhynchophylla). The free radical scavenging activities of the MeOH extract and its solvent fractions of F. rhynchophylla were assessed by two different methods using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS. The antioxidant activities of the MeOH extract of F. rhynchophylla were 33% and 89% at 100 μg/mL on the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, respectively. In particular, the EtOAc fraction showed more potent antioxidant activities compared with the other fractions by 81% and 93% at 100 μg/mL on the DPPH and ABTS assay. Also, the antimicrobial activities of MeOH extract and its solvent fractions of F. rhynchophylla were tested using paper disc method against three bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The MeOH extract, n-hexane, and CHCl3 fractions exhibited antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. These results suggest that this plant extract could be utilized as a cosmetic ingredient possessing antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

This study was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidative activities of Camellia japonica extracts for cosmetic applications. Antimicrobial effects of C. japonica were determined against Bacillus cereus by methanol extract of new leaf, stem and stem-leaf; Malassezia pachydermatis, by methanol extract of new leaf and stemleaf. A methanol extract of new leaf of C. japonica showed strong antimicrobial effect using paper disc method against most species especially in Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxidative activities of C. japonica seed oils were determined by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. The value of EC50 of DPPH scavenging activity was 500 mg/mL and that of ABTS scavenging activity was 96.10 mg/mL. C. japonica oil extracts showed lower antioxidative activities than those of gallic acid and α-tocopherol. Electron microscopic observation of damaged virgin hairs of different ages gave a stabilizing effects after C. japonica seed oil treatment. These results indicated that the extracts of stem, leaf and seed of C. japonica could be used as cosmetic ingredient combined with appropriate formula.

In the present study, acetone extract and sub-fractions of Albizia amara stem bark were evaluated for their free radical potential. The results showed that the crude extract and all the fractions exhibited antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities under different in vitro assays. Among the different fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities than the standard quercetin. A. amara stem bark might be valuable source of natural antioxidants that could be used for medicinal and food applications.

From an analysis of the daily consumption per capita (g/capita/day) in the existing dataset of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008, the top seven fruit and vegetable juices (apple, grape, mandarin, orange, pineapple, pomegranate and tomato) commercially available on the Korean market were selected and analyzed. These juices showed a wide range of levels of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacities. The daily per capita intake of total phenolics from juice consumption was 11.70 mg gallic acid equivalents and that of total flavonoids was 1.65 mg catechin equivalents. The daily per capita intakes antioxidant capacities were 10.42 mg vitamin C equivalents (DPPH assay) and 13.21 mg vitamin C equivalents (ABTS assay). Daily per capita intakes of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacities were influenced by the compositional content and the daily consumption of fruit and vegetable juices.

Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance., a herbal species grown in China, is mainly treated as a spice, insectifuge, and medicinal plant and the dried aerial parts have been traditionally used for the treatment of rheum, headache, toothache, and the diseases of the digestive system. Reactive oxygen species, such as O2.¯, H2O2, and ·OH, mediate reactions which can result in the damage of critical biological molecules including DNA and cellular protein. In this study, extracts of Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance. With were ethanol, methanol, hot-water found to contain biological and pharmacological activities that may contribute to chemopreventive effects. antioxidant activities by hot-water extracts from Lysimachia foenum-graecum Hance. were investigated in vitro. Various methods, for the radical-scavenging activities of the ethanol, methanol, and hot-water extracts were examined by using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. After cell viability was measured to decide the proper sample concentration, no cytotoxicity was shown in RAW 264.7 cell line using MTT assay and 2', 7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate(DCFDA)assay.

Five phenolic compounds 1-5 were isolated for the first time from the exudate of geminating peanut (Arachis hypogaea). The structures were fully characterized by analysis of physical and spectral data. All isolated compounds were tested for antioxidant activities using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and hydroxyl radical. Compounds 2, 3, and 5 exhibited a strong scavenging effect on DPPH (2:IC50 = 104 [/um?]M , 3:IC50 = 45.2 uM , 5: IC50 = uM), and ABTS (2:IC50 = 9.6 uM, 3: IC50 = 5.5 uM, 5: IC50 = 3.3 uM) radical activity, whereas these compounds had weak hydroxyl radical scavenging activity ($IC_{50}\;>\;200\;{\mu}M$). The total phenolic contents of the extracts using n-hexane, EtOAc, and n-BuOH were found to be 96.4-964.3 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry material (GAE/g) and n-BuOH fraction showed the highest total phenolic content (964.3 mg GAE/g). These studies suggest that the exudate of geminating peanut may possess possible health related benefits to humans

Four flavonoids 1-4 and one phytosterol 5 were isolated from methanol extract of Taekwangkong, one of the soybean cultivars, and the structures of these compounds were fully characterized by physical and spectral analysis. The content of compounds 1-4 as determined by C18 reversed phase HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) coupled with diode-array detector were 12.1, 624.6, 18.0, and 219.6 ug/g, respectively, and the total phenolic content of this cultivar was measured as 3.7 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry material (GAB/g). Also, compound 1 showed strong radical scavenging activity in the 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay (IC50 = 47.6 uM), five-fold higher than seen in the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylliydrazyl (DPPH) assay. These results lead to the conclusion that soybean not only has many phytoestrogens but also has potent antioxidant activity.

This study employed high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an on-line ABTS+ radical scavenging detection (RSD) system along with HPLC-electro spin impact/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS), to rapidly determine and identify antioxidant compounds occurring in blueberry extract. The extract was separated by HPLC, and then the radical scavenging activities of the separated compounds were evaluated by the on-line coupled ABTS+-RSD system. The negative peaks of the ABTS+-RSD system, which indicates the presence of antioxidant activity, were monitored by measuring the decrease in absorbance at 734 nm. The active components in the blueberry extract were identified by HPLC-ESI/MS using their MS spectra and retention times. According to the data acquired from the on-line HPLC-ABTS+-based assay and HPLC-ESI/MS systems, the antioxidant compounds detected in the blueberry extract were identified as chlorogenic acid and 11 anthocyanins.

4종의 식용 조류, 참김(Porphyra tenera), 미역(Undaria pinnatifida), 톳(Sargassum fusiforme), 잎파래(Enteromorpha linza)의 에탄올 추출물에 대해 ABTS+ 소거활성, 하이드록시 라디칼(OH), 산화질소(NO), 철 이온 환원력(FRAP)을 조사하였다. ABTS+ 소거활성은 Brand-Williams 등의 방법에 따랐다. 톳의 ABTS+ 소거활성은 8.0 mg/ml 일 때 61.8%로 가장 높은 반면 잎파래는 동일 농도에서 35.7%로 가장 낮았다. 참 김과 미역은 ABTS+에 대해 유사한 활성 저해를 나타내었다. 하이드록시 라디칼의 저해활성은 톳 > 참김 > 미역 > 잎파래 순이었다. 산화질소는 8.0 mg/ml 추출물일 때 톳 > 참김 > 미역 > 잎파래 순이었다. 3.5% 소금과 4종의 조류 추출물을 첨가한 밀가루 반죽을 국수틀에 뽑아낸 후 5분간 끓였을 때 전반적으로 4개의 산화제에 대해 활성저해가 저하되었다. 톳 8.0 mg/ml를 첨가한 국수의 경우 산화질소 활성저해는 27.2%였다. 미역 8.0 mg/ml을 첨가한 국수는 철 이온 환원력이 31.5%였다. 종합적으로 톳 추출물이 ABTS+, OH, NO, FRAP에 대해 활성저해가 가장 높았다. 본 연구 결과 자연적으로 분포하는 참김, 미역, 톳, 파래가 국수의 항산화력 증진에 도움을 준다고 사료되었다.

The authors evaluated the scavenging activities of ABTS+ radical, hydroxy radical (OH), nitric oxide (NO), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) from ethanol extracts of four edible alga, Enteromorpha linza, Porphyra tenera, Sargassum fusiforme, and Undaria pinnatifida. ABTS+ scavenging activity was analyzed according to the method of Brand-Williams et al. ABTS+ scavenging activity of S. fusiforme was evaluated to 61.8% at 8.0 mg/ml. ABTS+ scavenging activity of P. tenera was evaluated to 35.7% at 8.0 mg/ml. P. tenera and U. pinnatifida showed similar inhibitions of ABTS+ scavenging activity. According to the results of the OH assay in seaweed, inhibitory activities were in the order of S. fusiforme > P. tenera > U. pinnatifida > E. linza. The results showed scavenging activity for NO in the following order of potency: S. fusiforme > P. tenera > U. pinnatifida > E. linza with concentration values of 8.0 mg/ml. The NO scavenging activities of dough, which was instant noodles mixed with S. fusiforme and 3.5% salt, were 27.2% at 8.0 mg/ml. After boiling for 5 minutes, FRAP scavenging activity of instant noodles mixed with extracts of U. pinnatifida was evaluated to 31.5% at 8.0 mg/ml. S. fusiforme showed the highest inhibition activity of ABTS+, OH, NO, and FRAP among the four algae. Thus, these findings provide evidence that P. tenera, U. Pinnatifida, S. fusiforme, and E. linza extracts could become sources of natural antioxidants.

To determination of antioxidant substance homoorientin, from Phyllostachys bambusoides leaves, the ultrasonic extraction and HPLC on-line $ABTS^+$ screening method were empolyed. Also, the various experimental variables such as the frequency and time of ultrasonic system were investigated and homoorientin was extracted efficiently at the low frequency 35 kHz and the extraction time 60 min. The values were positive peak 1574.71 (relative area, 23.67%) and negative peak 6924.34 (relative area, 1.23%), respectively. This HPLC on-line $ABTS^+$ screening method was rapid and efficient to search for antioxidants from natural products. These results will provide a database for investigating the constituents of natural products and the resources of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products.

On-line screening high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-$ABTS^+$ assay를 이용한 청호로부터 chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vitexin, queretin, aremisinin의 항산화 활성을 온라인스크리닝 하였다. 이때 침적방법을 적용한 추출시간과 추출용매 조성으로부터 추출효율을 확인하였다. 이 결과 100% 물 추출물에서 수율이 가장 좋왔고 chloroenic acid의 항산화 활성이 가장 높았다. 또한 on-line screening HPLC-$ABTS^+$ assay 분석은 천연물에서 항산화 활성을 신속하게 탐색하는데 효율적이다.

The Antioxidant activity screening identification of five kind compounds in Artemisiae annuae herba with the on-line screening high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) $ABTS^+$ assay. The various experimental variables such as the extraction time (h) and extraction solvent composition (%) of dipping method were investigated efficiently extraction at the room temperature $25^{\circ}C$. The results, the highest yield of total extract amount (0.458 g, 15.250%) was obtained by dipping method with 100% water and extraction time to 3 h. And the on-line screening HPLC-$ABTS^+$ assay method was rapid and efficient to search for bioactivity from natural products.